3 A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS.pptx COntemporary World

3 A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS.pptx COntemporary World

1. Sew Vern T Tea Sovereignty

2. Dee Mock Crassy Democracy

3. O Toe Crawl See Autocracy

4. Ollie Gark Key Oligarchy

5. Con Stew Too Shun All Moe Knock He Constitutional Monarchy

6. Di Que Tay Tour Ship Dictatorship

7. Mill Litter Re Di Que Tay Tour Ship Military Dictatorship

8. Treat He Off West Philly Uh Treaty of Westphalia

9. Con Cert Off Your Up Concert of Europe

10. Nappy Ole Lee On Bone Uh Part Napoleon Bonaparte

11. Met Her Nick Sys Stem Metternich System

12. In Turn Nash Shun Al Liz Sum Internationalism

13. Lee Burrell In Turn Nash Shun Al Liz Sum Liberal Internationalism

14. So Shell List In Turn Nash Shun Al Liz Sum Socialist Internationalism

15. Self Dee Term In Nation Self- Determination

16. League Off Nay Shuns League of Nations

17. SOVEREIGNTY SUPREME POWER OR AUTHORITY THE AUTHORITY OF A STATE TO GOVERN ITSELF.

18. The world is composed of many countries or states, all of them having different forms of government. While the terms state and nation are often used interchangeably, there is a difference. 

19. NATION A nation is a community of people bound together by shared elements such as culture, language, ethnicity, history, or a common identity. It is more about the sense of belonging and unity of people , even if they don’t have political sovereignty or defined borders.

20. STATE A state is a political and legal entity with four key elements: population, defined territory, government, and sovereignty . It has authority to create and enforce laws within its borders, and it is recognized by other states in the international system.

21. A nation can exist without a state (stateless nations). A state can include multiple nations (multinational states).

22. Common TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

23. In democracy, a country’s people are involved in choosing its leader or head. DEMOCRACY They have the free will and right to vote for a party to come into power.

24. The right to vote is not determined by wealth or class or race. In a democracy, there are different parties that have a manifesto DEMOCRACY

25. A democratic government is formed when a majority of people support a certain party as the ruling party or power. DEMOCRACY

26. FORMS OF DEMOCRACY: DEMOCRACY Republic – People elect leaders to represent them

27. FORMS OF DEMOCRACY: DEMOCRACY Presidential - The president is both head of state and head of government, elected separately from the legislature.

28. FORMS OF DEMOCRACY: DEMOCRACY Parliamentary System – The head of government ( prime minister ) comes from the legislature, and can be removed by a vote of no confidence

29. An autocracy is a form of government where the supreme power or rule is in the hand of one individual or entity . AUTOCRACY

30. Autocracy includes absolute monarchy where a family or a group of families, also known as royalty , rule a country. AUTOCRACY

31. The post of the monarch is inherited in an absolute monarchy. In this system, the monarch’s power is not restricted by any laws or legislation. Some examples of absolute monarchy are Saudi Arabia, Brunei, and Oman. AUTOCRACY

32. However, in recent times, there are constitutional monarchies , elected monarchies , or even crowned republics or symbolic monarchies . AUTOCRACY

33. In a constitutional monarchy, the sovereign exercises its power in accordance with the written or unwritten constitution. Constitutional Monarchy

34. United Kingdom Denmark Japan Constitutional Monarchy

35. An elective monarchy elects its head in contrast to hereditary monarchy. Elective Monarchy

36. Cambodia Malaysia United Arab Emirates Elective Monarchy

37. In a symbolic monarchy, the monarch has limited authority in constitutional matters. The monarchy is symbolic or ceremonial in nature. Symbolic Monarchy

38. A utocracy also includes dictatorship . And there are two types of dictatorship: civilian dictatorship and military dictatorship. Dictatorship

39. Civilian dictatorship is when absolute power is in the hands of a single civilian. This civilian can be an elected person, a monarch, or a dictator . Example of dictators includes the famous Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Mao Zedong. Civilian Dictatorship

40. A military dictatorship is formed when the military takes control of power in a country. T here may be different reasons why the military seizes power from the ruling party. Military Dictatorship

41. An oligarchy is a form of government where power or authority is in the hands of a small class of privileged people or people who have similar or shared interests. OLIGARCHY or ARISTOCRACY

42. An oligarchy is different from a democracy in the sense that very few people have the choice to vote or change anything. I t is different from a monarchy in the sense that power is in the hands of a few people and not a king. OLIGARCHY or ARISTOCRACY

43. T he power is not inherited . There are several kinds of oligarchies such as aristocracy , plutocracy , timocracy , and technocracy . OLIGARCHY or ARISTOCRACY

44. THE ATTRIBUTE OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM

45. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics

46. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics There are independent countries or states that rule themselves. 2. These countries communicate with one another through diplomacy .

47. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics 3. There are international institutions that enable these interactions such as UN . 4. International institutions take on lives of their own in addition to enabling meetings between governments.

48. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics There are independent countries or states that rule themselves. SELF-GOVERNMENT. Ability of an individual, a state, or a country to govern itself. - It is republican and democratic.

49. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics There are independent countries or states that rule themselves. Examples: Greenland- was given self-government by Kingdom of Denmark - can elect its own officials, who can determine the education, health, and economic decisions of the country.

50. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics There are independent countries or states that rule themselves. Examples: b. Canada - the government of British Columbia recognized the sovereignty and self-governance of the First nation’s tribes with its borders.

51. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics 2. These countries communicate with one another through diplomacy. Purpose: To ensure peaceful relations among countries. To strengthen the state, nation, or organization it serves in relation to others by advancing the interests in its charge.

52. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics 3. There are international institutions that enable these interactions such as UN. United Nations. An international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.

53. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics 4. International institutions take on lives of their own in addition to enabling meetings between governments. The United Nations is still working to maintain international peace and security, give humanitarian assistance to those in need, protect human rights, and uphold international law.

54. Collaborative Task

55. Collaborative Task Create your own Government

56. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics As a group, invent a brand-new government system . Be as creative as possible!

57. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics Decide on the following: Name of your government system (make it catchy or symbolic). Who holds power? (One leader, a group, the people, or something unique). How are decisions made? (Voting, force, random lottery, divine messages, technology, etc.). One sample law that represents your system.

58. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics Prepare a Presentation You may choose one or more of these creative formats: Poster/Visual Aid - draw symbols, slogans, or “government seal.” Mock Campaign - convince the class why your system is the best. Slogan or Chant - short catchphrase that represents your government. Role Play/ Skit – short enactment of the important aspects of your government

59. Four Major Characteristics of Today’s Global Politics Present to the Class Each group explains their government’s: Name Power structure Decision-making process Example law Jingle

60. The Interstate System

61. An interstate system is the way independent countries organize their relations with one another as equals. THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM

62. The origins of the present-day concept of sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty of Westphalia, which was a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty years’ war between the major continental powers of Europe. THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM

63. It provided stability for the nations of Europe until it faced its major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte (the first President of France) . Westphalian System He believed in spreading the principles of the French revolution--- liberty, equality, and fraternity- -- to the rest of Europe, and thus, challenged the power of kings, the nobility, and religion in Europe.

64. Lasted from 1803-1815 with Napoleon and his armies marching all over much of Europe. In every country they conquered, the French implemented Napoleonic Code which forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, and promoted meritocracy in government service. Napoleonic Wars

65. Napoleonic Code- FRENCH CIVIL CODE OF 1804 It is a legal system that ended privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and promoted merit (ability) over social class in government jobs. Napoleonic Wars

66. This system shocked the monarchies and the hereditary elites (dukes and duchesses) of Europe, and they mustered their armies to push back against the French emperor. Napoleonic Wars

67. Defeating Napoleon… Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, ending the latter’s mission to spread his liberal code across Europe.

68. To prevent another war and to keep their systems of privilege, the royal powers created a new system that, in effect, restored the WS. The Concert of Europe was an alliance of “great powers”--- the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and Prussia- -- that sought to restore the world of monarchical, hereditary, and religious privileges of the time before the French revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. Restoring Westphalian System

69. The  Concert of Europe  was a type of broad arrangement between 19th-century European states focused on the  balance of power  on the continent. This arrangement was established after the  Napoleonic Wars  (1803-1815) and stayed relevant throughout much of the 19th century.

70. Under the Metternich system (named after the Austrian diplomat, Klemens von Metternich , who was the system’s main architect), the Concert’s power and authority lasted from 1815 to 1914 at the dawn of World War I. Concert of Europe

71. Klemens von Metternich Architect of the “Concert of Europe”

72. The world was split into independent, sovereign entities under the Westphalian and Concert systems. There have been attempts to transcend this interstate structure since its inception. INTERNATIONALISM

73. The Westphalian System (1648) introduced the idea that each country is sovereign —meaning it has full authority within its borders. Later, the Concert of Europe (1815–1914) maintained this order by balancing power among the great states. INTERNATIONALISM

74. Napoleon Bonaparte tried to unify Europe under French rule. The League of Nations (1919) , after World War I, aimed to prevent war through collective security. The United Nations (1945) created a global institution for cooperation. The European Union (EU) goes even further by sharing sovereignty among member states. INTERNATIONALISM

75. Still, others imagine a system of heightened interaction between various sovereign states , particularly the desire for increased cooperation and solidarity among states and peoples . This desire is called internationalism. INTERNATIONALISM

76. Internationalism comes in different forms, but the principle may be divided into two broad categories: liberal internationalism and socialist internationalism. INTERNATIONALISM

77. LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM

78. IMMANUEL KANT- the first major thinker of liberal internationalism - late 18 th century German philosopher - likened states in a global system to people living in a given territory LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM

79. Without a form of world government, the international system would be chaotic. Therefore, states, like cities of countries, must give up some freedoms and “ establish a continuously growing state consisting of various nations which will ultimately include the nations of the world.” LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM

80. Liberal  internationalism is a foreign policy doctrine that argues that liberal states should intervene in other sovereign states in order to pursue liberal objectives.

81. LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM Writing in the late 18 th century, British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (who coined the world “international” in 1780) advocated the creation of “international law” that would govern interstate relations.

82. JEREMY BENTHAM He believed that objective global legislators should aim to propose legislation that would create “ the greatest happiness of all nations taken together.”

83. LIBERAL NATIONALISM The first thinker to rec oncile nationalism with liberal internationalism was the 19 th century Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini. He believed that free and united nations should cooperate with one another, combining love for one’s own country with the idea of global solidarity.

84. GIUSEPPE MAZZINI An advocate of the u nification of the various Italian-speaking ministates and a major critic of the Metternich system

85. The system of Metternich was an amalgamation of meetings among the more powerful European nations. It took place between the Napoleonic War and World War I and its prime objective was to resolve disputes between European nations. METTERNICH SYSTEM

86. The Metternich system was composed of two components. To dam up the tide of change at home To retain Europe's status quo METTERNICH SYSTEM stop revolutions and liberal movements that threatened kings and nobles. keep the balance of power and preserve monarchies as they were.

87. GIUSEPPE MAZZINI He believed in a Republican government and proposed a system of free nations that cooperated with each other to create an international system. For Mazzini, free, independent states would be the basis of an equally free, cooperative international system.

88. Giussepe influenced the thinking of United States President (1913-1921) Woodrow Wilson , who became one of the 20 th century’s most prominent internationalists.

89. WOODROW WILSON Wilson saw nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism. Because of his faith in nationalism, he forwarded the principle of self-determination.

90. PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION The belief that the world’s nations had a right to a free and sovereign government. He hoped that these free nations would become democracies because only by being such would they be able to bui ld a free system of international relations based on international law and cooperation.

91. LEAGUE OF NATIONS Wilson became the most notable adv ocate for the creation of the League of Nations. At the end of WWI in 1918, he pushed to transform the League into a venue for conciliation and arbitration to prevent another war.

92. LEAGUE OF NATIONS The League gave birth to some of the more task-specific international organizations that are still around until today. World Health Organization (WHO) International Labor Organization (ILO)

93. LEAGUE OF NATIONS The League was the manifestation of liberal internationalism’s principles. For Kant, it emphasized the need to form common international principles.

94. LEAGUE OF NATIONS From Mazzini, it enshrined the principles of cooperation and respect among nation-states. From Wilson, it called for democracy and self-determination.

95. SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM

96. KARL MARX One of Mazzini’s most vehement adversaries was German socialist philosopher Karl Marx who was an internationalist , but he did not believe in nationalism.

97. KARL MARX He emphasized economic equality, dividing the world into classes rather than countries. a. capitalist class- owners of factories, firms, and other “means of production” b. proletariat class- included those who did not own the means of production, but worked for capitalists.

98. Marx and his co-author, Friedrich Engels, believed that in a socialist revolution seeking to overthrow the state and alter the economy, the proletariat had “no nation”. They opposed nationalism because they believed it prevented the unification of the world’s workers.

99. Marx died in 1883, but his followers soon sought to make his vision concrete by establishing their international organization. The Socialist International (SI) was a union of European socialist and labor parties established in Paris in 1889 .

100. Although short-lived, the SI’s achievements included the: a. declaration of May 1 as the Labor Day b. the creation of an International Women’s Day c. initiated the successful campaign for an 8-hour workday.

101. The SI collapsed during WWI as the member parties refused or were unable to join the internationalist efforts to fight for the war. As the SI collapsed, a more radical version emerged. In the so-called Russian Revolution of 1917, Czar Nicholas II was overthrown and replaced by a revolutionary government led by the Bolshevik Party and its leader, Vladimir Lenin.

102. UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS They exhorted the revolutionary “vanguard” parties to lead the revolutions across the world, using methods of terror if necessary.

103. VLADIMIR LENIN - Founded the Comintern to spread socialist revolutions across the world. promote and coordinate worldwide socialist revolutions and support communist parties in other countries.

104. COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (COMINTERN) - Established in 1919 - Served as the central body for directing Communist parties all over the world Many of the world’s states feared the Comintern , believing that it was working in secret to stir up revolutions in their countries.

105. COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (COMINTERN) A problem arose during WWII when the Soviet Union joined the Allied Powers in 1941. The United States and the United Kingdom would not trust the Soviet Union in the fight against Hitler’s Germany. To appease his allies, Lenin’s successor, Joseph Stalin, dissolved the Comintern in 1943.

106. COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (COMINTERN) After the war, Stalin re-established the Comintern as the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform). When the US, the SU, and the Great Britain partitioned war-torn Europe into their own areas of influence, the SU took over the countries in Eastern Europe.

107. COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (COMINTERN) The Cominform, like the Comintern before it, assisted in the direction of the several communist parties that had come to power in Eastern Europe.

108. COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (COMINTERN) With the eventual collapse of the SU in 1991, whatever existing thoughts about communist internationalism also practically disappeared. The SI managed to re-establish itself in 1951 , but its influence remained primarily confined to Europe and has never been considered a major player in international relations to this very day.