4TH QAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUARTER RELIGION.pptx

EDUCATION

1. At the end of the module, you should be able to: 1. Identify and explain the core teachings, fundamental beliefs and practices in Theravada Buddhism;

2. 2. Describe the core teachings, fundamental beliefs and practices of Theravada Buddhism through an essay; and

3. 3. Show appreciation and respect towards other religions/belief systems.

4. Key Terms 1. Dhamma or Dharma 2. Paticca - samuppada 3. Dukkha 4. Abhidhamma Pitaka , 5. Pali Canon 6. Bhikkhunis 7. Hindu atman 8. Anitya/ anicca 9. Bhikkhus 10. Anatman/ anatta 11. Vinaya Pitaka 12. Parinirvana 13. Nirvana 14. Tipitaka/Tripitaka 15. Sutta Pitaka

5. Theravada Buddhism

6. " Doctrine of the Elders ,"

7. THERAVADA BUDDHISM Theravada (pronounced — more or less — "terra-VAH-dah "), the " Doctrine of the Elders ," is the school of Buddhism that draws its scriptural inspiration from the Tipitaka/Tripitaka, or Pali canon .

8. (Thailand, Myanmar/Burma, Cambodia, and Laos) and Sri Lanka. Today, Theravada Buddhists number well over 100 million worldwide. In recent decades Theravada has begun to take root in the West.

9. Buddhism, founded in the late 6th century B.C.E. by Siddhartha Gautama (the "Buddha"), is an important religion in most of the countries of Asia.

10. Buddha ("the Enlightened or Awakened One") 

11. called the religion he founded Dhamma- vinaya — "the doctrine and discipline." To provide a social structure supportive of the practice of Dhamma- vinaya (or Dhamma for short [Sanskrit: Dharma]), and to preserve these teachings for posterity,

12. bhikkhus  (monks)

13. bhikkhunis  (nuns)

14. the  Sanghaa   - which continues to this day to pass his teachings on to subsequent generations of laypeople and monastics, alike.

15. Buddha Charita (life of the Buddha) by Ashvaghosa in the 1st or 2nd century C.E.

16. Buddha was born (ca. 563 B.C.E.) in a place called Lumbini near the Himalayan foothills, and he began teaching around Benares (at Sarnath).

17. Siddhartha Gautama was the warrior son of a King ( Suddhodana ) and Queen (Maya).

18. Leaving his wife ( Yasodhara )- and new son ‘’ Rahul’’ -fetter) he took on several teachers and tried severe renunciation in the forest until the point of near-starvation.

19. By morning (or some say six months later) he had attained Nirvana ( Enlightenment ), which provided both the true answers to the causes of suffering and permanent release from it.

20. SACRED SCRIPTURES

21. Pali Canon or the Tipitaka/Tripitaka (“three baskets”) of Theravada Buddhism survives

22. Siddhartha’s death or parinirvana , the “First Buddhist Council” was called to order to recite the content of his teachings or dhamma/ dharma.

23. Sutta Pitaka the first basket , contains the conventional teaching delivered by Siddhartha on different occasions.

24. divided into five collections Digha Nikaya (Collection of Long Discourses), Majjhima Nikaya (Collection of Middle-length Discourses), Samyutta Nikaya (Collection of Kindred Sayings), Anguttara Nikaya (Collection of Discourses arranged in accordance with number), Khuddaka Nikaya (Smaller Collection)

25. Vinaya Pitaka second basket, contains the disciplinary code required of Buddhist monks ( bhikkhus ) and nuns ( bhikkhunis ).

26. It consists of five books Parajika Pali (Major Offences) Pacittiya Pali (Minor Offences) Mahavagga Pali (Greater Section) Cullavagga Pali (Smaller Section), and Parivara Pali (Epitome of the Vinaya).

27. Abhidhamma Pitaka , the third basket is a work on moral psychology. The reflective philosophies of Siddhartha’s teachings are contained in the Abhidhamma Pitaka that is strictly a Theravada collection.

