3731 presentation2 1.pptx aiou 3731 educational tehnology

educational technology 2

1. Course Code:3731 Presentation Topic: Broad classification Hardware and software Course Coordinator: Dr . Tahira Bibi Presented by: Rifquat Manzoor (M.Phil DNFE) (0000535618)

2. Table of Content History of Hardware Approach. Introduction of Hardware Approach Basis of hardware Approach Characteristics of Hardware Approach Tools of Hardware Approach Introduction of software Approach Basis of Software Approach Characteristics of Software Approach Tools of Software Approach Comparison of Hardware and Software Approach Role of Hardware and Software Approach Conclusion References

3. HISTORY OF TEACHING MACHINE In the 1920s, Ohio State University educational psychology professor Sidney Pressey developed a shoebox-sized teaching machine to allow students to test their knowledge without a teacher’s direct guidance. The device, which Pressey called a “machine for intelligence tests” and an “Automatic Teacher,” contained a roll of paper printed with a test key, which was displayed one question at a time. Presented with each question, a student would press one of four to five numbered or lettered selectors to indicate their answer, then pull a lever to submit it .

4. HISTORY OF TEACHING MACHINE The machine, a metal box with a small window and roll of paper on the top and a lever on the side, displayed either a question, incomplete phrase, or math problem in the window. The student would write his or her answer on the roll of paper, press the lever, and their answer would disappear as the solution was revealed in the window. The aim of the machine was to keep students engaged and interested in learning by allowing them to work at an individual pace while providing instant feedback. Instead of handing in test papers, then waiting a day for a teacher to grade them, students would know immediately whether their answer was right or wrong. This approach, Skinner said in a 1956  instructional video  about his teaching machines, kept a student “free of anxiety about his success or failure.”

5. Introduction Hardware and software are components of educational technology, each playing a crucial role in enhancing the learning experience . Educational technology consists of two interrelated concepts namely education and technology. Here, education refers to the process of overall development of child. Technology involves highly designed and sophisticated engineering of software and hardware that is meant for the systematic organization of knowledge for practical purposes .

6. Introduction Humbsdaine (1964) has listed three distinct approaches to educational technology which are : 1. Hardware Approach or Educational Technology I 2. Software Approach or Educational Technology II 3. System Approach or Educational Technology III

7. Hardware Approach Hardware approach in educational technology is defined as when we use the physical devices and tools to support the teaching and learning process. These kinds of hardware are basically found in the administrative task and teaching learning process . It mechanize the teaching learning process. It adopts product oriented approach where more concern is shown for production and utilization of audio-visual aid materials such as charts, models, slides, film strips, audio cassettes and sophisticated equipment such as radio, TV, films, projectors, tape recorders, video, teaching machine and computers .

8. BASIS OF HARDWARE APPROACH Hardware Approach has physical science and applied engineering as its basis. Hardware Approach has mechanized the whole teaching learning process . Hardware Approach adopts a Product-oriented Approach. Hardware Approach has the potential to hand over the educational benefits to the mass with greater ease and economy .

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF HARDWARE APPROACH T his type of educational technology ‘Relative Technology’. Based on physical science and applied engineering field approach. The concept of hardware approach is derived from the application of “physical science” to education. The new mechanism of teaching-learning with improved technology as its basis. Suggesting innumerable new ways of doing things to the class-room teachers The job and the duties of the teacher are likely to have multifaceted changes as they are to deal with many new gadgets for teaching and learning .

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF HARDWARE APPROACH Engineering principles are used for the development of these types of technical equipment’s. The teacher can deal with larger group of students with the help of these ‘Mechanical device’ or ‘Machines’. The teacher can deal with larger group of students with the help of these ‘Mechanical device’ or ‘Machines’ , resulting in less cost and economy in finances .

11. TOOLS OF HARWARE APPROACH Interactive Whiteboards (IWBs) : These are large interactive displays that connect to a computer and projector, allowing teachers to display and interact with digital content in the classroom. Document Cameras : Also known as visual presenters, document cameras allow teachers to display documents, textbooks, 3D objects, or even experiments onto a screen for the whole class to see. Tablets and Laptops : Portable devices such as tablets and laptops enable teachers to access digital resources, educational apps, and interactive software, facilitating personalized learning experiences. Audio-Visual Equipment : This includes projectors, speakers, and microphones. Robotics Kits and STEM Tools : These hands-on hardware kits allow students to engage in experiential learning activities, such as building and programming robots, conducting science experiments, or exploring engineering concepts.

12. INTRODUCTION OF SOFTWARE APPROACH The pioneering work in software approach was done by Skinner and other behaviorists. The programmes which such a technology produces are often called software. Software Approach is also termed as Instructional Technology or Teaching Technology or Behavioral Technology . Software approach refers to the application of teaching- learning principles to the direct & deliberate shaping of behavior. Its origin lies in the application of “behavior science” to the problems of learning & motivation . Software Approach is concerned with teaching objectives in behavioral terms, principles of teaching, methods of teaching, reinforcement of instructional system, feedback, reviews and evaluation . Software approach tries to develop all the three basic components of technology, i.e. Input, Process and Output.

13. BASIS OF SOFTWARE APPROACH In software approach, the basis of all thinking and working is behavioral science and psychology of learning. Software approach uses the principles of psychology for the purpose of behavior modification. A teacher with added knowledge of software approach can use the films , flashcards, tapes etc., for various purposes. A teacher can plan better teaching which results into better learning . There is not end to his thinking.

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFTWARE APPROACH This educational technology is closely associated with the modern principles of programmed learning and is characterized by task analysis, writing precise objectives, selection of appropriate learning strategies, reinforcement of correct responses and constant education . T his educational technology as ‘ constructive educational technology.’ Also known as ‘’Management Technology ’’. It has brought to educational management a scientific approach for solving educational administrative problems .

15. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFTWARE APPROACH Origin of software approach lies in the application of ‘behavioral science ’ to the education. It refers to the application of teaching- learning principles in the shaping of behavior. It refers to the application of teaching- learning principles in the shaping of behavior. We can views its application while writing objectives in behavioral terms selection of appropriate teaching, stratégies, renforcement for correct réponse etc.

16. TOOLS OF SOFTWARE APPROACH Educational Games and Simulations : Interactive software applications and games make learning fun and engaging, covering a wide range of subjects from math and science to language arts and history. Learning Management Systems (LMS) : LMS platforms provide a digital space for organizing course materials, delivering online lessons, assessing student progress, and facilitating communication between teachers and students. Interactive Multimedia Content : Digital textbooks, e-books, videos, animations, and virtual reality (VR) experiences enrich traditional teaching materials, offering students immersive and dynamic learning experiences.

17. TOOLS OF SOFTWARE APPROACH Collaborative Tools and Communication Platforms : Software tools like Google Classroom, Microsoft Teams, or Zoom enable teachers to conduct online classes, assign and collect assignments, and facilitate collaborative projects among students. Adaptive Learning Software : These programs use algorithms to personalize the learning experience for each student based on their individual strengths, weaknesses, and learning styles, providing targeted instruction and feedback .

18. COMPARISON OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE APPROACH Hardware Approach Software Approach Its origin in physical sciences and applied engineering. Its origin in behavioral sciences and their applied aspects concerning psychology of learning More concerned with the production and utilization of audio visual aid material Try to make use of psychology of learning for the production and utilization of software techniques and materials Tries to adopt product-oriented approach, Tries to adopt a process-oriented technique It provides services in the field of education. It delivering their service to the users i.e. teachers and learners.

19. COMPARISON OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE APPROACH Hardware Approach Software Approach Tools used in hardware approach are name radio, television, tape recorder, video, slides and film projectors, teaching machines and computer etc. Tools used in software approach are name, programmed learning material, in the shape of charts, pictures, models, slides filmstrips, audio and video cassettes, software packages etc. Has resulted in improving the efficiency of educational, means and reducing the cost of education. Works for increasing the efficiency of the teachers as well as learning. Needs the services of software technology for its use and functioning. It can’t go without the aid of software Most useful and productive in the case if it is assisted and made into use by the hardware applications and gadgets.

20. ROLE OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES Making the task of teaching-learning interest, purposeful and productive. Use the multimedia and multi-sensory approach to teaching-learning. Management of the affairs of educational practices in an efficient and productive way.

21. ROLE OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES Providing proper input and process for the best possible outcomes (products). Fulfilling the expectation of distances and correspondence Education. Individualization of instruction.

22. CONCLUSION I t can be stated that hardware and software approaches are interrelated complementary to each other . The effective and efficient use of these approaches in the field of education helps in bringing improvement in the process of education and in realizing its goals . These approaches work , as a multi faceted concept, uses all the available resources in a systematic and organized manner to solve the educational problems.

23. CONCLUSION These approaches help in individualization of instruction , multi media and multi sensory approach to teaching and learning , management of the affairs of educational practices, providing effective and proper input and processes for the best possible products, fulfilling the expectations of distance and correspondence education and making teaching and learning tasks more interesting, productive, meaningful and purposeful.

24. REFERENCES https://hrcak.srce.hr/135778 https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000013EN/P001458/M017444/ET/1497612105Paper12%3BModule25%3BEText.pdf https://tripurauniv.ac.in/Content/pdf/StudyMaterialsDetail/MA%20Education%201st%20Semester/EDCN-704C-Educational%20Technology.pdf https:// www.slideshare.net/Sani211094/components-of-educationaltechnology http:// www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/education/completeinformation-on educational-technology-characteristics-nature-objectivesand-components-of-educational technology/5364/ https:// mmhapu.ac.in/doc/eContent/Education/MdOwais/Jan2022/Approaches%20of%20Educational%20Technology.pdf

25. Questions? ?