434756762-Intro-to-Philosophy-of-a-Human-Person-PPT.pptx

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1. Intro to philosophy of a human person Mario Meynard I. Mutia Teacher II, SHS

2. What is philosophy? Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφί α, philosophia , literally "love of wisdom " [1] [2] [3] [4] ) is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence , knowledge , values , reason , mind , and language . [5] [6] The term was probably coined by Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BCE). Philosophical methods include questioning , critical discussion , rational argument , and systematic presentation. [7] [8] Classic philosophical questions include: Is it possible to know anything and to prove it? [9] [10] [11] What is most real ? Philosophers also pose more practical and concrete questions such as: Is there a best way to live? Is it better to be just or unjust (if one can get away with it)? [12] Do humans have free will ? [13] Historically, "philosophy" encompassed any body of knowledge. [14] From the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, " natural philosophy " encompassed astronomy , medicine , and physics . Philosophers are the one who are engaged in doing Philosophy. They are called lovers of wisdom.

3. Notable philosophers 1. Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570 – c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of the Pythagoreanism movement. His political and religious teachings were well known in Magna Graecia and influenced the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and, through them, Western philosophy. Knowledge of his life is clouded by legend, but he appears to have been the son of Mnesarchus , a seal engraver on the island of Samos . 2 . Heraclitus of Ephesus (/ˌ hɛrəˈklaɪtəs /;[1] Greek: Ἡράκλειτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος , translit . Hērákleitos ho Ephésios ; c. 535 – c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, and a native of the city of Ephesus,[2] then part of the Persian Empire. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the apparently riddled[3] and allegedly paradoxical[4] nature of his philosophy and his stress upon the heedless unconsciousness of humankind,[5] he was called "The Obscure" and the "Weeping Philosopher".

4. Notable philosophers 3 . Democritus (/ dɪˈmɒkrɪtəs /; Greek: Δημόκριτος , Dēmókritos , meaning "chosen of the people"; c.460 — c.370 BC) was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe.[3] 4. Diogenes (/ daɪˈɒdʒəˌniːz /; Greek: Διογένης , Diogenēs [ di.oɡénɛ͜ɛs ]), also known as Diogenes the Cynic (Ancient Greek: Διογένης ὁ Κυνικός , Diogenēs ho Kynikos ), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. He was born in Sinope , an Ionian colony on the Black Sea,[1] in 412 or 404 BC and died at Corinth in 323 BC.[2] Diogenes was a controversial figure. His father minted coins for a living, and Diogenes was banished from Sinope when he took to debasement of currency.[1] After being exiled, he moved to Athens and criticized many cultural conventions of the city. He modeled himself on the example of Heracles, and believed that virtue was better revealed in action than in theory. He used his simple life-style and behaviour to criticize the social values and institutions of what he saw as a corrupt, confused society. He had a reputation for sleeping and eating wherever he chose in a highly non-traditional fashion, and took to toughening himself against nature. He declared himself a cosmopolitan and a citizen of the world rather than claiming allegiance to just one place. There are many tales about his dogging Antisthenes' footsteps and becoming his "faithful hound".[3] Diogenes made a virtue of poverty. He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar in the marketplace.[4] He became notorious for his philosophical stunts, such as carrying a lamp during the day, claiming to be looking for an honest man. He criticized Plato, disputed his interpretation of Socrates, and sabotaged his lectures, sometimes distracting attenders by bringing food and eating during the discussions. Diogenes was also noted for having mocked Alexander the Great, both in public and to his face when he visited Corinth in 336.[5][6][7]

5. Notable philosophers 5. Epicurus [a] (341–270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded a highly influential school of philosophy now called Epicureanism. He was born on the Greek island of Samos to Athenian parents. Influenced by Democritus, Aristotle, and possibly the Cynics, he turned against the Platonism of his day and established his own school, known as "the Garden", in Athens. He and his followers were known for eating simple meals and discussing a wide range of philosophical subjects, and he openly allowed women to join the school as a matter of policy . For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to attain the happy, tranquil life, characterized by ataraxia —peace and freedom from fear— and aponia —the absence of pain— and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends . 6. Socrates (/ˈ sɒkrətiːz /;[2] Ancient Greek: Σωκρᾰ́της , translit . Sōkrátēs , [ sɔːkrátɛːs ]; c. 470 – 399 BC)[3][4] was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher,[5][6] of the Western ethical tradition of thought.[7][8][9] An enigmatic figure, he made no writings, and is known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers writing after his lifetime, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon. Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity, though it is unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is "hidden behind his 'best disciple'".[12] Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the fields of ethics and epistemology. It is this Platonic Socrates who lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus.

