729160667-Arabiiiian-Literature-PPT.pptx

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1. ARABIAN LITERATURE TO BE REPORTED BY: JENILYN P. MAGALLON and MARK STEVEN MERENCIANO

2. INTRODUCTION Arabian Literature is rich and vibrant tradition that has been shaped by centuries of history, cultural influence, and linguistic diversity. Spanning from ancient poetry to modern novels, Arabian literature encompasses a wide range of themes and genres including poetry, prose, and religious texts that reflect the complexity and diversity of the Arab world.

3. INTRODUCTION Arabian literature is part of the history of the Arabs that is mainly related to the Arabic language and culture, from poetry, story, novel and play. All these work are known as Arabic literature and convey a picture of it to all the peoples of the world. Arabic literature is writing both prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is “ Adab ”, which is derived from a meaning of “etiquette” , which implies “ politeness” , “ culture” and “ enrichment” .

4. Arabian literature, also known as Arabic Literature , encompasses a vast and diverse body of literary works produced in the Arabic language. It has a rich and stored history dating, back to ancient times with contributions from various cultures. A written Arabic literature began to be known with the collection of the Koran, the sacred book of Islam, in Arabia in the 7 th century A.D. with the spread of the Islamic faith into Asia, Africa and Europe, the Arabian language soon became a major world language. Today, it is read or understood by hundreds and millions of people. Even before the revelations of Muhammad were collected in the Koran, however, the Arabs possessed a highly developed poetry composed of recitation and transmitted from generation to generation. The history of Arabic Literature is usually divided into periods, making the dynastic changes and divisions that took place within the Islamic world. ARABIAN LITERATURE

5. HISTORICAL PERIODS OF ARABIAN LITERATURE

6. UMAYYAD PERIOD ( A.D. 661-750)

7. During the Umayyad Period, Arabic prose literature was limited primarily to grammatical treatises, commentaries on the Koran, and the compiling of stories about Muhammad and his companions. UMAYYAD PERIOD

8. The Koran or Qur’an (Arabic for “ the reading ”), is a Sacred Scripture of Islam. Muslims acknowledge it as the actual words of God revealed to the Prophet, MUHAMMAD between 610 and his death (632). The text contains 114 chapters ( suras ) arranged, except for the opening, approximately according to length, beginning with the longer chapters. It is presented as a blessed reminder and an admonition to people everywhere. UMAYYAD PERIOD

9. The Umayyad poets, chief of whom were Al- Akhtal and Al- Farazdaq , favored poetic forms such as love lyrics called Ghazals , wine songs and hunting poems. These forms the conditions of life and manners found in territories conquered by Islam .   UMAYYAD PERIOD

10. ABBASID EMPIRE (750-1258 )

11. In the early years of this empire, many forms were invented for Arabic literature, which then entered what is generally regarded as its greatest period of development and achievement. It is certain that the Persian influences contributed significantly to this development. For example, translations from Persian, such as those of Ibn al- Muqaff , led to a new refinement in Arabic prose called adab , often sprinkled with poetry and utilizing rhyme prose ( saj ), the style of Koran. ABBASID EMPIRE

12. The greatest masters of adab were Al jahiz and Al Hariri. An invented type of folk literature, exemplified in “ The Thousand and One Nights ” (popularly known as The Arabian Nights ), sprinkled with poetry and utilizing rhymed prose saj , drew upon the recitation of wandering storytellers called rawis . ABBASID EMPIRE

13. The Arabian Nights also called The Thousand and One Night is a large collection of stories, mostly of Arabian, Indian, or Persian origin, written in Arabic between the 14 th and 16 th centuries. They were introduced into Europe through Antoine Galland’s French translation. The best known English version is by the explorer Sir Richard Burton , who publish a complete version. Three of the best known are: The History of Alladin and the Wonderful Lamp The History of Sinbad, the Sailor The History of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves ABBASID EMPIRE

14. Abu Nuwas was acknowledge as the foremost among the new poets who used the Arabic language with greater freedom and imagination. An experimental tradition now vied with classical traditions, some poets excelled in both traditions; al- Maarri and al- Mtanabi are regarded as the greatest among them. In Spain, an independent poetic tradition culminated in the exquisitive lyrics of Ibn Zaydun and Ibn Quzman . The Romance of Antar , closest work to an epic in Arabic, was also written about this time. ABBASID EMPIRE

15. MODERN PERIOD

16. During the centuries of Ottoman Turkish domination, Arabic literature fall into decline. Not until the mid-19 th century was it revived by its intellectual movement known as Nahdah (“ reawakening ”), which originated in Syria and spread to Egypt. From being imitative to the themes and forms of European literature, Modern Arabic literature, both prose and poetry , has gradually freed itself from centuries of neglect and has assumed its former place among the world’s great literatures. Arabic writers of the past hundred years have been extremely versatile. Most of their work is characterized by strong concern for social issues . MODERN PERIOD

17. Outstanding among the recent Arabic Novelists, Dramatists, and Essayists : Tawfig al-Hakim Nobelist NgaguibMahfouz Taha Husayn Outstanding among the poets: Ihiya Abu Madi Adonis Ahmad Shawqi Abu Shadi Abbas al Aqqad MODERN PERIOD Many of their works have been translated and are enjoyed by non-Arab connoisseurs of literature everywhere .