28. It is composed of seven works DhammaSangani (Enumeration of Phenomena) Vibhanga (The Book of the Treatises) Katha Vatthu (Point of Controversy) Puggala Pannatti (Description of Individuals) Dhatu Katha (Discussion with reference to Elements) Yamaka (The Book of Pairs), and Patthana (The Book of Relations)

29. BELIEFS AND DOCTRINES

30. Buddhism is the belief that soul or the Hindu atman does not exist as people live in a state of non soulness or anatman/ anatta

31. The mark of impermanence or anitya/ anicca states that all conditioned things are transitory and passing;

32. Human existence, or what we actually call soul, is a composite of five mental or physical aggregates or khandas .

33. ( Hopfe 1983; Toula-Breysse 2001). physical form or corporeality feelings or sensations, understanding or perception, will or mental formation, and consciousness

34. FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS

35. (1) The First Noble Truth . This identifies the origin of the problem— the dukkha .

36. 2) The Second Noble Truth . This explains the cause of suffering or the samodaya – in craving or desire (or tanha),

37. (3) The Third Noble Truth . This asserts that there is a cessation or nirodha to suffering and bondage by eliminating craving and desire.

38. (4) The Fourth Noble Truth . This directs an individual to the path or magga leading to the termination of craving and desire, and to eventual cessation of pain

39. THE EIGHTFOLD PATH

40. Right View Understand the “Four Noble Truths”

41. Right Intention Free one’s self from ill-will, cruelty, and untruthfulness

42. Right Speech Abstain from untruthfulness, tale-bearing, harsh language, and vain talk

43. Right Action Abstain from killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct

44. Right Livelihood Earn a living in a way not harmful to any living thing

45. Right Effort Avoid evil thoughts and overcome them, arouse good thoughts and maintain them

46. Right Mindfulness Pay vigilant attention to every state of the body, feeling, and mind

47. Right Concentration Concentrate on a single object so as to induce certain special states of consciousness in deep meditation

48. LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION or Paticca-samuppada is one of the most insightful teachings of Siddhartha. With everything built upon a set of relations, it follows that every effect has a definite cause and every cause has a definite effect (Mizuno 1987).

49. A short formula for this principle can be read in four lines as: When this is, that is; This arising, that arises; When this is not, that is not; This ceasing, that ceases.

50. IMPERMANENCE OF THINGS Nothing in this world is fixed and permanent and everything is subject to change and alteration. Impermanence is an unavoidable fact of human existence.

51. THE SANGHA The Pali word sangha literally means “sharer” that refer to monks who share in the general fund of alms provided by a community.

52. “The Five Ascetics” Kondanna , Sariputta , Moggallana , Rahula (Siddhartha’s son), Ananda.

53. WORSHIP AND OBSERVANCES Followers are guided by the teachings of Siddhartha as lay people offer gifts to Siddhartha and the sangha during days of worship and observance.

54. stupas are commemorative monuments that contain sacred relics associated with Siddhartha himself, and the venerable monks and nuns.

55. Vesakha or Vesak it is also known as “Buddha Purnima” or “Buddha Day.” Vesak refers to the lunar month that falls in May and “Vesak Day” is the holiest day for all Buddhists.

56. Magha Puja Day (Sangha Day) Asalha Puja Day (Dhamma Day) Uposatha (Observance Day) Pavarana Day, Kathina Day, and Bodhi Day (Enlightenment Day).

57. SUBDIVISIONS Theravada is the more conservative subdivision of Buddhism than Mahayana. Thus, it is closer to the fundamental teachings of Siddhartha. Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand are predominantly Theravada Buddhists. During the third century B.C.E.

58. the Indian emperor Ashoka Maurya , who ruled between 269 B.C.E. to 232 B.C.E ., propagated Buddhism in Sri Lanka that has remained relatively unchanged through time as a result of its rather peaceful history

59. Ashoka Maurya

60. The Mahavihara or “Great Monastery” of Anuradhapura was founded by the king Devanampiya Tissa who ruled between 307 B.C.E. to 267 B.C.E.

61. Mahavihara or “Great Monastery”

62. king Devanampiya Tissa

63. The Abhayagiri Dagaba was established by the king Valagamba between 89 B.C.E . and 77 B.C.E .

64. Abhayagiri Dagaba

65. king Valagamba

66. Jetavana is another popular monastery founded by the king Mahasena who ruled between 277 B.C.E. and 304 C.E.

67. Jetavana

68. king Mahasena

69. War and Violence In Buddhism war is evil or akusala and some scholars state that it has no rationalization in Siddhartha’s teachings. Quite recently, monks have been in the forefront of political and social activism in Asia, such as Myanmar’s “Saffron Revolution” in 2007 and the Tibet demonstrations in 2008.

