449562209-Chapter-1-Introduction-to-the-Study-of-Globalization.pptx

Globalization

1. DR. ANTONIO C. CAYETANO, J.D. ARTS AND SCIENCES DEPARTMENT SAN PEDRO COLLEGE DAVAO CITY

2. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION

3. “intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local events are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa” (Giddens 1990:64). 01 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? ROBERTSON “refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole…”(Robertson 1992:8). 2 SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT

4. DAVID HARVEY “the compression of time and space and the annihilation of distance” (Harvey, 1989). 3 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? SUNNY LEVIN INSTITUTE “a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.” 4 SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT

5. MANFRED STEGER “This process [globalization] has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world” (Steger, 2005). 5 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT

6. GRUPO DE LISBOA (1994) “internationalization and multinationalization are phases that precede globalization… Globalization heralds the end of the state system as the nucleus of human activity” (DeSousa Santos, 2002:68). “…the activities and developments in globalization have taken place outside the formal structures of the nation-state… Globalization marks the increasing irrelevance of the nation-state, whose status as the dominant political organization was acknowledged by the Treaty of Westphalia.” 6 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? POLITICAL VIEWPOINT

7. Globalization is dominated by global economic activities like: The neoliberal regime The reduction of tariffs The creation of transnational corporations The improvement of multilateral trade organizations 7 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? ECONOMIC VIEWPOINT

8. REASONS FOR THE COMPETING DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION ACADEMIC CIRCLES (1960s and 1970s) Globalization as a phenomenon has been studied by the various academic disciplines TRADITIONAL SCHOLARS (1990s) Social Sciences ( political science, economics, history, sociology) and philosophy used their respective analytical tools and methods to explain globalization. They can only shed light on certain aspects of globalization. Historians are more interested in determining whether globalization is really a modern phenomenon. Economists look into the changing patterns of international trade and commerce as well as the unequal distribution of wealth. HISTORIANS & ECONOMISTS POLITICAL SCIENTISTS Political scientists focus more on the impact of the forces of globalization such as the international non-governmental organizations and international organizations, on the state and vice versa.

9. GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS AS A CONDITION AS AN IDEOLOGY Steger (2005)

10. GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS GLOBALIZATION A multidimensional set of social processes that generate and increase “worldwide social interdependence and exchanges while at the same time fostering a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant” (Steger, 2005:13). A compression of time and space brought about by changes in technology and the political, cultural and economic aspects of human existence.

11. 3,500 BCE (John Hobson, 2004) He dated the emergence of world economy much earlier to 3,500 BCE. He said that the big expansion of global trade happened in post-600 period. He concluded that 500 CE was the beginning of globalization, which particularly refers to oriental globalization. PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE ECONOMIC VIEW

12. 1,000 BCE (Nederveen Pieterse, 2012) Globalization began with the unfolding of commercial revolution back in 1000 BCE. Complex commercial ties linked a vast portion of the world including eastern Mediterranean, South China, India, Europe, West Africa, Indonesia, Central Asia, the North Pacific and the Western Pacific (Nederveen Pieterse, 2012). PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE ECONOMIC VIEW

13. The era of commercial revolution also coincided with a revolution in the metaphysical, intellectual, ethical and religious aspects of man’s life. Major new traditions developed in religion and ethical philosophy: Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Confucianism and the teachings of Lau Tzu, Judaism, Greek philosophy, and Christianity. PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE ECONOMIC VIEW 1,000 BCE (Nederveen Pieterse, 2012)

14. These significant developments: indicate growing global awareness. show that globalization goes beyond the economic and material. Include other aspects of human existence like culture, politics and society. PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE ECONOMIC VIEW 1,000 BCE (Nederveen Pieterse, 2012)

15. 1200s CE (Braudel and Abu-Lughod) The emergence of world economy should be taken as a threshold of globalization. World Economy – is the merger of economic worlds (Braudel). For Braudel and Abu-Lughod, the world economy emerged in the period 1200s which is concurred in by researches on Asia and Southeast Asia PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE ECONOMIC VIEW

