3. food resources.pptx

food resources

1. F oo d R esou r ces  F ood r e f ers t o a n ything ea t en b y m an w hich g i v es e n e r g y and w hich is able t o n e eds f or g r o wth of human me e t bo d y p h y sio l ogical Im p o r tan c e of f o o d  F ood is a sou r c e of e n e r g y f or ma n . I t is used f or maintaini n g all bo d y p r o c esses and act i vitie s . f or p h y sical and m e ntal de v elopment f or p r o t e c tion and r egulation of bo d y n e e d s .   Food is any substance, that composed of the carbohydrates, water, fats and proteins, that is either drunk or eaten by any animal, including the humans, for nutrition or pleasure. Items considered for food may be sourced from plants and animals.

2. Food Resources The 3 major sources of food for humans are: - the croplands, the rangelands and fisheries. The croplands provide the bulk amount of food for human. Yet though there are 1000s of edible plants in the Earth, solely 4 essential crops (potatoes, rice, wheat and corn) account for many of the caloric consumption of human beings. Few animals are raised for milk, meat and eggs (for example. poultry, cattle and pigs) are as well the croplands are fed grain. The rangelands provide a different source of milk and meat from animals grazing (for example: goats, cattle and sheep). The fisheries provide fish which are a major source of animal protein in the Earth, particularly in coastal areas and Asia. As people become more affluent, they incline to consume more cheese, milk, meat and eggs.

3. Types of Food Resources In the food resources, there are 2 kinds of food production are as follows: - 1. The industrialized agriculture. 2. The traditional agriculture.

4. Industrialized Agriculture The industrialized agriculture is called high input agriculture since it uses large amounts commercial fertilizers for field, the pesticides, fossil fuels and water. The large fields of monoculture (single crops) are planted and the plants are selectively covered to produce high productions. Large amounts of grain farmed by this process as well further the production of large numbers in feedlots of livestock animals. Most of the food made by industrialized processes is traded by farmers for profit and this kind of food production is most common in modernized nations because of the involvement of high expenses and technology. Still, the large industrialized plantations specializing in a single cash pasture (for example. crop specifically advanced for profit such as coffee, coca, bananas) are found in some developing nations.

5. Traditional Agriculture The traditional agriculture is the most widely used form of production of food, happening mostly in developing nations. This can be classified later as either traditional intensive agriculture or traditional subsistence and the differences between the 2 involve the relational amounts of food produced and resources input. The subsistence agriculture practices only animal and human labor and only produces enough food for the families of farmer's. The traditional, intensive agriculture uses more labor of animal and human, irrigated water and fertilizers. This may as well involve growing processes such as intercropping designed to maintain soil fertility rate. The intercropping involves planting 2 crops at the same time (for example, nitrogen-fixing legume crop with a grain pasture). Increased production resulting from the more intensive processes provides sufficient food for the farmer's family and for marketing to other people in the local region.

6. Sou r ces of f ood  Pr i n c e t on soc i eties obtai n ed f o o d ma i n l y gathering and h u ntin g .  M odern societies obtain f ood t h r ou g h  c u lt i v at i on t h r ou g h agricul tu r e  Domestication of an i mals  F ishi n g  W o r ld f ood s u pp l y th r ou g h  A n cie n t p e r i od : Th r ou g h gather i ng a n d huntin g .  Agr i cul t u r al R e v ol u t i on : with the a p pl i cation of scien c e and t echnol o g y w o r ld f o o d supp l y i n c r eased r ema r kab l y .

7. W orld f ood sup p ly I t i n cludes the ado p tion of  Mi x ed farm i ng  Good i rri g ation f acilities  C ont r ol of soil e r osion  Q u al i ty seeds  U se of chemical f ertili z ers and pestic i des  Go o d agr i cul t u r al im p lements  A v a i lab i lity of s t o r a g e a n d ma r k et fa c il i ties  G r een R e v ol u t i on : R es u l t ed in r ema r kable i nc r ease i n f o o d p r oduction w hich made a c ount r y self suf f ic i ent. The quality of f o o d also im p r o v ed.