70. Women in Buddhism Historically speaking, Siddhartha allowed women to participate in the sangha although there were some stipulations. Siddhartha’s outlook is very different when one considers the status of women in ancient India as being viewed as inferior to men.

71. CONCEPT MAP Direction: In your notebook, make a concept map based on what you have learned about Theravada Buddhism. Use the sample diagram below as your guide.

72. MATCHING TYPE Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer in your notebook.

73. Mahayana Buddhism

74. known as the “Great Vehicle,” Mahayana Buddhism emerged out of monastic rule and doctrinal differences within the original form of Buddhism.

75. in contrast to the Theravada school of thought, Mayahana Buddhism aims to extend religious authority to a larger number of people.

76. widespread in China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, and Tibet. With its openness to more traditional religious views, becoming one of the most successful missionary religions in the world ( Hopfe 1983).

77. The Mahasamghika (“of the Great Sangha”), one of the early Buddhist schools, may have been the source for the initial growth of Mahayana Buddhism, especially during the “Second Buddhist Council” that occurred a hundred years after Buddha’s parinirvana

78. Sthavira nikaya (“Sect of the Elders”), another major Buddhist school, transpired during the said council.

79. Mahayana Buddhists believed that:

80. Siddhartha secretly taught key principles to chosen people, to his most dedicated disciples, or to the most faithful who could completely interpret these teachings in time ( Hopfe 1983; Losch 2001).

81. Siddhartha Gautama was actually a benevolent celestial being, not just a mere human being.

82. advanced the radical idea that Siddhartha Gautama was not the only Buddha. There were other divine beings that came to our world even before Siddhartha, some of them came after him, and still others will come in the future.

83. Ironically, while Buddhism was being propagated and gaining support in other countries even to the remotest places, it was steadily dying in India where it all started because of the series of invasions destroyed numerous Buddhist centers and temples and the rising tide of other religions in India like Islam, Hinduism and Jainism.

84. SACRED SCRIPTURES

85. Mahayana Buddhism has 2184 Sutras (sacred texts). The most popular Mahayana Sutras are:

86. 1.Lotus Sutra

87. is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential sutras, or sacred scriptures, of Buddhism.

88. Shakyamuni expounds the ultimate truth of life to which he was enlightened. The sutra’s key message is that Buddhahood,

89. The Lotus Sutra is a teaching that encourages an active engagement with mundane life and all its challenges.

90. Buddhahood is not an escape from these challenges but an inexhaustible source of positive energy to grapple with and transform the sufferings and contradictions of life and create happiness.

91. 2) Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (Prajna-paramita)

92. Prajñāpāramitā

93. Prajñāpāramitā combines the Sanskrit words prajñā "wisdom" with pāramitā "perfection".

94. 3) Heart Sutra

95. discusses the doctrine of “emptiness” ( shunyata ), which is the nature of reality.

96. (samsara) The process of death and rebirth , (dukkha) the suffering (karma) that one experiences while knowing that one may die, the effects of past actions

97. 2) Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (Prajna-paramita) 3) Heart Sutra 4) “Land of Bliss” Sutra (Sukhavati) or “Pure Land of Bliss” 1) Lotus Sutra

98. 4) "Land of Bliss" Sutra (Sukhavati) or “Pure Land of Bliss”

99. Sukhavati is expressively described in the Pure Land sutras as being a joyous world, soft and glowing, filled with the music of birds and the tinkling of trees adorned with precious jewels and garlands of golden bells.

100. Amitabha sits on a lotus in the midst of a terraced pond, attended by the bodhisattvas principal Buddha of Pure Land Buddhism

101. Amitabha – ‘’infinite light’’

102. (“buddhas-to-be”) Avalokiteshvara and Mahasthamaprapta .

103. BELIEFS AND DOCTRINES

104. Siddhartha Gautama, born in the fifth or sixth century C.E. in present-day Nepal , is considered the historical Buddha in Mahayana Buddhism.

105. After he attained enlightenment at the age of 35 , he came to be known as Gautama Buddha and spent the rest of his life preaching across India. He died at the age of 80 .

106. trikaya (“three bodies”)

107. Bodhisattvas are enlightened beings who have put off entering paradise in order to help others attain enlightenment.

108. Bhumis and Paramitas Based on the Mahayana tradition, a bodhisattva must pass 10 Bhumis (“grounds” of “land”) before attaining the so-called “Buddha- hood.”The Bhumis are frequently associated with the paramitas (“perfections”).

