21ST MODULE 1 LESSON 1 for SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL.pptx

SHS Subject

1. 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Quarter 2 : Module 1 Lesson 1 MARXISM LITERARY CRITICISM Lecturer: Mam Kat

2. Specific Objectives: 1. Define and explain Marxist criticism and its key concepts. 2. Analyze a narrative of class struggle in a given text. 3. Write a critical analysis of the reading text using the Marxist literary criticism.

3. Before you start your learning adventure, please try to answer first the task below. This task will give you an overview of what you will learn as you go along the way to this module. Talk to your neighbor

4. Activity 1 Match each of the following terms with the correct definition. Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Share with the Class

5. WHICH ONE? a. Labor Revolt b. Materialism c. Marxist Criticism d. Class Struggle h. Working Class i. Literary Criticism j. Equality e. Capitalism f. Classless Society g. Ideology

6. OK, LET’S START ________1. The conflict of interests between the workers and the ruling class in a capitalist society, regarded as inevitably violent ________2. An umbrella term for a number of critical approaches to literature that draw inspiration from the social and economic theories of Karl Marx. ________3. A period of civil unrest characterized by strong labor militancy and strike activity.

7. ________4. A form of philosophical monism that holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions ________5. Refers to a society in which no one is born into a social class. Such distinctions of wealth, income, education, culture, or social network might arise and would only be determined by individual experience and achievement in such a society. ________6. It is an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and the operations are funded by profits.

8. _______7. It is the reasoned consideration of literary works and issues. _______8. A social group that consists of people who earn little money, often being paid only for the hours or days that they work, and who usually do physical work. _______9. This refers to the body of doctrine, myth, belief and the like, that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group. _______10. This is the main struggle of the Marxist criticism.

9. ANSWERS CLASS STRUGGLE MARXIST CRITICISM WORKER’S REVOLT MATERIALISM 5. CLASSLESS SOCIETY

10. ANSWERS 6. CAPITALISM 7. LITERARY CRITICISM 8. WORKING CLASS 9. IDEOLOGY 10. EQUALITY

11. Study the following photo which compares disparity between the rich and the poor. Write your insights about it on a separate sheet of paper.

12. LET’S STUDY Class struggle is ever present in our world. Even in first world countries, this issue still exists. It becomes a hot topic in the well- known literary text such as “Dialogue on Poverty” by Yomanoue no Okura , “Literature for the Masses” by MaoZedong and even teleseryes like “Ang Probinsyano”.

13. What is Marxist Criticism / Marxism? A type of literary criticism based on the writings of German philosopher Karl Marx . It is a critical approach to literature which shows the relationship between literature and the social—mainly economic— conditions under which it was produced.

14. What is Marxist Criticism / Marxism? Originally, Marxist critics focused on literary representations of workers and working classes. Like cultural criticism, Marxist literary criticism offers critiques of the “canon” and focuses on the ways in which culture and power intersect; for a Marxist critic, literature both reproduces existing power relations and offers a space where they can be contested and redefined. Important 20th-century Marxist literary critics include Georg Lucáks, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser,Terry Eagleton, Raymond Williams, and Frederic Jameson.

15. What is Marxist Criticism / Marxism? Some of the key concepts of Marxism include worker's uprising , materialism, class struggle, effect of capitalism, classless society, ideology, and working class. In short, here we have to bear one thing in mind that Marxism is the scientific study of society and literature is a particular reflection of it. Therefore, Marxism has everything to do with literature. Literature is an outcome of the active participation of the writers in the socio-political, and economic life of the people.

16. After all, a writer is a human being who has compassion and love for people. He gets moved by the sufferings of other men and reflects class-struggle, revolt, humanism, social realism, sense of optimism for the rise of a new, happy world as the common feelings of mass society.

17. Marxist criticism is concerned with differences between economic classes & implications of capitalist system, such as the continuing conflicts between the working class and the elite. Hence, it attempts to reveal that the ultimate source of people’s experience is the socio-economic system .

