3 modes of education pdf

FORMAL, NON-FORMAL & INFORMAL TYPOLOGY OF EDUCATION

1. The Three Modes of
Education
DR. SUSAN L. COBARRUBIAS
Professorial Lecturer

2. Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Objectives 4
Definition of Education 5
The Coombs (1973) typology of educational programs 6
Table 1: Ideal-Type Models of Formal,
Non-Formal & InformalEducation 7
Table 2: Advantages &Disadvantages of Formal,
Non-Formal & Informal Education 8
Table 3: Benefits of Formal,Non-Formal
& Informal Education 9
Table 4: Comparison of Features of
Assessment in Non -Formal,
Informal and Formal Learning 10
Summary 11
Self-Check Questions 12
Checkpoints 15
References 17

3. Introduction
AccordingtoLivingstone,formaleducationtakesplacewhenateacherhastheauthorityto
determineifapersonwhoneededknowledgecaneffectivelylearnthecurriculumtakenfrom
apre-establishedbodyofknowledge,whetherintheformofage-gradedandbureaucratic
modernschoolsystems,oreldersinitiatingyouthsintotraditionalbodiesofknowledge.
Informaleducationoccurswhenteachersormentorstakeresponsibilitytoeducateothers
withoutsustainedreferencetoanintentionallyorganizedbodyofknowledgeinincidentaland
spontaneouslearningsituations,suchasguidingthemtoacquirejobskillsincommunity
developmentactivities.Thus,allformsoflearningareintentionalandpersonal.Thebarriers
thatseparateformalfromnon-formallearningrestwhetherornotthelearnertakesthe
learningvoluntarily.
Thismoduleoffersaheartfeltexplorationintothethreetypesofeducationalprogramsthat
existtodaybetweenthecracksofmainstreameducationandculturewhicharelearner-
centered,progressive,andholistic.Itisnotconclusivewritingonanyeducationalprogram;
rather,itisintendedtoprovideawindowforseeingthesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongthe
threemodesofeducation.

4. Aftercompletingthismodule,thestudentsshouldbeableto:
➢definethethreemodesofeducation
➢statethecharacteristics,thedifferences,andsimilaritiesofthe
threemodesofeducation
➢discussandcomparethebenefits,advantages,andadvantagesof
eachmodeoftheeducationalprogram

5. EDUCATION
➢isasystematicprocessthroughwhichachildoranadultacquiresknowledge,
experience,skillandsoundattitude.Itmakesanindividualcivilized,refined,
culturedandeducated.Itsgoalistomakeanindividualperfect.Itisthekeytosolve
thevariousproblemsoflife.
➢Theword“Educate”comesfromaLatinword“‘E’and‘Catum’”,whichmeansto
LeadoutorBringout.
➢Educationistheprocessofbringingdesirablechangesintothebehaviorofthe
humanbeing.
➢Itcanalsobedefinesastheprocessofimpartingoracquiringknowledgeorhabits
throughinstructionsorstudy.
➢Websterdefineseducationastheprocessofteachingtodeveloptheknowledge,skill
andcharacterofthestudent.

6. The Coombs (1973) typology of educational programs
Formal education Informal educationNon-formal education
the hierarchically structured,
chronologically graded
‘education system’, running
from primary school through
the university and including,
in addition to general
academic studies, a variety of
specialized programs and
institutions for full-time
technical and professional
training.
the truly lifelong process
whereby every individual
acquires attitudes, values, skills
and knowledge from daily
experience and the educative
influences and resources in his
or her environment –from
family and neighbors, from
work and play, from the market
place, the library and the mass
media.
any organized educational
activity outside the
established formal system –
whether operating separately
or as an important feature of
some broader activity –that
is intended to serve
identifiable learning
clienteles and learning
objectives.

7. Table 1: Ideal-Type Models of Formal, Non-Formal & Informal Education
Basis Formal Non-formal Informal
Purposes
➢Long-term & general
➢Credential based
➢Short-term & specific
➢Non-credential-based
➢Intergenerationaltransfer of values,
skills and the teaching of cultural
norms
➢Non-credentialbased
Timing
➢Long cycle/preparatory/
full-time
➢Short-cycle/recurrent/part-time➢Incidental and spontaneous
➢Not pre-planned
Content
➢Standardized/input-centered
➢Academic
➢Entry requirements determine
clientele
➢Individualized/output centered
➢Practical
➢Clientele determine entry
requirements
➢Experiential,spontaneous
➢Often no formal curriculum or theme
➢No rules of entry and exit
Delivery
System
➢Institution based, isolated from
environment,
➢Rigidly structured, teacher-
centered & resource intensive
➢Environment based, community
related, intensive used of media
➢Flexible, learner-centered &
resource saving
➢Social institutionsof family,
marriage, peer groups, and mass
media
Control
➢External/Hierarchical ➢Self-governing/Democratic ➢Flexiblerulesand regulations
Outcome
➢Diploma, degree or certificate
with credit value
➢No formal credits, sometimes
certificate of participation or
attendance.Skill building and
capacity building
➢General knowledge, lifelong skills,
capabilities, ‘just in time’ learning,
etc.

