658fdb5a7f835b001893b25c_##_Revision 02 _ Control and Coordination _Class Notes.pdf

....

1. By – Bhagyashree Ma’am
Control and Coordination
BiologyLec - 02

2. TOPICSTOPICSTOPICS
to be covered
Introduction to Control and CoordinationIntroduction to Control and Coordination1
Nervous SystemNervous System2
Endocrine SystemEndocrine System3
Plant MovementsPlant Movements4

3. What is Control and Coordination?
•It refers to functioning of our body in an
coordinated manner in order to response to
an external stimuli.
•What is stimuli ???•Any external signal like light , touch, sound etc
•Proper control and coordination is necessary to carry out essential functions of the life

4. Example of coordination Example of coordination Example of coordination Example of coordination Example of coordination

5. Example of coordination Example of coordination Example of coordination Example of coordination Example of coordination

6. Example of coordination Example of coordination Example of coordination Example of coordination Example of coordination
BrainBrainBrain MuscleMuscleMuscleNeuronNeuronNeuron

7. Control and Coordination in animals is
done with the help of two main systems:
i.Nervous System
ii.Endocrine System/ Hormonal System

8. Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure Neuron structure
and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.and function.

9. NEURON / NERVE CELL

10. TYPES OF NEURONS
Sensory
neurons
Motor
neurons
Interneurons
•Sensory neurons: They carry information from the receptors in the sense organs to the
brain. These are also called Afferent neurons.
Example: When we hear a sound, the signal is carried from the inner ear to the brain.
•Motor neurons: They carry information from the brain cells to the effector organ that
need to respond according to the signal sensed.
These are also called Efferent neurons.
Example: The brain cells transmit signals to the muscle cells in the hand enabling us to
remove our hand from a hot surface.
•Interneurons: They carry information from the sensory neuron to motor neurons.

11. Some important terms
•STIMULUS
•RESPONSE
•RECEPTORS
•EFFECTORS

12. STIMULUS (Singular / STIMULI (Plural)
•Stimuli is the change, factor or agent in an internal or external environment which
causes a change in activity or behaviour of an organism.

13. Receptors to sense these
stimuli
Phenoreceptors
(Inner Ears)
Sound
Photoreceptors
(Eyes)
Light
Olfactory
receptors (Nose)
Sense of smell
Thermoreceptors
(Skin)
Sense of
touch/pain/heat
Gustatory
receptors
(Tongue)
Sense of taste

14. RESPONSE
•Response is the reaction towards a stimulus by an organism.

15. EFFECTORS
•Effector are tissues, glands or muscles which act in response to stimulus received from
the nervous system.

16. How Exactly Do These Signals Pass Through and Between
Neurons?

17. Dendrites → cell body → Axon → Nerve endings → Synapse → Dendrite of next neuron
•Signals are in the form of electric impulses as they pass
from dendrites to nerve endings
•Signals are in the form of chemicals called
neurotransmitters during transmission of messages across
the synapse

18. Neuromuscular Junction
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synaptic connection between the Axonal
end of a motor nerve and a muscle (skeletal/smooth/cardiac).
Site of chemical communication between a nerve fibre and a muscle cell.

19. Can You Say which of the following are voluntary and
involuntary action ??
Beating of heartBeating of heart
Dancing
Removing hand after touching a hot Removing hand after touching a hot
object
Movement of food in intestine

20. •Voluntary action of nervous tissue is performed under the
conscious directions of the brain, e.g., picking up a pencil for
writing, walking, and dancing.
•Involuntary action of nervous tissue is performed under the
unconscious directions of the brain for controlling and
coordinating the functioning of internal organs, such as
breathing, digestion, heart beating, eye reflexes, etc.
•Reflex action is the immediate response to harmful stimuli.
consciousdirections

21. REFLEX ACTIONS
•It is defined as fast, unconscious, immediate, automatic and involuntary response of
the body where spinal cord plays an important role.
•Examples of reflex actions:
•Closing eyes when bright light falls on the eyes.
•Knee-jerk
•Withdraw Hands when pricked by a pin.
•Withdraw hand or leg when it touches an hot object.

22. How These Reflex Actions are Control and Coordinated?
The path travelled by an impulse during a reflex action is called a reflex arc.

23. Theprocessofreflexactioncanbesummarisedinfollowingsteps-
I.The stimulus sensed by the sensory receptors and sensory neurons
generate impulses.
II.These impulses reach the spinal cord.
III. The relay neuron in the spinal cord passes signals between neurons.
IV. The motor neurons pass the signals for response to the organ that
needs to respond to stimulus.
V.The information input also goes on to reach the brain. But it is not
involved in reflex action.

24. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions
different from each other?
INVOLUNTARY ACTION REFLEX ACTION
1.Involuntary actions are those that do
not require consciousness or thinking.
1.Reflex action is an immediate response
to a stimulus
2.It does not require a stimulus (things
that cause an action or response)
2.It requires a stimulus
3.Involves the brain 3.Does not involve the brain
4.Controlled by the midbrain and medulla
oblongata
4.Controlled by the spinal cord
5.It is a relatively slow process5.It is a relatively fast process
6.Example: Process of digestion 6.Example: Coughing or sneezing

25. What is the difference between reflex action and
walking?REFLEX ACTION WALKING
1.Immediate response to stimuli 1.Stimuli that involves thought process
2.Controlled mainly by sensory neurons,
motor neurons and spinal cord
2.Controlled by sensory neurons, motor
neurons, spinal cord and brain
3.Spinal cord coordinates reflex action3.Brain is the control centre
4.Time taken for response is relatively less4.Time taken for response is relatively
more
5.The signal from stimulus reaches the
brain, the reflex arc does not involve the
brain or signals from the brain.
5.Walking involves the cerebellum of the
brain for balance, posture and muscle
coordination.

26. HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

27. HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

28. Human Brain Human Brain Human Brain Human Brain Human Brain

29. HUMAN BRAIN

30. •Human brain is divided into three parts.
Brain
ForebrainMidbrainHindbrain

31. Forebrain
Cerebrum
•The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain which is dome shaped in structure.
•It is divided into two hemispheres called cerebral hemispheres. The two cerebral
hemispheres are connected to each other by a structure called corpus callosum.
•Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is further divided into four lobes.

32. 1.Frontal lobe: This part of the cerebrum
controls muscular activities and voluntary
movements.
2.Parietal lobe: This part of the cerebrum
controls general sensations such as taste,
smell, pain, touch and temperature.
3.Temporal lobe: This part of the cerebrum
is concerned with sense of hearing.
4.Occipital lobe: This part of cerebrum is
concerned with sense of sight.

33. Functions of Forebrain
1. It receives information from sense organs like eyes, ears, skin, nose and tongue.
2. It interprets information and controls voluntary movements.
3. It changes our behaviour on the basis of past experiences and memories
4. It maintains a balance between stimulus and response
5. It regulates the sense of sight, hearing, smell, touch, temperature and pain

34. Midbrain
•It acts as a bridge and transmits signals from forebrain and hindbrain.
•It is mainly concerned with sense of sight and hearing.

35. Hindbrain
•Hind brain of human beings consists of
cerebellum ,pons and medulla oblongata.
•Functions of Hindbrain
1.The cerebellumcoordinates the movements,
balance of the body and maintains posture.
2.Ponsis concerned with regulation of
breathing rate, sleep cycle and arousal
3. Medulla oblongataregulates heart beat, blood
pressure, coughing, sneezing salivation and
vomiting and rate of respiration.

36. Spinal Cord
Spinal cord is a cylindrical extension of the brain.
The length of spinal cord varies from 37 to 45 cm depending on the height of the person.
Functions of Spinal Cord
1. It conducts nerve impulses from every part of the body to brain and carries messages
back again.
2. It regulates the reflex actions like instant removal of hands froma hot object.

37. How Are Nervous Organs Protected?

38. How Are Nervous Organs Protected?

39. Control and Coordination in animals is done with the help of two main systems:
1.Nervous System
2.Endocrine System

40. What Are Glands?
A gland is an organ which produces and releases substances that perform a specific function in the body.

41. Endocrine Glands Exocrine Glands
Ducts
Do not have ducts Have ducts
Route of Secretion
Secretory products are
released directly into the
bloodstream, eventually
reaching the target organ.
Secretory products are
released to an internal organ
or the external surface through
a duct
Secretory Products
Hormones Sweat, enzymes, tears, milk
sebum
Examples
Thyroid glands, Pituitary
glands, Adrenal glands
Salivary glands, Sweat glands,
Pancreas, Liver

42. What Are Hormones?
‘Hormones are chemical substances that act like messenger moleculein the body’
•Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control & coordinate the actions of certain
cells or organs.
•They play an important role in growth, development, metabolism, reproductionetc.
•Hormones are secreted in response to external as well as internal stimuli.
•Hormones are secreted in small quantities by Endocrine glands.

