521772071-PPT KELOMPOK 6 MEETING 14 The Structure of Noun Phrases.pdf

Noun phrase

1. THE STRUCTURE OF
NOUN PHRASES
Morphosyntax

2. g
roup 6
Yulia
Agnesia
Keyne
Annora Yan
Reandi
Alfikri

3. t
a
b
le of conte
n
t
1
Determiners
2
Pre-determiners
3
Pre-modifiers in NOM
4
More on the structure
5
Post-modifiers
6
Modification of pronoun

4. hhhhhStructure of Noun Phrase (NP) consisting of just a PRONOUN
or just a NAME
The NP node above is NON-BRANCHING, it just goes straight
down.
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
ture of noun
p
h
r
a
s
e

5. hhhhh
For the BRANCHING, the two immediate constituents of NP are
DET and NOM (Determiner and Nominal).
DET always has NOM as its sister.
Clowns = head noun

6. d
e
terminer
s
Determiners are words that precede a noun to provide additional
information relating to definiteness and indefiniteness and information
about quantity and proportion.
ARTICLES (ART): definite article (the) and indefinite article (a/an)
DEMONSTRATIVE (DEM): this, that, these, those
Certain QUANTIFIERS (Q): some, any, no, each, every, either, neither,
a few, a little
POSSESSIVES (POSS): my, your, its, her, his, our, their, John’s

7. DETERMINERS
Example: those trampolines, some mistakes, my address

8. DETERMINERS
a possessive determiner (POSS) can either be simple (my, your, etc.)
or consist of a full NP plus ‘s. This is called the POSSESSIVE or
GENITIVE ‘s.
Example: John’s father

9. DETERMINERS
Example: The book’s cover

10. Pre-determiners co-occur with and precede
determiners.
Pre-determiners: all, both, half
Example: All the men
P
R
E
-DETERMIN
E
R
S

11. 1. Adjective phrases (APs) are the primary pre-modifiers in NOM.
- They are introduced in Chapter 3 and are positioned before the noun.
- APs always dominate adjectives (A) within NOM.
- The head-of-AP function is performed by the A.
- APs also have other functions: sP and oP in VP.
2. Other pre-modifiers exist in NP (Noun Phrases), which will be discussed
later along with the structure of NOMs containing multiple pre-modifiers.
P
r
e
m
o
difier in
n
o
m

12. 1. Quantifying adjectives (QAs) like "much," "many," "few," and "little" are treated
as adjectives within NOM.
- They co-occur with and follow determiners in noun phrases (NPs), such as
"those many books" or "the little butter."
- They can also appear without determiners, like "many books" or "much garlic."
- QAs can be found in verb phrases (VPs) as subject-predicatives, as in "His
mistakes were many."
- They are gradable and can be modified by intensifiers like "very" or "too," and
they have comparative and superlative forms.

13. 2. Cardinal and ordinal numerals (e.g., "one," "two," "first," "second") are
also treated as QAs within NOM since they follow determiners.
3. QAs are the head of Adjective Phrases (APs), and APs with a QA as
the head always come before other APs in NOM. For example, "very
many mistakes" is structured as an AP with "very" modifying "many
mistakes," and "the one mistake" follows a similar pattern..

14. Quantifying Adjectives
Example:

15. 1.. Participle Phrases (PartP):
- Non-finite verb forms (progressive, perfect, and passive
participles) can be pre-modifiers in noun phrases (NOM).
- Examples: leering manager, faded dream, sleeping guard,
departed nymphs, sliced cake, forgotten valley.
- Perfect and passive participles are distinguished by
meaning (e.g., "faded dream" vs. "sliced cake").

16. 2. True Adjectives vs. Verb Participles:
- True adjectives are gradable; verb participles are not.
- Examples of true adjectives: charming, pleasing, interested.
- Examples of verb participles: faded, sleeping, sliced.

17. 3. Noun Modifiers:
- Nouns can also modify other nouns, forming compound
nouns (e.g., roof maintenance).
- Examples of compound nouns: chess piece, traffic light,
carbon trader.
- Noun modifiers always appear last in a sequence of
modifiers and cannot be separated from the head noun.

18. Noun Modifiers
Example:

19. More on the structure
1. NOM Structure:
- NOM (noun phrase) can have multiple layers and is a
recursive category.
- Examples like "a red car" and "a new red car" show that
NOM can have NOM as an immediate constituent.
2. Representation of Sequences of APs within NOM:**
- Consider examples [34] and [35]: "a red car" and "a new
red car."