16. 1571 CE (Flyn and Geraldez, 2006) Globalization is synonymous to permanent global trade, which began when all the major regions of the world “exchange products continuously…and on a scale that generated deep and lasting impacts on all trading partners” (Flyn and Geraldez:244). The birth of globalization took place in 1571, the year Manila was founded as a Spanish entrepot connecting Asia and the Americas. PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE ECONOMIC VIEW

17. 1500s and 1800s (Hobson, 2004) POLITICAL ECONOMIST / MARXIST PERSPECTIVE The origin of globalization can be traced back to the 1500s following Marx’s dictum “the conquest of the world market marks the birth of modern capitalism.” 1500s and 1800s is the birth of modern capitalism and marks the historic moments of globalization. PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE ECONOMIC VIEW

18. 1500s and 1800s (Hobson, 2004) CRITICISMS Eurocentrism Intellectual Apartheid Earlier forms and infrastructures of Capitalism are ignored PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE ECONOMIC VIEW

19. 1400 - 1800 (Renaissance – Industrial Revolution) In sociology, the timeline stretches wider since the point of interest is modernity, which began during the period of Renaissance, followed by the Enlightenment then the French Revolution and lasted up until the period of Industrialization in the late 1700s and throughout the 1800s. PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW

20. 1970s Scholars specializing in international relations, political science, media studies, and economics date globalization from the 1970s , with the formation of global value chains and accelerated communication (Nederveen Pieterse, 2012). PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW

21. 1980 – 2000 (David Harvey) Harvey provides a historical overview of neo-liberalism in the context of capitalist expansion, and the emergence of a new form embedded liberalism in the 1950s and 60s. He identifies the first experiment with neoliberal state formation (p. 7) as the Chilean case after the coup of September 11, 1973. This was referenced as very similar to the Turkish case under the military regime after 1980. PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW

22. 1980 – 2000 (David Harvey) In the case of Turkish neo-liberalization, the World Bank and IMF imposed privatization and deregulation policies, similar to the dictatorial Pinochet regime in Chile. Freedom becomes an illusionary phenomenon and losses its original meaning. According to Harvey, the good freedoms are lost, but bad ones take over (p. 37). PERIODIZATION OF GLOBALIZATION: THE SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW

23. 01 Disciplines Time Agency, domain Keywords Political science, international relations 1980 Internationalization of the state,” INGOs Competitor states, postinternational politics, global civil society Development studies IMF, World Bank Debt crisis, structural adjustment policies Geography Space, place Local-global interactions, glocalization Economics 1970 Multinational corporations, technologies, banks, finance, hedge funds Global corporation, world product, global value chains. New economy, sovereign wealth funds Cultural studies Media, film, advertising, ICT Global village, McDonaldization, Disneyfication, hybridization Philosophy 1950 Ethics Global problems, global ethics Sociology 1800 Modernity Capitalism, industrialism, urbanization, nation states Political economy 1500 Modern capitalism “Conquest of the world market” History, historical anthropology 3000 BCE Population movements, trade, technologies, world Religions The widening scale of social cooperation. Global flows, Ecumene Biology, ecology Time Integration of ecosystems Evolution, global ecology, Gaia GLOBALIZATION ACCORDING TO SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES DISCIPLINE Source: Nederveen Pieterse, Jan (2012) “Periodizing Globalization: Histories of Globalization,” New Global Studies, Vol. 6, Article 1

24. 01 MAJOR PERSPECTIVES ON START OF GLOBALIZATION Source: Nederveen Pieterse, Jan (2012) “Periodizing Globalization: Histories of Globalization,” New Global Studies, Vol. 6, Article 1 Time Frame Dynamics of Globalization Disciplines Short 1970 Production and transport technologies, form of enterprises, value chains, marketing; cultural flows Economics, political science, cultural and communication Studies Medium 1800 Modernity Sociology 1500 World market, modern capitalism Political economy Long 3000 BCE Growing connectivity; forms of social cooperation History, anthropology, archaeology