45. Consider the following situation:
Sheena got stuck in a room and she is claustrophobic ( scared of enclosed area)
In that case she is left with two options -
Fight:
Flight:

46. A hormone called adrenaline is released by the adrenal glands into the blood when the
body is in a stressful situation.
The following processes are carried out once adrenaline is released.
•Heart beats faster.
•Blood to the digestive system and skin is reduced due to contraction of muscles
around small arteries in these organs. This diverts blood to our skeletal muscles.
•The breathing rate increases because of the contractions of the diaphragm and the rib
muscles.

47. ExampleExample-

48. Example :

49. Control and Coordination
Example : Diabetes

50. Hormones Functions Disorders
1.Adrenaline
produced by the
adrenal glands.
•Adrenaline prepares the body for
the fight and flight mechanism
Anxiety attack,
adinssondisease
etc
2.Thyroxine secreted
by the thyroid
gland.
•Regulates carbohydrate, protein
and fat metabolism
•It increases the basal metabolic rate
(BMR)
•It regulates body growth such as
ossification of bones and mental
development
•Goitre
3.Growth Hormone
secreted by
pituitary gland
4.Insulin
•It is essential for normal growth
•Bloodsugar maintainance
•Dwarfism
•Gigantism
•Diabetes
mellitus

51. Coordination in plants Coordination in plants Coordination in plants

53. Tropic movements
•Plant movements that take place along a particular direction are called Tropic
movements.
•These movements can be towards the direction of the stimulus or away.
•The stimulus can be gravity, light, chemical etc.

54. Phototropism

55. Geotropism

56. •.
Chemotropism

57. •.
Hydrotropism

58. Thigmotropism

59. Nasties or Nastic Movements
•Non-directional movement in plant in response to stimuli is called nastic movement.
•Nastic movement is not the directional movement of the plant part.
•In nastic movement, whatever be the direction of stimulus, all the parts of the plant
equally move in the same direction. This type of movement is generally seen in
leaves, flower petals etc. movement.

60. Following are the examples of nastic movement:
•When we touch the leaves of a sensitive plant like Mimosa pudica, they fold.
•It is due to the stimulus of light that the petals of dandelion flower open in the
morning and close in the evening.
•It is due to the stimulus of light that the petals of moonflower close in the morning
and open in dark at night.

61. All leaves fold up even though it is touched only at the
tip. How is this possible?

63. Differences between tropic and nastic movements
Tropic movementsNastic movements
Unidirectional response to the
stimulus
Non-directional response to the
stimulus
Growth dependent
movements
Growth independent
movements
More or less permanent and
irreversible
Temporary and reversible
Found in all plants Found only in a few specialized
plants
Slow action Immediate action

64. Do plants have hormones like
us ???

65. Plant Hormones
PLANT HORMONES
(PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS)
Plant growth
Regulators
Plant growth
Inhibitors
•Auxins
•Gibberellins
•Cytokinin's
•Abscisic acid
•Ethylene

67. Plant Hormones
Phytohormones Description
1. Auxins •Promote growth of plants.
•They are secreted by the cells present in the tip of stems and roots.
•Synthetic auxins are used in horticulture.
2. Gibberellins•Promote cell differentiation in the presence of auxins.
•They break seed dormancy.
•Stimulate elongation of shoots.
3. Cytokinins•Promote cell division in plants.
•Delay ageing of leaves.
•Promote opening of stomata.
•Promote fruit growth.
•Acts as a growth inhibitor.
4.AbscisicAcid
5.Ethylene
•It promotes dormancy in seeds and buds.
•Promotes closing of stomata.
•Promotes wilting and falling of leaves.
•Detachment of flowers and fruits from the plants is due to abscisic
acid.
•Ripening , increase senescence.
Promote growth of plants.
Synthetic auxins are used in horticulture.
Promote cell differentiation in the presence of auxins.
They break seed dormancy.
Stimulate elongation of shoots.
Promote cell division in plants.
Delay ageing of leaves.
Promote opening of stomata.
Promote fruit growth.
It promotes dormancy in seeds and buds.
Promotes closing of stomata.
Promotes wilting and falling of leaves.Promotes wilting and falling of leaves.
Detachment of flowers and fruits from the plants is due to abscisic
Ethylene Ripening , increase senescence.Ripening , increase senescence.Ripening , increase senescence.

68. Achieve Udaan
THANKTHANKTHANK
YOUYOUYOU