6. Notable philosophers 7. Plato (/ˈ pleɪtoʊ /;[a][1] Greek: Πλάτων [a] Plátōn , pronounced [ plá.tɔːn ] in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423[b] – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the pivotal figure in the development of Western philosophy.[2] Unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years.[3] Along with his teacher, Socrates, and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science.[4] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato."[5] In addition to being a foundational figure for Western science, philosophy, and mathematics, Plato has also often been cited as one of the founders of Western religion and spirituality.[6]

7. Notable philosophers 8. Aristotle (/ˈ ærɪˌstɒtəl /;[3] Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs , pronounced [ aristotélɛːs ]; 384–322 BC)[n 1] was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki , in the north of Classical Greece. Along with Plato, he is considered the "Father of Western Philosophy". Aristotle provided a complex and harmonious synthesis of the various existing philosophies prior to him, including those of Socrates and Plato, and it was above all from his teachings that the West inherited its fundamental intellectual lexicon, as well as problems and methods of inquiry. As a result, his philosophy has exerted a unique influence on almost every form of knowledge in the West and it continues to be central to the contemporary philosophical discussion. Little is known about his life. His father, Nicomachus , died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At seventeen or eighteen years of age, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BC).[4] His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics and government – and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC.[5] Teaching Alexander gave Aristotle many opportunities. He established a library in the Lyceum which helped him to produce many of his hundreds of books, which were papyrus scrolls. The fact that Aristotle was a pupil of Plato contributed to his former views of Platonism, but, following Plato's death, Aristotle immersed himself in empirical studies and shifted from Platonism to empiricism.[6] He believed all concepts and knowledge were ultimately based on perception. Aristotle's views on natural sciences represent the groundwork underlying many of his works.

8. Notable philosophers ARISTOTLE PLATO SOCRATES EPICURUS DEMOCRITUS DIOGENES OF SINOPE HERACLITUS PYTHAGORAS

9. Why is there a need to philosophize? 1. Sense of Wonder – Curiosity (Plato) 2. Doubt – rejecting or questioning ideas (Rene Descartes) 3. Experience – Limit situations ( Karl Jaspers) 4. Love of Wisdom – Insatiable desire for truth (Socrates)

10. Holistic thinking vs partial thinking Holistic Thinking – refers to a perspective that considers large scale patterns in systems, and often describe as looking at the “Big Picture” when describing and analyzing a situation or problem. Partial thinking – focuses on the aspects of situation. The partial view is an important component of analytical thinking as an individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to understand it.

11. reflection Reflection requires a person to be willing to examine one thoughts, feelings, and action and to learn more about one’s life and experiences. One can reflect almost on any subject.

12. Written works 1:think Engage in reflections on the following situations. List down simple, serious, and deep questions you would ask yourself in these situations. 1. You go to Island Choice and the waiters hands you a menu. You are deciding which dish to order. 2. You and your friends decisding to do a “fun” thing to do while at mall. 3. You open your wallet and saw a 500 peso bill in it.

13. Performance task 1: Write an Essay about the following topic: 1. How can philosophy help you succeed as a student? 2. How can philosophy help you become a productive individual. Write essay provided in our classroom link or link provided below: Bugnay – PerfTask1 Lomboy - Inyam - Kasoy -

14. Method of philosophizing Mario Meynard I. Mutia

15. Lets ponder Which of the following statements are true? 1. The sun is the centre of the solar system. 2. B oracay is the most beautiful island in the world. 3. God made the world in seven days. 4. Man has right to life, freedom and pursuit of happiness. 5. A person must always consider the happiness of his or her family before her own happiness. 6. citizens have the right to take arms and overthrow an oppressive government 7. Pres. Duterte is murderer.

16. What is truth and why is it important? Before discussing truth, let us clarify KNOWLEDGE. Knowledge is the clear awareness of and understanding something. It is the product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts. Our knowledge is comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to be TRUE.