25. 01 APPROACHES TO GLOBAL HISTORY Source: Nederveen Pieterse, Jan (2012) “Periodizing Globalization: Histories of Globalization,” New Global Studies, Vol. 6, Article 1 Approaches Keywords and Variants Sources Eurocentric history World history ruptures 1500, 1800 Mainstream, Bayly World history Multiple civilizational zones Toynbee, Barraclough, McNeill, etc. Parallel and connected history Lieberman World-system studies Modern world-system from 1500 Wallerstein, Cioffi-Revilla A single world system 5,000 years Frank/Gills Comparative world-system studies Chase-Dunn/ Anderson, Friedman Archeology Connectivity, networks, cities Labianca/ Scham, Jennings Evolutionary world politics Transformation of political institutions Thompson, Modelski Evolutionary history, Big History Embedded in planetary evolution Garrathy/ Gay, Spier

26. GLOBALIZATION AS A CONDITION TRANS-PLANETARY CONNECTIVITY SUPRA-TERRITORIALITY “Social connections that transcends territorial geography” (Scholte, 2008: 1480) “Globalization is characterized by thick economic, political and cultural connections and global flows that render political borders and economic barriers irrelevant” (Steger, 2008). Establishment of social links between people located at different places of our planet.. Our planet is not treated as a collection of geographical unit but as a social space or an arena of social life CHARACTERISTIC OF GLOBALIZATION / GLOBALITY

27. GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY GLOBALIZATION exists in people’s consciousness because it consists of a set of coherent and complementary ideas and beliefs about the global order (Steger, 2005 ). a political belief system that benefits a certain class .

28. CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALIZATION INEVITABLE AND IRREVERSIBLE TRANSCENDENTAL FORCE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR DEMOCRACY BEARER THE TRIUMPH OF MARKETS OVER GOVERNMENTS BENEFICIAL TO ALL 01 02 03 04 05 06 GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY

29. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets. Globalization is about the triumph of markets over government (Steger, 2005) The decade of 1990s was a turning point for most globalization because it saw the downfall of communism with the collapse of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). MARKET OVER GOVERNMENT INEVITABLE AND IRREVERSIBLE TRANSCENDENTAL FORCE BENEFICIAL TO ALL DEMOCRACY BEARER GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALIZATION

30. 1 MARKET OVER GOVERNMENT INEVITABLE AND IRREVERSIBLE TRANSCENDENTAL FORCE BENEFICIAL TO ALL DEMOCRACY BEARER GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR Globalization is happening and cannot be stopped. Globalization is a global wave that has been sweeping the world. GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALIZATION

31. MARKET OVER GOVERNMENT INEVITABLE AND IRREVERSIBLE TRANSCENDENTAL FORCE BENEFICIAL TO ALL DEMOCRACY BEARER GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR Globalization is a transcendent force which is much larger and all-encompassing than narrow partisan interests. Globalization does not promote the agenda of any specific class or group. Globalists are not dictating their own agenda on people. Globalization flows from the principle of “self-regulating market” (Steger, 2005). GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALIZATION

32. MARKET OVER GOVERNMENT INEVITABLE AND IRREVERSIBLE TRANSCENDENTAL FORCE BENEFICIAL TO ALL DEMOCRACY BEARER GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR Globalization benefits everyone in the long run. Free trade and free market will bring wealth and prosperity to everyone. Success stories of businessmen from underdeveloped countries attest to this claim. GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALIZATION

33. MARKET OVER GOVERNMENT INEVITABLE AND IRREVERSIBLE TRANSCENDENTAL FORCE BENEFICIAL TO ALL DEMOCRACY BEARER GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR Globalization furthers the spread of democracy. Globalists share the belief that democracy, freedom, free markets, free trade are synonymous terms. Democracy and freedom comprise a particular type of political system. Free markets and free trade refer to a particular economic system, that is, capitalism. Both democracy and capitalism are interconnected. Francis Fukuyama thinks that a certain level of economic development brought about by globalization would be conducive to the creation of complex civil societies with a powerful middle class (Steger, 2005). GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALIZATION

34. GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR DEMOCRACY BEARER BENEFICIAL TO ALL TRANSCENDENTAL FORCE INEVITABLE AND IRREVERSIBLE MARKET OVER GOVERNMENT Globalization requires a global war on terror. The idea of economic globalization must be combined with openly militaristic and nationalistic foreign policy (the American brand of right wing foreign policy). Reasons: To protect the gains of globalization from any acts of terrorism; and To strengthen global security against any acts of terrorism. GLOBALIZATION AS AN IDEOLOGY CORE CLAIMS OF GLOBALIZATION

35. GLOBAL CAPITALISM PARADIGM WORLD SYSTEMS PARADIGM GLOBAL CULTURE PARADIGM THEORETICAL PARADIGMS OF GLOBALIZATION 01 02 03 04 05 06 NETWORK SOCIETY PARADIGM TIME AND SPACE PARADIGM TRANSNATIONALITY AND TRANSNATIONALISM PARADIGM

36. He was the principal proponent of the theory. Globalization is virtually synonymous with the birth and spread of world capitalism. C. 1500. Larger historical system – is the appropriate unit of analysis for macro-social inquiry in the modern world. IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN WORLD SYSTEMS PARADIGMS

37. Capitalism has created a global enterprise that swept the 19 th century leading to the present time. Globalization is not at all a new process but something that is just continuing and evolving. The capitalist world system is divided into three great regions, or geographically based and hierarchically organized ties. WORLD SYSTEMS PARADIGMS

38. 3 GREAT REGIONS OF THE WORLD THE CORE The powerful and developed centers of the system Originally comprised of Western Europe and later expanded to include North America and Japan THE PERIPHERY Regions that have been forcibly subordinated to the core through colonialism or other means In the formative years, they include Latin America, Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. THE SEMI-PERIPHERY Those states and regions that were previously in the core and are moving down in the hierarchy. Those states and regions that were previously in the periphery and are moving up in the hierarchy. WORLD SYSTEMS PARADIGMS

39. WORLD SYSTEMS PARADIGMS CORE NATIONS High Income Industrialized Controlled global markets Have skilled labor force Need labor and natural resources from the periphery and semi-periphery nations SEMI-PERIPHERY NATIONS Middle Income Industrializing Mostly capitalists Share characteristics of core and periphery countries Moving toward becoming core nations PERIPHERY NATIONS Low Income Lack skilled labor force Export labor and natural resources Need investment from core and semi-periphery countries SUPPLY CHEAP LABOR AND NATURAL RESOURCES SUPPLY HIGH PROFIT CONSUMPTION GOODS INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR

40. WORLD SYSTEMS PARADIGMS KEY ELEMENTS FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND REPRODUCTION OF THE WORLD SYSTEM THE CENTRALITY AND IMMANENCE OF THE INTER-STATE SYSTEM THE INTER-STATE RIVALRY THE WORLD SYSTEMS PARADIGM DOES NOT SEE: ANY TRANSCENDENCE OF THE NATION-STATE SYSTEM THE CENTRALITY OF NATION-STATES AS THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENT OF A LARGER GLOBAL SYSTEM

41. GLOBAL CAPITALISM PARADIGM GLOBALIZATION A novel stage in the evolving system of world capitalism or capitalist globalization. Focus on: New global production New financial system Both superseded earlier national forms of capitalism

42. GLOBAL CAPITALISM PARADIGM GLOBALIZATION Emphasizes the rise of processes that cannot be framed within the nation-state and inter-state system, which lies at the core of the world system theory and most traditional macro-social theories. SKLAIR (2000, 2002) Showcased the “ THEORY OF THE GLOBAL SYSTEM ” which espoused the ‘transnational practices (TNPs) as operational categories for the analysis of transnational phenomena.

43. GLOBAL CAPITALISM PARADIGM GLOBALIZATION SKLAIR (2000, 2002) THEORY OF THE GLOBAL SYSTEM Argues that the Transnational Capitalist Corporations (TCCs) has emerged as a new class that brings together several social groups who see their own interests in an expanding global capitalist system: the executives of transnational corporations; ‘globalizing bureaucrats, politicians, and professionals’, and consumerist elites in the media and the commercial sector.

44. GLOBAL CAPITALISM PARADIGM GLOBALIZATION ROBINSON (2003, 2004) THEORY OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM Involves three planks: Transnational production Transnational capitalists Transnational state Globalization creates new forms of: transnational class relations across borders Class cleavages globally within countries, regions, cities and local communities

45. THE NETWORK SOCIETY SCHOOL OF THOUGHT Globalization is not fueled by capitalism. Technology and technological change are the underlying causes of globalization. MANUEL CASTELLS: THE RISE OF THE NETWORK SOCIETY (1996, 1997, 1998) It features the technologic approach to globalization It advances the notion of the “new economy.”

46. THE NETWORK SOCIETY SCHOOL OF THOUGHT MANUEL CASTELLS: THE RISE OF THE NETWORK SOCIETY (1996, 1997, 1998) CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW ECONOMY: Informational and knowledge-based Global: production is organized in a global scale Networked: productivity is generated through global networks of interaction, THE NETWORKED ENTERPRISE Makes the material culture informational and global economy Transforms signals into commodities by processing knowledge (1996:188).

47. SPATIAL-TIME THEORY ANTHONY GIDDENS Globalization is essentially “time-space distanciation.” TIME-SPACE DISTANCIATION The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. Social relations are lifted out from local contexts of interaction and restructured across time and space. (1990:64).

48. SPATIAL-TIME THEORY DAVID HARVEY: THE CONDITION OF POST MODERNITY Globalization represents a new burst of “time-space compression” produced by the very dynamics of capitalist development. SASKIA SASSEN: THE GLOBAL CITY (1991) WORLD-CLASS CITIES ARE SITES OF: Major production Finances World economy coordination Within the framework of INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR (IDL).

49. SPATIAL-TIME THEORY SASKIA SASSEN: THE GLOBAL CITY (1991) Proposed: a new spatial order is emerging under globalization: Based on a network of global cities Led by New York, London and Tokyo These global cities Sites of specialized services for transnationally mobile capital that is so central to the global economy

50. SPATIAL-TIME THEORY ROLAND ROBERTSON (1995) Introduced and popularized the concept of “glocalization,” Glocalization means that the ideas about home, locality and community have been extensively spread around the world. Means that local have been globalized Stress upon the significance of the local or communal as one ingredient of the overall globalization process.

51. TRANSNATIONALISM / TRANSNATIONALITY THEORY TRANSNATIONALISM encompasses a wide variety of transformative processes, practices and development that take place simultaneously at the local level and global level. TRANSNATIONALITY refers to the processes and practices of multiple ties and interactions – economic, political, social and cultural – that link people, communities and institutions across the borders of nation-states. a novel character in the era of globalization

52. TRANSNATIONALISM / TRANSNATIONALITY THEORY LEVITT, (2001) SMITH & GUARNIZO (1998), AND FORTES (1999) Transnationality (transnational links) is a novel character in the era of globalization Transnationality (transnational ties) among recent immigrants are more intensive than those of their historical counterparts Speed and relatively inexpensive character of travel and communication Impact of Transnationality (transnational ties) Increased by the global and national context in which they occur.