20. NOW let's apply this understanding to draw the phrase
markers for the following NPs:
These structures show how NOM can have multiple layers
with different modifiers, including determiners (Det),
adjectival phrases (AP), and nouns (N).

21. p
o
s
t-modifie
r
s
Post-modifiers are phrases or clauses that follow the head noun in a noun
phrase and serve to provide additional information or modify the meaning
of that noun.
There are two types of post-modifiers are discussed:
Prepositional Phrases (PPs)
Adjective Phrases (APs)

22. 1.Prepositional Phrases (PPs):
Prepositional phrases post-modifiers are phrases containing prepositions used to
modify or describe a noun phrase or clause in a sentence, and they are placed
after the phrase they modify. Prepositions are words like "on," "to," "from," "in,"
and so on, which indicate the relationship between two elements in a sentence.
Example : "an expedition to the pub (in the village at the foot of that mountain).”
(in the village at the foot of that mountain) is a prepositional phrase post-
modifier that describes where the pub is located.

23. Post-modifiers in the form of Prepositional Phrases (PPs) consist of a preposition
(P) followed by a noun phrase (NP). An example is "an expedition to the pub in
the village at the foot of that mountain.”
In the NP an expedition to the pub, the
head N is an expedition and it is
modified by the PP to the pub, which
consists of P + NP. In this case, we have
a post-modifying (PP) sister to the noun,
within NOM.

24. Now, just as expedition can be modified by a PP, so can pub. For example: (an
expedition to) the pub in the village. The phrase marker for this is going to start
off exactly like [39a] – but the bold italicized NOM in [39a] will now branch, as in
[39b]:
As my dotted line shows, this could go on
indefinitely – for example,
[40] an expedition to the pub in the village at the
foot of that mountain

25. 2. Adjective Phrases (APs):
Adjective phrases post-modifiers are descriptive phrases that
come after the noun they modify in a sentence. They provide
additional information about the noun, typically focusing on its
qualities or characteristics. These phrases can consist of one
or more adjectives along with any associated modifiers.

26. Certain types of Adjective Phrases (APs) can also function as
post-modifiers. They can appear after the head noun in a noun
phrase.
For example,
"the chef responsible for the sauces "
"responsible for the sauces"

27. In [65a], the head of the AP (responsible) is right next to the head of the NP (chef ). By
contrast, in pre-modifying position, in *[65b], the head of the AP is separated from the
noun by the AP’s own complement.
[65a] the chef responsible for the sauces
[65b] the responsible for the sauces chef

28. m
o
d
if
ic
a
tion of pr
o
n
o
u
n

Modification of pronouns are the grammatical alterations or changes
undergone by pronouns to fulfill various syntactic roles within a sentence.
This includes adapting pronouns to match different genders, numbers,
cases, or functions within a linguistic context. Pronouns, which replace
nouns or noun phrases, undergo modification to accurately reflect the
grammatical structure and semantic content of the sentence.

29. The Example of Modification of pronoun :
Original sentence : "He went to the store."
Modified sentence : "John went to the store."
In the original sentence, "he" is a pronoun referring to an
unspecified person. In the modified sentence, the pronoun "he"
has been replaced with the proper noun "John," providing
clarity about who went to the store.

30. Another example, in the sentence "He brought that book," the pronoun "He" might be
modified to provide additional information about who "He" refers to. Such
modification could be: "He, who is smart, brought that book," where "who is smart"
modifies the pronoun "He" to indicate that the person referred to is intelligent.
Pronoun modification can also occur in the form of combining pronouns, such as
"Myself alone" or "Both of them." Here, the pronouns "Myself" and "Both" are
modified with additional words ("alone" and "of them") to emphasize independence
or the number of people involved.

31. The structure of noun phrases provides a basic framework that
allows us to describe objects or concepts clearly and precisely in
language. Noun phrases consist of a determiner that specifies
the status, a pre-modifier that provides additional information
before the main noun, the main noun itself which is the primary
focus, and a post-modifier that offers additional details
afterward. Understanding this structure enables us to construct
noun phrases rich in meaning and helps in conveying messages
effectively while clarifying understanding.
C
O
N C L U S I O
N

32. ANY QUESTIONS?ANY QUESTIONS?
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