8. W orld f ood P r oblems  L a r g e P o p ulati o n - Insp i t e of g r een r e v olut i on it c ould n o t meet the needs of g r o wing p o pula t i o n. agr i cul t u r al land g ot lo o t due u r ban i zati o n.  Ene r g y : F armers can n ot af f o r d f ertili z ers and p e stic i de s .  L and, w ea t her and clima t e : Agricult u r e is a gamble on climatic c o n diti o ns  Absen c e of f o o d sec u rity w hich depe n ds on  f ood a v ailab i lity  pu r cha s ing p o w er

9. F o o d P r oblems in India The pr i nc i ple causes of f o o d -shorta g e in I nd i a • W ant of i mp ro v ed me t hods of cul t i v a t i o n scien c e and t echnol o g y P o v erty and lack of pu r chasing p o w er Til l ers a r e not in f easts E x c ess i v e g r o wth of p o pula t i o n L ack of c old s t o r a g e fac i lity th r ou g h • • • • • • W asta g e of f o o d f or i g n o r a n c e of p r ese r vi n g method W asta g e of f o o d in w r o n g p r o c ess of c o o ki n g

10. How t o sol v e the f o o d p r oblem of India Int r oduction of im p r o v ed me t hod of cul t i v ation based on scien c e and t echnol o g y • • Imp r o v ement of f i n anc i al and educati o nal Indi a n cul t i v a t ors Balan c i n g the dema n d with sup p l y Checki n g p o pulation g r o wth Inc r easi n g p r oduction of f o o d g r ai n s sta t us of • • • • • • • P r o t ection of f o o d f r om r at s , i n secticides e t c. J udici o us distribution of a v ail a ble suppl i es P r o p er public distribution P r o p er t r ans p ort fac i lities

11. O v er G r azing L i v e s t o c k i s an im p orta n t s o u r c e f o o d i n ma n y c o u n tries inc l uding I nd i a meat and milk a r e obtained  f r om l i v e s t oc k . H e n c e l i v e s t o c k l e ss to be f ed on g r az i ng land s . A d v erse effects of o v er g r a z ing : O v er G r az i ng R em o v es the V e g eta t i o n c o v er of Pla n t p o pulation r e g ene r ation ca p acity i s lost E x p o ses the so i l E x p o s i v e leadi n g t o less p r oduction L eads t o so i l e r os i on L eads t o w a t er i n f ilt r ation ca p acity of so i l  •      the so i l .

12. E f f ects o f M odern agricultu r e  M o d e r n ag r icul t u r e r e f e r s t o car r ying on ag r icul t u r e with the in t ens i v e use of ir r i g ation facilit i e s ,  chemical f e r t i li z e r s , hi g h yielding v ar i et i es of q u ali t y seed s , pes t ic i des and insect i cides  mo d e r n f orm machine r y with a v i ew t o o b ta i n hi g her agr i cultu r al p r o d uct i v i ty a n d p r o d uction.  I t ’ s also cal l ed as g r een r e v olut i o n . Ben e f its of mode r n agric u ltu r e:  C o n t r ibu t ed t o hi g h yields of ag r icul t u r al c r op s .  C r ea t ed a w a r enes s , in t e r est amo n g farmers f or implem e ntat i on of be t t er t echniq u e s .  Imp r o v ed in c ome f or t h e fa r me r s .  Rasied the standa r d of l i v i ng of farme r s .  In c r eased empl o yme n t opp o r t uniti e s .  Inc r e a sed t h e e c ono m y of a c oun t r y .

13. Ad v e r se i m pact of Modern a g ricultu r e F ertili z er r ela t ed p r oblem s . E x c ess i v e usa g e of chemical f ertili z ers lead t o a mic r o nutrient imbalan c e in the so i l r es u lting in l o w p r oduction. Nit r o g en and ph o sph o rus us e d in agr i cul t u r al f ields is w ashed o f f a n d r eleased t o the ne i g hbour i ng w a t er bod i es w hich causes eu t r o p hicati o n P esticide r ela t ed p r oblem. E x c ess i v e usa g e of pestic i des killed n o t o n l y the ta r g e t ed p e sts a n d – i n sects but also n o n ta r g e t ed spec i es w hich a r e us e ful f or agr i cul t u r al c r o p s and e c os y s t em Af f ec t ed the quality of f o o d c r o p s r es u lting in a d v erse human health. 1.   2.  

14. Ad v e r se i m pact of Modern a g ricultu r e 3. W a t er L og g i n g  e x c ess w a t er g ets a c cu m ula t ed in the f ields due t o i n adequa t e d r ai n a g e facil i ties  I t is because of o v er irr i gati o n of agr i cul t u r al f ields b y fa r mer s .  M echan i cal st r ength of w a t er log g ed so i l is r edu c ed. 4. Salin i ty  U se of sali n e w a t er f or i rri g ation  P r esen c e of e x c ess salt in the so i l  R edu c ed c r op p r oduction 5. Genetic d i v ersity of Agr i cul t u r al c r o p s

15. Fertilizer related problems   Micronutrient imbalance:  Chemical fertilizers have nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P and   K) which are essential macronutrients. Excessive use of fertilizers cause micronutrient imbalance. For example, excessive fertilizer use in Punjab and Haryana has caused deficiency of the micronutrient Zinc in the soils, which is affecting productivity of the soil.   Nitrate Pollution : Nitrogenous fertilizers applied in the fields often leach deep into the soil and   ultimately contaminate the ground water. The nitrates get concentrated in the water and when their concentration exceeds 25 mg/L, they become the cause of a serious health hazard called " Blue Baby Syndrome " or methaemoglobinemia . This disease affects the infants to the maximum extent causing   even death.

16. Eutrophication : A large proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus used in crop fields is washed off   along with runoff water and reach the water bodies causing over nourishment of the lakes, a process known as  Eutrophication .  ( Eu =more, tropic=nutrition). Due to Eutrophication the lakes get invaded by algal blooms. These algal species grow very fast by rapidly using up the nutrients. The algal species quickly complete their life cycle and die thereby adding a lot of dead matter. The fishes are also killed and there is lot of dead matter that starts getting decomposed. Oxygen is consumed in the process of decomposition and very soon the water gets depleted of dissolved oxygen. This further affects aquatic fauna and ultimately anaerobic conditions are created where only pathogenic anaerobic bacteria can survive. Thus, due to excessive use of fertilizers in the agricultural fields the lake ecosystem gets degraded.

17. Pesticide related problems : Thousands of types of pesticides are used in agriculture. The first   generation pesticides include chemicals like sulphur , arsenic, lead or mercury to kill the pests. They have number of side effects as discussed below:   Creating resistance in pests and producing new pests : About 20 species of pests are now known   which have become immune to all types of pesticides and are known as "Super pests".   Death of non-target organisms : Many insecticides not only kill the target species but also several   non-target species that are useful to us.   Biological magnification : Many of the pesticides are non-biodegradable and keep on accumulating in   the food chain, a process called biological magnification. This is very harmful.

18. Water Logging : Over irrigation of croplands by farmers for good growth of their crop usually leads to   water logging. Inadequate drainage caused excess water to accumulate underground and gradually forms a continuous column with the water table. Under water-logged conditions, pore-spaces in the soil get fully drenched with water and the soil- air gets depleted. The water table rises while the roots of plants do not get adequate air for respiration, Mechanical strength of the soil declines, the crop plants get lodged and crop yield falls. In Punjab and Haryana, extensive areas have become water-logged due to adequate canal water supply or tube-well water. Preventing excessive irrigation, sub-surface drainage technology and bio-drainage with trees like Eucalyptus are some of the remedial measures to prevent water-logging.

19. Salinity Problem : At present one third of the total cultivable land area of the world is affected by   salts. Saline soils are characterized by the accumulation of soluble salts like sodium chloride, sodium sulphate , calcium chloride, magnesium chloride etc. in the soil profile. Their electrical conductivity is more than 4 ds /m. So dic soils have carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium, the pH usually exceed 8.0 and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) is more than 15%. Remedy   ( i )   The most common method for getting rid of salts is to flush them out by applying more good quality water to such soils.   (ii)   Another method is laying underground network of perforated drainage pipes for flushing out the salts slowly.

20. Case studies   Salinity and water logging in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan:   The first alarming report of salt-affected wasteland formation due to irrigation practices came from Haryana in 1858.   Several villages in Panipat , and Delhi lying in Western Yamuna Canal were suffering from salinity problems.   The floods of 1947, 1950, 1952, 1954-55 in Punjab resulted in aggravated water logging with serious drainage problems.   Introduction to canal irrigation in 3.3 m ha in Haryana resulted in raise in water table followed by water-logging and salinity in many irrigated areas as a result of fall in crop productivity.   Rajasthan too has suffered badly in this regard following the biggest irrigation project " Indhra Gandhi Canal Project".