18. The common aspects looked into when using Marxist criticism are as follows: Social class as represented in the work 2. Social class of the writer /creator 3. Social class of the characters 4 . Conflicts and interactions between economic classes.

19. Attempt a Landscape Starter How to use Marxism in Analyzing Literary text? There is no prescribed structure in writing Marxist analysis of literature, but the following parts are almost always present INTRODUCTION: a. Title of the book/article/work b. Writer’s Name c. Thesis statement

20. Attempt a Landscape Starter How to use Marxism in Analyzing Literary text? BODY: a. Major findings, claims, ideas, or messages b. You may address the following questions: 1. Whom does it benefit if the work or effort is accepted/successful/believed, etc.? 2. What is the social class of the author?

21. Attempt a Landscape Starter How to use Marxism in Analyzing Literary text? 3. Which class does the work claim to represent? 4.What values does it reinforce? 5. What values does it subvert? 6. What conflict can be seen between the values the work champions and those it portrays?

22. Attempt a Landscape Starter How to use Marxism in Analyzing Literary text? 7. What social classes do the characters represent? 8. How do characters from different classes interact or conflict?

23. Read and study the sample short Marxist criticism of “Dead Stars” below, a classic Filipino short story by Paz Marquez Benitez The imbalanced societal power play is evident in the short story in the form of treatment of the characters based on their class. This is most easily evident in the conversation between Alfredo and his fiancée, Esperanza, about Calixta , their note-carrier who grew up in the latter’s family. The scene depicts a parallelism in the circumstance of Alfredo and his new love, Julia, and Calixta and her live-in partner. However, while no one blatantly frowns upon the budding relationship between Alfredo and Julia, except for some whispered rumors that reach Esperanza, Calixta is dubbed “ ungrateful” to her master for doing such an act Alfredo does not have to answer to anyone for his unfaithfulness, but Calixta is responsible not only for what her family might think, but also for the members of her master’s family. Despite the same circumstances, the two people are regarded differently based on their positions in life.

24. tempt a Landscape Starter CLASS-BASED TREATMENT ON CHARACTERS The passage highlights how characters are treated differently based on their class. Alfredo, who is presumably of higher social standing, and Calixta , a note-carrier and servant, are involved in romantic relationships outside of societal norms. However, they experience vastly different judgments.

25. tempt a Landscape Starter PARALLELISM BETWEEN RELATIONSHIPS Alfredo’s romantic relationship with Julia is paralleled with Calixta's relationship with her live-in partner. Both relationships challenge societal expectations, but Alfredo, a man of higher status, does not face serious repercussions for his infidelity. On the other hand, Calixta , being of lower class and a servant, faces harsher judgment.

26. tempt a Landscape Starter DOUBLE STANDARD Alfredo is not held accountable for his infidelity, reflecting the privilege of his class. In contrast, Calixta is seen as "ungrateful" for engaging in a similar act, showing how much more strict and punitive societal norms are for those in lower social positions, especially servants.

27. tempt a Landscape Starter POWER DYNAMICS The imbalance in how these characters are treated reflects deeper societal power structures where people of lower classes (like Calixta ) are more vulnerable to criticism and are expected to adhere more strictly to moral standards. Alfredo's higher status shields him from such scrutiny.

28. Check your understanding! After reading the passage above, answer the following questions in your answer sheet. 1. What is Marxist criticism? 2. Where did Marxism come from? 3. .What are the key concepts of Marxism? 4. Who are the important 20th century Marxist literary critics? 5. What is the relationship between Marxism & literature? 6. What is the significance of Marxism to literary criticism? 7. How are the key concepts of Marxism correlated with literature? 8. What are the basic parts of Marxist critical analysis?