109. SUBDIVISIONS

110. The Pure Land Sect Pure Land Buddhism began in India around the second century B.C.E., spread to China by the second century C.E., and reached Japan around sixth century C.E.

111. 2. The Intuitive Sects emphasize that salvation is a personal matter and one cannot receive assistance from other entities,

112. 3. The Rationalist Sect A rationalist Buddhist school of thought called T’ien- t’ai emerged around the sixth century C.E. with its name originating from a mountain in southeastern China where its founder Chih -I or Zhiyi lived

113. 4. The Socio-political Sect Nichiren (“sun lotus”) Buddhism, which is purely a Japanese phenomenon, perceives itself as the only rightful version of Buddhism.

114. 5. Tibetan Buddhism Was officially introduced into Tibet around the seventh century C.E. during the reign of Songtsan Gampo , considered the founder of the Tibetan Empire.

115. The best known face of Tibetan Buddhism is the Dalai Lama , who has lived in exile in India since he fled Chinese occupation of his country in 1959.

116. In 1950 , however, China annexed Tibet and negotiated the so-called “Seventeen Point Agreement” with the government of the fourteenth Dalai Lama.

117. In 1959 , the Dalai Lama failed in his bid to oust China’s puppet rule as the Tibetan uprising was defeated by the more powerful Chinese force.

118. Mao Zedong

119. “Great Leap Forward” from 1958 to 1961 , or China’s socio-economic campaign to transform the country into a socialist society, between 200,000 to 1,000,000 Tibetans tragically met their death.

120. During Mao Zedong’s “Cultural Revolution,” a socio-political movement from 1966 to 1976 aimed at eliminating capitalism and traditionalism from China, around 6,000 monasteries were destroyed.

121. From 1959 to 1977 , almost all elements of Tibetan Buddhism were obliterated. While many hundred thousand Tibetans were killed,

122. Confucianism

123. WORSHIP AND OBSERVANCES The Book of Rites recorded the rituals practiced by the Chinese for many centuries. Some of these rituals have been classified under Family Rituals, also known as the “Four Rites,” which are rituals or ceremonies that characterize a person’s growth and maturity

124. FOUR RITES

125. COMING OF AGE RITES are ceremonies held to signify that a young person has reached the marriageable age and could join the different activities of his/her clan as an adult.

126. Capping refers to doing the male teenager’s hair in a bun/coil and wearing a cap. This is a ritual that male teenagers have to go through sometime between the ages of 15 and 20.

127. Hair Pinning refers to the gathering of a girl’s hair into a knot, and securing it using a hairpin or a hairclip; often done by 16-year old women after engagement and before their wedding day.

128. MOURNING RITES often involve intricate practices, which include the following steps: First, there should be public announcement of grief through weeping, and the wearing of white funeral clothes by the family of the deceased.

129. MARRIAGE CEREMONIES are an important aspect of Chinese culture since marriage is considered as a central feature of society; through marriage, patience and love are cultivated to promote the right virtue.

130. SACRIFICIAL RITUALS are performed regularly by the descendants of the deceased ancestors. Sacrifices are often given at festivals. One such festival is the Qingming Festival celebrated annually by Chinese all over the world to honor their dead.

131. SELECTED ISSUES

132. Female Subordination It is often said that a woman’s life under Confucianism can be summed up in three periods, also known as the “Three Obediences :” obedience to her father while at home; obedience to her husband when married; and obedience to her son when widowed. Women, being at the bottom of the Confucian hierarchy, are expected to display ideal behavior and accommodation.

133. Authoritarianism is another challenge that Confucianism still faces at present. Because Confucianism stresses the hierarchy between relationships, this has reinforced top-down values and hierarchical systems by encouraging deference to one’s superiors—ruler, father, teacher, or anyone older.

134. Environmental Ethics One more issue that Confucianism faces today is that of environmentalism. While it is true that Confucianism advocates respect for the environment, its acceptance of people’s dominance of nature poses a threat to the issue.

135. Copy the given diagram in your notebook and supply it with the missing concepts.

136. The sketch shown below may serve as a guide for you to draft your character sketch.

137. HOW TO WRITE A CHARACTER SKETCH Get inside your character's head Who is your character physically? What is your character doing? What is your character feeling?