8. Table 2: Disadvantages
Formal education Non-formal education Informal education
➢Formal
➢Rigid
➢Program
➢Classroom-based
➢Educational standards
➢It does not consider the students’
standards, values and attitudes
➢Drop-in: attendance is inconsistent
➢It doesn’t result in a degree/diploma
➢Teachers are not trained but have
experience
➢Imparted mostly by correspondence
➢tends to be
unpredictable
➢Going with the flow
➢Conversations or
internet may have
wrong information
Advantages
➢Known form of education
➢Trained teachers
➢On a regular basis
➢Leads to a formally recognized
credential
➢Informal
➢Flexibility in organization and methods
➢Acknowledging the importance of
education
➢After-school programs
➢Community based organizations
➢Can lead to greater confidence in formal
classroom
➢Anywhere and
anytime
➢Can take place in
almost any other
location
➢use a variety of
methods
➢lifelong education

9. Table 3: Benefits
Formal education Non-formal education Informal education
➢Education is given in an
organized manner.
➢Students learn from professional
teachers and professors.
➢It provides a systematic learning
process.
➢Half-yearly and yearly
assessments are taken to check
the progress of the students.
➢Schools, colleges, and
Universities are well organized
physically and monetarily.
➢Students get recognized
certification.
➢A person who has taken this
education can easily get jobs
➢It is a practical and
conversational mode of
teaching.
➢Different minds grow
naturally here.
➢People learn by
professional as well as by
themselves.
➢This kind of education is
flexible in terms of age
and time.
➢It is an open-minded
education system.
➢Exams are not mandatory.
➢The process of learning is natural and
through daily experiences. Thus, you
can learn it anywhere and at any
time.
➢Individuals need to do research about
topics of their interest by utilizing the
internet, books, etc. Therefore, they
learn to work hard.
➢It has got no particular time/period.
➢It is not much costly.
➢One needs not to hire any
professionals for learning as they can
do it through the internet and by
reading books.
➢It is a time-efficient educating
process

10. Table 4:
Comparison of Features of Assessment in Non -Formal, Informal and Formal Learning
Assessment in formal education Assessment of informal and non-formal learning
Quantitative assessment methods dominateQualitative assessment methods dominate
The main assessor is the teacher Integration of assessment and self-assessment
Oriented towards measurable learning
achievements, which are assessed at the end of
the course or topic
Assessment through the process, promoting self-progress,
recording individual accomplishments and development
possibilities
Assessment results are expressed in points and
percentages regarding standards
Learning assessment expressed verbally in a particular
context, weak and strong elements of professional activity are
revealed
Prevalence of declarative knowledge and
reproduction skills
Prevalence of operative knowledge, integration of operative
knowledge and skills and their appliance in non-standard
situations
Assessment as objective reality meaning of context in assessment
Learning achievement are easier to assessComplex assessment

11. Educationisaprocessofacquiringandimpartingknowledgebystudyingandteaching,
respectively.Itmaybetheoreticalorpragmatic.Itisagradualprocessthatmaystart
fromyourchildhoodandmaygoonthroughoutyourlife.Instructionhasthreecommon
types;FormalEducation;InformalEducation,andNon-formal
Education.FormalEducationisthemoststructured(plannedandthought-out)kindof
instructionthatoffers“proofofevidence”sanctionedbygovernmentinstitutionsand
workplaces.Itinducesaspecificcurriculumandsyllabus,certificatesanddegreesare
awarded.Non-formaleducationislessstructuredthanformaleducation.Itisa
practicaleducationmostlyforgrownups.Itdependsupontheparticipationoflearners
andthereisnoagelimit.Timeandcurriculummayormaynotbe
specific.Informaleducationisthekindofinstructionprovidedbyparents,family
members,andpeoplerunningasmallbusinessandexpertsinitsprocesses.Itisalong
processandisnotaninstitution-based.Learningcanbeathomeoranywhere,youget
knowledgefromyourlifeexperiencesandpracticalworking.
Summary