17. Exploring knowledge Answer the following: I know that … I know why … I know how …

18. For example if we say that “I know that fish lives in the water” because we know fish do live in a water. This is what we know and observable or evident in the real world, and these proposition or statements are known as FACTS. If we say “Our school is the best school in Sebaste ”, these are not evidently known to be true, and it is known as CLAIM. Further examination is required to establish whether it is true or false.

19. How do we know if something is true? Let us start by stating the very obvious things we know about ourselves. I am alive. I have a body. I can breath.

20. How do we know if something is true? Let us apply doubt. I am alive? I have a body? I can breath?

21. How do we know if something is true? If you have answered yes to all of the doubtful questions, we can now say: I am alive! I have a body! I can breath!

22. This is one perspective on truth – That a belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s sense.

23. How do we know if something is true? Now let us tackle another statement. I am a Filipino.

24. How do we know if something is true? Now let us apply systematic doubt. Am I a Filipino?

25. How do we know if something is true? Lets have some research… Filipino (NOUN) Filipinos (plural noun) · Pilipino (noun) · Pilipinos (plural noun) 1. a native of the Philippine Islands 2. nationality or a Citizen of the R epublic of the Philippines , 3. the national language of the Philippines , a standardized form of Tagalog.

26. Which of those apply to you? This is another basis for determining truth: a belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.

27. How do we know if something is true? Finally, let us explore the following statements about what you can do . I can play basketball. I can fry an egg. I understand the lesson.

28. How do we know if something is true? Now let us apply systematic doubt. Can I play basketball? Can I fry an egg? Do I understand the lesson?

29. Which of those thing you can do? Determining truth in this case requires a person to prove a statement through an action.

30. Written task 2 Apply systematic doubt in the analysing the following statements. Describe how you will determine their truthfulness. 1. Our classroom is clean and tidy. 2. Our school is big. 3. I am a good student. 4. We live in a safe community.

31. How can philosophy guide us in distinguishing truth from opinion? Lets try this activity: 1. it takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school. 2. Living near the school is better because we don’t have to spend much for transportation. 3. my sister ate the last piece of pizza pie. 4. the policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knee and placed him handcuffs. 5. my sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with me. 6. the aggressive manner by which policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality that characterize the police force.

32. How can philosophy guide us in distinguishing truth from opinion? Lets try this activity: 1. it takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school. 2. Living near the school is better because we don’t have to spend much for transportation. 3. my sister ate the last piece of pizza pie. 4. my sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with me. 5. the policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knee and placed him handcuffs. 6. the aggressive manner by which policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality that characterize the police force. FACT FACT FACT OPINION OPINION OPINION

33. Facts – contains ideas or information that are easily verifiable Opinions – statements go beyond providing facts, provides conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. These also provides bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact. Conclusion – judgement based on certain facts. Beliefs – statements that expresses conviction that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. Explanations – statemments that assume the claime to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true. Arguments – series of statements that provides reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.

34. Performance TASK 2: Fallacy and biases List at least 5 fallacy you have encountered List at least 5 biases you have encountered

35. The human person as an embodied spirit Mario Meynard I. Mutia

36. Hello, we are humans of the earth Describe humans to alien.

37. Terms related to human person Man – general term used to refer to entire human race. Human – refers to man as a species Homo Sapiens or modern human beings Human being - is a term used to distinguish man from other animals. Person – much complex term which generally refers to a human being granted recognition of certain rights, protection, responsibilities and above all, dignity. Personhood – refers to the state of being as person. Human Nature refers to the characteristics that distinguish humans from all other creatures.

38. What is a human person? The most basic definition of a human being relates to the nature of humans as animals. Philosophers however, believe that the human being is just not mere an animal. There is something in the human individual that sets him or her apart from other beings. These special traits makes a human a distinct individual person.

39. Self awareness – refers to the person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or her thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions. Rationality – drives human person into deeper awareness. (Human thoughts) Self – described by philosophers as the person actively aware that he or she is perceiving reality. Interiority – quality of being focused on ones inner life or identity Self determination – capability of a person to make choices and decisions based on their own preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and be goal oriented and self directed. Free will – enable us to do actions whenever we want to and make self determinations. Is is the capacity to choose an action from various alternatives. Consequence-result or effect of an actions and conditions. Morality – the goodness or the badness of an act. Externality – the capability to reach out and interact with others and the world. Dignity – the innate right to be valued and respected.