53. GLOBAL CULTURE PARADIGM MARSHALL McLUHAN Emphasized the rapid growth of the mass media and resultant global cultural flows and images of a GLOBAL VILLAGE. Cultural Theories focused on: Globalization Religion Nations and ethnicity Global consumerism Global communications Globalization of tourism

54. GLOBAL CULTURE PARADIGM RITZER (1993, 2002) Coined: McDONALDIZATION The cultural processes by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant came to dominate more and more sectors of US and later world society. Homogenization Approach a process involving the exchange of elements and the mixing of different cultures to propagate into one.

55. GLOBAL CULTURE PARADIGM RITZER (1993, 2002) Suggested that Weber’s process of RATIONALIZATION became epitomized in the late 20 th century in the organization of McDonald’s restaurants: RATIONALIZATION  refers to the process by which modern society has increasingly become concerned with EFFICIENCY and PREDICTABILITY . EFFICIENCY refers to the process of achieving the maximum results with a minimum amount of effort. PREDICTABILITY refers to the process of predicting what will happen in the future.

56. GLOBAL CULTURE PARADIGM RITZER (1993, 2002) Suggested that Weber’s process of rationalization became epitomized in the late 20 th century in the organization of McDonald’s restaurants: Along seemingly efficient, predictable and standardized lines – an instrumental rationality (the most efficient means to a given end) – Yet results in an ever deeper substantive irrationality, such as alienation, waste, low nutritional value and the risk of health problems, and so forth.

57. INTERNATIONALIZATION WESTERNIZATION UNIVERSALIZATION LIBERALIZATION WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS NOT

58. Includes activities by entities such as corporations, states, international organizations, private organizations and even individuals with reference to national borders and national governments. For example: doing business in one country can be done only by complying its government regulatory requirements Includes a gamut of human activities that do not require reference to a state’s national borders. For example: interpersonal interactions via social media platform INTERNATIONALIZATION GLOBALIZATION WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS NOT INTERNATIONALIZATION

59. The removal of barriers and restrictions imposed by national governments so as to create an open and borderless world economy. Globalization is realized when national governments “reduce or abolish regulatory measures like trade barriers, foreign exchange restrictions, capital controls and visa requirements” (Scholte, 2008:1475). GLOBALIZATION AS LIBERALIZATION WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS NOT LIBERALIZATION

60. PROBLEMATICS It confines the study of globalization within the debate concerning the neoliberal macroeconomic policies. On the one side of the debate : NEOLIBERALS The academics, business executives, and policy makers that have supported neoliberal policies of liberalization, privatization, deregulation, and fiscal restraint would in time bring prosperity, freedom, peace and democracy for all. On the other side of the debate: ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEMENT A laissez faire world economy produces greater poverty, inequality, social conflict, cultural destruction, ecological damage and democratic deficits. GLOBALIZATION AS LIBERALIZATION WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS NOT LIBERALIZATION

61. PROBLEMATICS POLITICAL IMPLICATION Neoliberalism is the only viable policy framework for a truly global world. DEBATES ON THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LAISSEZ FAIRE Do not involve the language of globalization. GLOBALIZATION AS LIBERALIZATION WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS NOT LIBERALIZATION

62. Denotes a process of spreading various objects, practices, and experiences to the different parts of the planet. There is globalization when things, values, and practices have spread worldwide. This interpretation of globalization entails homogenization of culture, politics, economy and the laws which, in the long run destroys several indigenous cultures and practices. WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS NOT UNIVERSALIZATION WESTERNIZATION Westernization refers to the process of spreading and destroying local cultures through Western modernity via neocolonialism, Americanization, or McDonaldization.

63. ISSUES ARISING FROM UNIVERSALIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION Universalization is not a new feature of world history. The migration of the human species that took place a million years ago is one great example of globalization in the ancient times. WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS NOT UNIVERSALIZATION WESTERNIZATION The continuous spread of the major religions like Christianity and Islam since their foundation constitutes another instance of globalization which is not confined to contemporary period. Westernization is not the only path that can be taken by globalization as shown by the studies on oriental globalization.

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