18. GOLDEN AGE OF ARABIC PROSE

19. Saj or “ rhymed prose ” is the most striking characteristic of Arabic prose. It consists of succession pairs of short rhyming expression with rhetorical and antithetical balance of sense between the pairs of expressions with certain loose rhythmical balance not bound by strict meter. The Khutbah or “ formal written in rhymed prose style ” is of great antiquity. It turned to religious verse in the earliest time of Islam. One of the most later exponents of the Khutbah style was Ibn Nubatah at- Farigi . GOLDEN AGE OF ARABIC PROSE

20. Arabic Prose began in the latter days of the Umayyad Empire. It exhibits the use of the Khubah style and more sophisticated and fluent style derived from the literary traditions of Sasanian Persian. The most celebrated work of Ibn Muqaffa , “ Klila wa Dimna ” is a translation from a Pahlavi version of the Indian fable “ Pachantantra ”. Studded with names of brilliant writers such as the essayist al- Jahiz and Abu Hayyan al- Tawhidi and the critic Ibn Qucaybah . It was also during this period that the works of Abual-alaala-Ma’arri became popular with his letters in Saj and the Risalat al- Ghufran which pictures a visit to the other world. GOLDEN AGE OF ARABIC PROSE

21. Mora , instructive and assuring anecdotes, became popular too and the most outstanding compiler of anecdotes was Tanukhi who was responsible for three compilations like: Niswar al- Muhadara (The Table of Mesopotamian Judge) Mustajad (Anecdotes of Generousity ) Farah Ba’d al Shiddah (Deliverance after Anguish) These kind of works led to a new literary form, the Maqamat ( Assemblies ), initiated by al- Hamadhani . Hamadhani’s Maqamat is a collection of short stories, mainly picaresque, woven round the names of two fictitious protagonists. Genre was developed a century later by Al-Hariri . GOLDEN AGE OF ARABIC PROSE

22. ARABIC POETRY There is not much evidence of written literature among the Arabs before the Islamic period. Oral traditions, the poetry of the North Arabs, particularly in the Bedouin tribes of the fifth and sixth centuries are the most outstanding in artistry and sensuousness of feelings. Poetry was constructed in elaborate meters of which sixteen are universally recognized.

23. ARABIC POETRY All verses are divided into two types: 1. Occasional Poems – Consisting 2 to 20 lines whose themes are usually war, revenge and praise of one’s own tribe. Various genres fall to this are : Eligies – Praising the dead; the most famous type was Kansa. The Ode or Quasida – was an elaborate ode usually about exploits of narrator, his old passion and descriptions of camp life in horror of his patron. The oral transmission of poems lasted for 350 years.

24. 2. Collection or Anthrologies – Al- Mu’allgqat , a group of pre-Islamic Odes. Three kinds of collection: Al-Mu- Allkat – means “suspended” because these poems were supposed to have been displayed by the Arabs on the Kaaba at Mecca. These collections are ascribed to Hammed-al- Ravisya in 8 th century A.D. by Amru UI Kais “most illustrious of Arabian poets”. Showed the nomadic life, views, and philosophies, visions and their dreams arising from such condition . ARABIC POETRY

25. Al hamasa – is an anthology compiled by poets ABRETAMMAN about 836 A.D. The anthology derives its name from the poems at the beginning of the book. The themes of the poems were constancy and valor in battle, patience when confronted with reality, steadfastness in seeking vengeance, pagan rituals, myths, temptations, treasure, and Arab traditions. Mujaddiyat – is a collection of poems named after MUFADDALIBN YA’LA who compiled them for the future caliph Mahdt between 762 and 784. It projects the ancient traits of the Arabs, especially hospitality, charity, valor, faithfulness, lavish entertainment, love for wine and for games of chance. ARABIC POETRY

26. WELL KNOWN AUTHOR Kahlil Gibran was a Lebanese poet who emigrated to the United States. He was born on January 6, 1883 and died on April 10, 1931. He is best known for his poetic parables and aphorisms, contained in such works as The Prophet (1923) and Sand and Foam (1926) . Gibran was influenced by Nietszche but was also highly religious and dealt with such abstractions as God, Love, and Women. He also wrote Arabic poetry and was a skillful artist, producing drawings similar in style and feeling to those by the English poet-illustrator William Blake .

27. CONCLUSION In conclusion throughout the history, Arabian literature has been viewed as a way to preserved and transmit cultural values, traditions, and historical events. We have observed that the Arabian literature is rich and diverse with a long and complex history that has been shaped by various cultural, linguistic and religious influences. Arabian literature has been also a reflection of the diverse and complex societies that have inhabited the region, addressing themes such as love, war, politics and religion. Arabian literature has produced a body of work that encompasses poetry, prose, and storytelling of profound depth and significance.

28. Overall, Arabian literature offers a unique insight into the cultural, social, and historical context of the Arab world, providing a glimpse into the lives and experiences of the people. Arabic literature flourished during the Islamic Golden Age, but has remained vibrant to the present day, with poets and prose writers across the Arab world, as well as the rest of the world achieving increasing success. Arabian literature’s historical periods reflect the evolution of literary expression in the Arab world, encompassing diverse influences and themes that have shaped its identity and contributed to the global literary landscape. This sets the stage for a deep exploration of Arabian literature celebrating its depth, diversity, and the enduring impact it has had on the world of letters.  

29. END OF PRESENTATION

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