40. Written works How will you uphold dignity of the human person in the following situations? 1. Your classmates are teasing your cross-eyed classmates because they find her funny looking. 2. Your friend confided in you that his girlfriend told him she was pregnant. He is asking your advice on what to do.

41. Transcendence - existence or experience beyond the normal or physical level . - the ability to surpass limits. Our mind is an important tool that allow us to go beyond many of our physical limits. As a person we are able to exercise our own imagination and reflection to go beyond our thoughts and experiences.

42. Performance task 3 Explore your abilities and limitations. Write down the skills and abilities that define you as a person. In the I cannot column, list down the thinsg you have tried to do but could not because of your personal limitations. I CAN I CANNOT

43. The human person in the environment Mario Meynard I. Mutia

44. Describe what you see. Would you like to visit this place? What will you do when you go to this place? Written Work 1

45. Describe what you see. Do you see yourself staying near this picture? Do you imagine yourself doing the same things you imagine doing in the first picture? Written Work 1

46. How does philos0phy defines the person’s relationship with the environment? Environmental Philosophy or Environment Ethics- discipline in the philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents.

47. Three major views regarding the relationship between humanity and environment 1. Anthropocentrism – focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive. This view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use it resources. 2. Biocentrism – believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planet, and that all organisms have inherent value and should be protected. This view drives the activities of humane organziations that advocate ethical treatment of animals. 3. Ecocentrism – places a great value on ecosystems and biological communities. This view believes the humankind is part of greater biological system or community and we have significant role as stewards or guardians of nature

48. Environmental Aesthetics – philosophical view that believes in the maintaining order in the environment will bring out the natural beauty of the surroundings and contribute to the well-being of the people and other organisms living in it.

49. Performance task 1 Form groups of five members each. Research on a specific environment problem happening in our country. Analyze it using any of the major philosophical view. Prepare your answer on a PowerPoint Presentation and save it on the folder designated in our GOOGLE CLASSROOM .

50. How can humanity address the damage inflicted on the environment? Environmentalism – perspective that advocates to address the growing environmental problems. Environmental Ethics – important philosophical view on environmentalism, a moral approach that analyzes the relationship between humans and the environment. It also discusses environmental problems caused by human activities and social issues that impact the environment.

51. Written work 2 Analyze the following situations and determine which of them show the right of moral choice with regard to the environment. 1. A mining corporation decided to save costs and did not construct an effective storing facility for mining waste. The improperly stored waste leaked and polluted the nearby river, poisoned marine life, and caused people in the nearby village to get sick. 2. A businessman bought a large piece of farmland and decided to convert it into subdivision. During Construction hundreds of trees where uprooted and streams were covered with cement. 3. Local official led a campaign to set aside several hectares of forested land in thier city as watershed area. This area was declared off limits to loggers and miners 4. An animal shelter partnered with local government to conduct free vaccination drivers for pets. The shelter also coordinates with local police to address cases involving animal cruelty.

52. What can I do to uphold environmentalism and care for nature? Sustainability or Sustainable Development – this concept focuses on reconciling human activities and economic development with the protection of the environment. It relies on three important principles: Environmental Integrity – refers to maintainining the state of the environment. Economic Effeciency – refers to Prudence in decision making regarding the use of the resources to ensure there is minimum to zero waste. Equity – demands we use our natural resources in such a manner that these are conserved so that the next generation will be able to use them.

53. The values of prudence and frugality can guide us in our own personal use of resources. PRUDENCE – ability to regulate ones action and beahviour FRUGALITY – is being thrifty with the use of one’s recources .

54. Freedom of the human person Mario Meynard I. Mutia

55. What is freedom? What is the essence of freedom? Freedom is an intrinsic and essential property of the person. This means that the human person by nature is a free being and it is in his or her nature to seek freedom. An important indication of human freedom is the ability to make choices and perform actions. Our freedom to act sets us apart from other beings.

56. Freedom is rooted in the human person’s self determination and exercise of intellect and freewill. This means that every action is freely determined and their actions define him or her. We can freely chose to be a good person and to act in a good way. A good act makes a person better while its opposite has a negative impact on him or her as a person. This is the nature of self determination: that a person’s actions determine what kind of person he or she becomes.

57. Performance task 2 encode your answer in MS WORD and upload to your designated folder

58. What makes us free? How does freedom shape our experience? There are two elements that defines freedom. 1. Voluntariness –ability of a person to act out of his or her own free will and self determination. 2. Responsibility – refers to the person being accountable for his or her own action and their consequences

59. Written work 3 I am Free because… As a free person, I must…

60. How can I exercise my freedom in a responsible and beneficial manner? 1. Human freedom should be exercised with control and a recognition of reasonable limits. 2. Freedom should also be exercised with regard for knowledge and truth. 3. In exercising our freedom, we should also recognized and uphold not only our individual freedom but also the freedom of others.

61. IntersubjecTivity Mario Meynard I. Mutia

62. How do we as human person relate with others? Recognizing the “self” in the “other” – this is how philosophers define interpersonal relations. Our human nature not only enables us to recognize the “self” that defines our individuality, it also enables us to recognize that other human beings also possess a “self”. We are able to relate meaningfully with other human beings because we consider ourselves essentially the same. Intersubjectivity – the interaction between self and the other , the mutual recognition of each other as a person. It cannot be denied that we interact with other beings in the world, but some of these beings that we interact with are persons and must be recognized as such. It also carries the meaning of “ a unique relationship between distinct subjects .”

63. unique relationship between distinct subjects Refers to the characteristics of a human person to engage in a very intimate and personal relationship with others who are different from him or her but who are also like him or her. This is possible because the person has an inner life or interiority. Having inner life allows a person to give himself or herself to others. This also allows the individual to receive others in is or her life and relate with them. Intersubjectivity also allows a person to become closer to others in many different ways Seeming – where and individual presents himself or herself in a certain way when dealing with others

64. What characterizes a genuine human interaction? Dialogue – deeper and more genuine interaction, made possible when the self realizes that the other is a genuine and unique individual. When two individuals begin to view each other as an other – that is, truly acknowledging each others presence – then that is the beginning of authentic relationship and a dialogue. -it happens between two person thorugh speech or use of words, expressions, and body language.

65. How does intersubjectivity define our interactions with other person? Empathy – ability to share emotions, is an important aspect of intersubjectivity . This emotion is driven by a persons awareness that the other person with thoughts and feelings. Human persons are actively aware of the emotional states of other people, and they use this information to determine their own actions and behavior. Empathy enable us to experience another persons emotions, such as happiness, anger and sadness. Availability – willingness of a person to be present and be at the disposal of another. You may have encountered a situation where you needed help.

66. How does intersubjectivity define our interactions with other person? Ethics of Care – an ethical theory that emphasizes the moral dimension of relationships and interactions. This moral perspective encourages individuals to help other people, mostly especially the vulnerable.

67. How can philosophy help you evaluate your relationships with other? Acceptance of differences and embracing diversity – it is understood that each person is unique, therefore, differences will exist among groups of people. When we look at the physical self and even traits behaviours , we can see that no two persons look and think the same. When we consider views, beliefs and ideas the differences becomere more pronounced. We have to accept that people will have different views and beliefs. What unites us all is our shared humanity and dignity.

68. Written Work 4 What makes your friend as your friend ?

69. Performance task 3 Research and save your files on the designated folders in the Google Classroom on these three person. Mention how did they have successfully risen above their physical limitations. 1. Helen Keller 2. Nicholas James “Nick” Vojicic 3. Roselle Ambubuyog

70. The human person in society Mario Meynard I. Mutia

71. What is society? What drives human beings to establish socities ? Society – Organized group of people whose members interact frequently and have common territory and culture. It also refers to companionship or friendly association with others, an alliance, community or a union.

72. What are different forms of societies? Hunting and Gathering Society – recognized as the earliest and simplest form of society Pastoral Society – Characterized by the domestication of animals for food and a more stable and predictable food supply. Horticultural society – primarily engages in the small scale cultivation of plants, fruits, and vegetables and domestication of animals. Agrarian or agricultural society – further evolution of the pastoral and horticultural societies. It involves the large scale and long term cultivation of crops and domestication of animals. Characterized by improved technology abd the use of tools to aid farming.

73. What are different forms of societies? Feudal Society – based on the ownership of the land. Feudal societies arose out of the developments in Western Europe during Medieval Times, when rival kingdoms were engagaed in conflict over resources, particularly land. Industrial Society – based on the use of specialized machinery in the production of goods and services. Post Industrial Society – Marked by establishment of societies based on knowledge, information, and the sale of services. Virtual Society – where people organize themselves through communication technology and the internet, it is the product of post industrial society.

74. How does society influence our development as a person? The person and the society have a very dynamic relationship in which one cannot exist without the other.

75. How does society influence our development as a person? Society influences our developmet as persons in various ways. Society is the backdrop by which we adopt the prevailing culture, identity, values, ideas and knowledge of the persons, groups, and communities that surround us.

76. How does society influence our development as a person? Society influences the interactions of its members through the establishment of NORMS, which are set of traits and behavior that society considers acceptable, and thus encouraged and passed on to members.

77. How does society influence our development as a person? Laws – more formal and stringent norms that establish and define acceptable behavior of citizens. They also prescribe the consequences or penalties that will be imposed on violators. Folkways – less formal nomrs that arise from tradition and do not result in punishment when violated.

78. How does society influence our development as a person? Social System – organized or patterned set of relationships among individuals and groups that composed a society. Social Role – assigned to each member, which are actions and beahviours expected of a certain individual. Individual who share similar backgrounds or perform similar roles are group together into social groups or classess

79. How does society influence our development as a person? Social Institutions perform vital functions in society and theses include family, school, government, and religion. Society transforms human relations, which leads to the transformation of its members. Social Values – actions or ideals that are considered important by society.

80. How does society enable me to become a better person? Society recognizes the capability of the person to develop, and provides its members with opportunities to better themselves. Apart from choosing not to be fully defined by society, Person can also undertake to contribute to society through decisions and actions. Social Movement – large scale action done by various group and organizations in pursuit of a common goal to bring about change.

81. Written Work 5 1. What is your role in your community? 2. How do you fulfill your role? 3. Why do you think you should contribute to the progress of your community?

82. Human persons as oriented towards their impending death Mario Meynard I. Mutia

83. Quotes to Ponder “Nothing Lasts Forever.” We are temporal beings or beings oriented towards death.

84. How does the reality of death defines our lives? Death is commonly understood as the end of bodily functions which signals the end of a persons life. It also refers to the separation of the body and spirit. As mentioned earlier, the human is an embodied spirit . The body being the material, is bound by the laws of time and space and is subject to growth, death and decay. The spirit being the immaterial, will continue to exist even after the body has passed.

85. How should I live my life before it finally ends? Understanding the person as a being –towards-death brings us back to a very important topic: freedom . Self Determination – the essence of freedom, the capacity to choose and act for oneself. Some philosophers view end as terminus, which means full stop or end of a line. For them life ends and nothing follows. Others however , consider end as telos, which means “Goal, Purpose, or Fulfilment”. Although we are oriented towards our death, death is not the goal of life. The human person is not born into this world just so he or she could die. Man is put on this earth to live a meaningful llfe , to be virtuous and achieve excellence. With this in mind, we can look at two experiences which makes us reflect on the meaning of life: happiness and suffering.

86. What makes you happy? Noble Good-pursued for its own sake; it is good in itself. Love and and friendship are some examples. Useful good – considered good so long as it serves as means to an end: its goodness is found only from what it can provide. Pleasurable good – it is good as long as it provides some form of pleasure , though it does not have to be physical.

87. Why do we suffer? Suffering takes place when we patiently endure unpleasantness, discomfort and pain. It can be a form of: 1. Physical Suffering – we experience physical sensations such as discomfort, hunger, distress and pain. Often caused by injury, disease and lack of basic needs. 2. Mental Suffering – involves emotional and mental states such as depression, anxiety, fear, loneliness and grief. May be caused by unexpected situations in life such as sudden changes in lifestyle, loss of employment, stressful situations and grief caused by death of a loved one. The tension between what a person is and what he wants to be may also be an experience of suffering.

88. How do happiness, suffering and death give meaning to your life? As we approach our death, we experience both happiness and suffering. Although these are distinct experiences, the two are not really meant to be complete opposites, for there my be instances when they enrich each one another. The pursuit of happiness requires that we go through the effort to achieve it. Our efforts are often marked with difficulties and discouragement.

89. Written works 6 Write your own philosophy in life. Laminate your work.

90. Performance task 4 1. Movie review. Watch the movie Coco, summarize and note the similarities in the Philippine settings on how we celebrate death and life after death. Only one page summary.