29. Let’s Practice! Read and understand the poem below, then critic and analyze it by answering the questions that follows: The Dialogue of the Poor and Destitute by Yomanoue no Okura In amongst the wind Rain falls at night, And in amongst the rain Falls snow: With nothing to do For I am cold,

30. Let’s Practice! Read and understand the poem below, then critic and analyze it by answering the questions that follows: A hard cake of salt I take and nibble, With sake lees in hot water To sip upon; Coughing, Nose running constantly; Nothing to speak of, My beard as I stroke it “Apart from me There’s no one!”

31. Let’s Practice! Read and understand the poem below, then critic and analyze it by answering the questions that follows: A hard cake of salt I take and nibble, With sake lees in hot water To sip upon; Coughing, Nose running constantly; Nothing to speak of, My beard as I stroke it “Apart from me There’s no one!”

32. Let’s Practice! Read and understand the poem below, then critic and analyze it by answering the questions that follows: Say I in my pride, but As I am cold, Hemp blankets I pull up around my head; Sleeveless jackets, All I have, I put on, one on top another; Yet though the night is cold – Even more than I – A poor man,

33. Let’s Practice! Read and understand the poem below, then critic and analyze it by answering the questions that follows: With mother and father Starving and numb, Wife and children Begging weeping; At such a time What is he to do? As he passes through the world. Heaven and earth, Are wide, they say, yet For me

34. Let’s Practice! Read and understand the poem below, then critic and analyze it by answering the questions that follows: Are they not cramped? The sun and moon Shine bright, they say, yet For me Do they shine at all? Are all men Or only me this way?

35. Let’s Practice! Read and understand the poem below, then critic and analyze it by answering the questions that follows: By chance I was born a man and Like other men I am made, but An unpadded Sleeveless jacket Like algae Frayed and drooping In rags alone Hangs from my shoulders, and In this low-roofed hut,

36. Let’s Practice! Read and understand the poem below, then critic and analyze it by answering the questions that follows: This bent and crooked hut, Straight on the ground Straw’s spread; My mother and father Deep inside; My wife and children On the edge Huddle together and Moan sadly;

37. Let’s Practice! Read and understand the poem below, then critic and analyze it by answering the questions that follows: From the stove No smoke rises and In the rice pot A spider’s spun its web; Cooking rice Is something we’ve forgotten; When we’re as ground thrushes Here cheeping, “To make a point of Taking a short measure

38. Let’s Practice! Read and understand the poem below, then critic and analyze it by answering the questions that follows: And making it shorter still,” As they say, With whip in hand, The village headman’s voice To my bed Comes calling; Is this all there is? Is it so hopeless? Our path in the world

39. Comprehension Check : On a separate sheet of paper, write a short Marxist critical analysis of the poem above , use the following questions as your guide: What is the title of the poem ? Who is the author ? What is the theme of poem ? What is the social class of the author ? Which class does the work claim to represent ?

40. Comprehension Check : On a separate sheet of paper, write a short Marxist critical analysis of the poem above , use the following questions as your guide: 6. What values does it reinforce? 7. What values does it subvert? 8. What conflict can be seen between the values the work champions and those it portrays? 9. How do characters from different classes interact or conflict? 10. What social classes do the characters represent ? 11. What is the scholarly or literary value of the reading text?

41. GUESS THE WORD Write the word that makes the most sense in the blank, using the words below. Each word will be used only one time. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Spit Tingling Wiggling Lawns Glimmering Zip Thingies Cruise Shacks Peeking

42. 1. We all look at the woman’s feet ________ underneath her long skirt . 2. She is ______her toes, purple from nail polish . 3. I can tell from the cord ______ at the side of her neck and the way she smacks her big lips that whatever she is eating tastes really good . 4. I swallow with her, my throat ______. 5. They just glance at us when we file past the _______.

43. 6. We cut through another bush, ______ right along Hope Street for a while before we ______ past the big stadium with the ______ benches . 7. I keep expecting the clean streets to ______ and tell us to go back where we come from. 8. Budapest is big , big houses with satellite dishes on the roofs and neat graveled yards or trimmed ______.

44. Peeking Wiggling Thingies Tingling Shacks Zip, Cruise, Glimmering Split Lawns ANSWERS