351 Lecture 3 Approaches to Professionalization.pptx

Approach in profession lecture

1. APPROACHES TO PROFESSIONALIZATION

2. PROFESSION 2

3. 3 PROFESSION “A paid occupation, especially one that involves long and intensive academic preparation ( prolonged training) and a formal qualification ( specialized knowledge) ” A profession is viewed by one of the school of thoughts based on its character , trait or attribute .

4. Characteristics of a profession: 4 Service oriented (2) self regulation & monopoly of practice (3) passing a knowledge and/or performance test, (4) length of training & specialized knowledge (superior completion of study of intellectual basis of the profession)

5. Characteristics of a profession: 5 (5) licensing by a formal authority and ethical standards of behavior with enforcement including removal from profession (6) sustained period of mentored experience/apprenticeship, (7) continuing education

6. Characteristics of a profession: 6 SERVICE ORIENTED All the pharmaceutical services are provided for the benefit of the recipient/customer. This is in line with one of the code of ethics for Pharmacists which states that “the prime concern of the Pharmacist should be the welfare of the client who is the patient”

7. Characteristics of a profession: 7 SELF REGULATION AND MONOPOLY OF PRACTICE The practice of pharmacy requires that one be licensed by law to practice as a Pharmacist. In most countries registering boards for pharmacists are run by Pharmacists or pharmacists are represented on such boards.

8. Characteristics of a profession: 8 PASSING A KNOWLEDGE AND/OR PERFORMANCE TEST To become a pharmacist one has to acquire knowledge from a practicing and experienced pharmacist. A student learns about the science of drugs and the basis of the job coupled with assessments to check on their progress in knowledge acquisition.

9. Characteristics of a profession: 9 LENGTH OF TRAINING AND SPECIALISED KNOWLEDGE One has to undertake training for a period of 4 or 6 years to obtain a primary qualification (university degree). Upon successful completion, the Pharmacist has a unique knowledge and skills related to the preparation of drugs and medicines and drug use. The Pharmacist is therefore referred to as a drug expert.

10. Characteristics of a profession: 10 LICENSING BY A FORMAL AUTHORITY AND ETHICAL STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR WITH ENFORCEMENT This is a way of accepting a student to the profession and acknowledging that they have learnt what they had to learn and have the ability to do a good job as they begin to practice. Usually one has to sit for and pass a licensure exam by a professional council. Coupled with that the pharmacist is obliged to adhere to certain codes of ethical standards (Codes of Ethics). Punitive measures are taken if one goes against the ethical principles.

11. Characteristics of a profession: 11 A SUSTAINED PERIOD OF MENTORED EXPERIENCE/APPRENTICESHIP Pharmacy graduates are assigned a qualified and experienced pharmacist to acquire a hands on knowledge for one year (Internship/preregistration period). Successfully completing the internship or preregistration period qualifies one to be registered as a Pharmacist by health profession council of Zambia (HPCZ).

12. PROFESSIONALIZATION 12

13. PROFESSIONALIZATION 13 Professionalization describes education, training, and other activities that transform a worker into a professional and (2) social processes by which an occupation becomes a profession..

14. PROFESSIONALIZATION 14 Professionalization can be a bottom-up process driven by those in the occupation, a top-down process driven by employers or the government (as an employer or as a policy maker), or some combination of the two. For an employer, professionalization might mean encouraging or requiring a particular course of academic study, degree, certificate, certification, or professional society membership as a condition of initial and/or continuing employment.

15. GOALS FOR PROFESSIONALIZATION 15 to establish standards that enhance the quality of the workforce; to regulate workers whose jobs can affect the health, safety, or property of others; to enhance public trust and confidence; to enable compliance with regulatory or legal requirements; to enhance the status of an occupation;

16. GOALS FOR PROFESSIONALIZATION 16 6. to establish a monopoly or otherwise regulate the supply of labor to advance the interests of its members; 7. to guide the behavior of practitioners in the field, especially when it comes to morally or ethically ambiguous activities; or 8. to establish and standardize roles (and the associated knowledge, skills, and abilities) and pathways so as to better align supply and demand, increase awareness of career paths, and facilitate recruitment and retention by employers.

17. GOALS FOR PROFESSIONALIZATION 17 An additional, often unstated but important, goal is to establish a shared set of values, culture, ethos, and mindset for a profession. These commonalities can contribute to people’s ability to work together effectively, particularly across roles within an organization and across organizations.

18. Specific mechanisms for professionalization 18

19. Codes of Conduct or Ethics 19 Codes of conduct or ethics fall into two types: enforceable codes whose breach can lead to revocation of a certification, or even removal from the profession, and nonenforceable codes that are generally associated with membership in a professional society.

20. Education 20 Pharmacy Education is provided at the undergraduate level by 5-year institutions, which offer a wide range of courses.

21. Certificates and Certifications 21 Certificates are generally associated with training or education courses and verify through examination that particular content was learned in courses or curricula. They are generally “good for life” and cannot be revoked, although a certificate’s relevance to an employer will diminish over time, especially in a fast-moving field like pharmacy. They serve as an indication of knowledge at a particular point in time.

22. 22 Certification is a formal procedure by an authorized or accredited body. It is based on a study of the factors that predict success in a job and relies on examinations that meet testing standards. Certifications are time limited and require periodic recertification, and there are procedures in place to remove certification for ethical breaches or knowledge deficiencies. Certification can also be applied to the content of education and training programs as well as individuals .

23. Certificates and Certifications 23 Certificates and certifications are especially helpful to employers who may find it otherwise difficult to evaluate the skills and knowledge of job applicants, especially small organizations that do not have a hiring manager with pharmacy expertise. Even in these cases, certificates and certifications may not be dispositive but may be given greater weight. In addition to providing evidence of competence, certificates and certifications may be useful indicators of interest and commitment to work in a field and provide a useful complement or supplement to academic degrees in establishing knowledge and commitment.   Some certifications play a useful role in helping employers determine that an applicant has been exposed to a minimum level of knowledge.

24. Licensure 24 Licensure involves a government restriction on practice without a license, generally involving public safety or trust. It may establish standards for legal liability in the case of negligent practice. In engineering fields, a small fraction of workers with degrees in engineering fields are licensed as professional engineers. For example, a licensed civil engineer responsible for approving a bridge design is assumed to be able to state with some certainty that the bridge will stand under stated conditions.

25. 25 THANKS!