12. 1. What is the origin of the word Education?
a. ‘E’ and ‘Catum’ b. Edu and ‘Catum’
c. Word ‘Educate’ d. None of these.
2.What is called education acquired without any specific
purpose, fixed period and place?
a. Indirect Education b. Individual Education
c. Informal Education d. Formal Education.
3.What is the main center of informal Education?
a. Society b. Family
c. Radio and Televisiond. All of the above.
4.Education planned with a particular end in view is ?
a. Formal education b. Informal education
c. Both a & d. None of a & b
5.All are benefits from taking a non-formal education
except:
a. Students get recognized certification
b. It is an open-minded education system.
c. It has got no particular time
d. Exams are not mandatory
6.Coombs typology of educational programs states that non-formal
education is
a. intended to serve all learning clienteles and learning objectives
b. intended to serve identifiable learning clienteles and learning objectives
c. not intended to serve identifiable learning clienteles and learning objectives
d. intended to serve unidentified learning clienteles and learning objectives
7. Formal education has ?
a. Flexible rules of entry and exit b. Rigid rules of entry and exit
c. Few rules of entry and exit d. No rules of entry and exit
8.Informal education has ?
a. Flexible rules of entry and exit b. Rigid rules of entry and exit
c. few rules of entry and exit d. No rules of entry and exit
9. To reach out to clientele who cannot be in the classroom for
one reason or another, which of the following was established?
a. Alternative learning delivery b. Pre-school education
c. Special education (SPED) system d. Informal
10. Education is imparted mostly by correspondence in ?
a. Informal education b. Non formal education
c. Formal education d. Technical education
Self-Check Questions

13. 11. Education is not pre planned in ?
a. Informal education b. Non formal education
c. Formal education d. Both a and c
12. Informal education is ?
a. Just schooling b. Tine bound
c. Life long d. Preplanned
13. What is the most important element of non-formal education ?
a. Teacher b. Student
c. Media d. School
14. Which one is not the source of formal education ?
a. School b. Museum
c. Library d. Home
15. Assessment of informal and non-formal learning includes all except:
a. Qualitative assessment methods dominate
b. Integration of assessment and self-assessment
c. Quantitative assessment methods dominate
d. Complex assessment
16.Informal education is ?
a. Planned b. Incidental
c. Systematic d. Arranged
17. Formal education has well defined ?
a. Curriculum b. System
c. Method d. Approach
18.According to “Livingstone" formal education occurs when a
teacher has the authority to determine that people designated as
requiring knowledge effectively
a. make students active and constructive members of society
b. form definite opinions in the mind of students
c. learn a curriculum taken from a pre-established body of knowledge
d. create good name for the nation
19.6.Non formal education has ?
a. Flexible rules of entry and exitb. Rigid rules of entry and exit
c. Few rules of entry and exitd. No rules of entry and exit
20.The education confined to educational institution is ?
a. Informal education b. Non formal education
c. Formal education d. Learning

14. 1.Howisthiscrisis(COVIDpandemic)impactingthedeliveryofeducation?Between
thethreetypologiesofeducationalprograms,whatdoyouthinkisthebestand
wouldbeofgreatuseeventually?Why?Discussyouranswer.
2.AmidstofCOVID-19,thereareno“right”modesofeducationalprogramchoiceat
present.Everycountryhastooptforthebestmediumoramixofmediabasedon
access,technicalinfrastructure,content,theabilitytoadaptthiscontenttothe
appropriatedistanceeducationmedium,oramixofmedia—andmakelearning
opportunitiesavailabletostudentsasquicklyaspossible.Relativetothis,giveatleast
threeoptionsfordistanceeducationtocontinuethedeliveryofeducationalservicesto
thelearners?Statethereason/swhyyouchooseassuch?
Note: Reference should be strictly cited/acknowledged.
Essay:

16. 10 POINT RUBRIC*
*What is a rubric? It is a scoring guide.
It provides well-defined criteria from which learners can improve their performance.
Level: Outstanding: Value: 9-10
Description:
✓Well written and very organized, excellent composition
✓Clear and concise statements
✓Excellent effort and presentation with detail
✓Demonstrates a thorough understanding of the topic.
Level: Good: Value: 7-8
Description:
✓Writes fairly clear, good composition
✓Good presentation and organization.
✓Sufficient effort and detail.
Level: Fair: Value: 6
Description:
✓Minimal effort, good
composition.
✓Fair presentation.
✓Few supporting details.
Level: Poor Value: 4-5
Description:
✓Somewhat unclear. Shows little
effort, poor composition
✓Confusing and choppy,
incomplete sentences.
✓No organization of thoughts.
Level: Very Poor Value: 1-3
Description:
✓Lacking effort, very poor
composition.
✓Very unclear, does not
address topic.
✓Limited attempt.

17. https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/841709/mod_resource/content/1/SMIT
H_What_is_non-formal_education%3F.pdf
https://infed.org/mobi/informal-non-formal-and-formal-education-programmes/
http://trawcoe.com/non-formal-education-vs-formal-and-informal-education/
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED535481.pdf
References: