8.2025 peripheral hormones. Diabetes mellitis..pptx

peripheral gland hormones

1. Dr. Mahira Amirova Associate P rofessor of Biochemistry Department. Azerbaijan Medical State University Year 2025 In The Name of Allah, The Most Merciful, The Most Compassionate

2. 8. Hormones of peripheral glands. Conditions associated with hypo – and hyper secretion of hormones. Hormones in the disease & diagnostics.

3. Synthesis & secretion of thyroid hormones occurs in 4 steps: 1) iodine activation 2)Production of MIT and DIT 3) synthesis of T 3 or T 4 4 ) secretion TSH rises: - iodine penetration into thyrocytes , - iodization of tyrosine - secretion of Ty roxine

4. 4 steps of synthesis Bloodstream Thyroxin

5. Thyroxin action is responsible for basal metabolism: supplying the body with the energy necessary to maintain vital functions: respiration, heartbeat, kidney function, etc. (without any muscle activity) Increases heart rate, cardiac contractility & cardiac output Promote vasodilation that enhanced blood flow to organs Maintains body temperature, increases blood glucose, is responsible for protein synthesis ( developement of tissues) and ensures the breakdown of carbohydrates and fats in the body to provide energy for the protein synthesis process Regulates water-salt metabolism Both decreased & increased thyroxin lead to alteration in mental state

6. T 3 free ( in norm is 1.4-4.3 pg /ml ) In the case of an increase in the concentration of the T 3 free hormone, thyrotoxicosis, a disease with a triad of symptoms: goiter, bulging, tachycardia develops In the case of a decrease in the concentration of T 3 free hormone in the adult period, myxedema develops. If T 3 hormonal insufficiency is observed from birth, cretinism will arise

7. Graves disease: 1 ) Goiter (enlargement of thyroid glands), 2) exophthalmos (protruding, bulging eyes coming out of orbits) , 3) palpitation – 3 main signs. Temperature raises and patient is losing weight Glucose and t emperature raise, Hypermetabolism and weight loss develop

8. Mixoedema – hypothyroidism in adults: swollen (broad and puffy) face and hands They have a hoarse voice , because their vocal cord glycoproteins are not updated. ATP levels lowers, weight increases with water cumulated in the body: a mucous layer accumulates under the skin, which creates mucous edema

9. IN MYXOEDEMA: Temperature reduced as a result of basal methabolism decrease * Bradycardia occurs *Subcutaneous adipose tissue accrues *Absorption of glucose in intestine falls and hypoglycemia occur. * Catabolism of amino acids increased as they supply energy instead of glucose

10. A CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM slanting eyes

11. Prophylaxis of cretinism In some countries, the content of thyroid hormones in blood is determined immediately after the birth of the child, because then it is easier to prevent the development of cretinism. The use of thyroid hormones should be started immediately after establishing their deficiency. Because if treatment with thyroid hormones is started later than 2 months after birth, the mental deficiency is not cured

12. Factors that affect thyroid function https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/12/6521

13. PRE-PROCALCITONIN - Calcitonin

14. PRE-PROPARATHYROID hormone PTH

15. Function of bone destruction Activation of osteoclasts w ith inhibition of osteoblasts

16. Calcitriol

17. HYPER- PARATHYROIDISM and HYPO PARATHYROIDISM When HYPER- PARATHYROIDISM , FIBROUS OSTEO-CHONDRO-DYSTROPHY ( fragility of bones, fractures, false joints ) occurs When HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, SPASMOPHILIA (LARYNGISM, ASPHYXIA) OCCURs in the CHILDREN. Ca in blood decreases, but phosphates increase.

18. PTH deficiency Since the gland is found in the immediate vicinity of the thyroid gland, sometimes parathyroid gland failure develops after removal of the thyroid gland. Since the main function of the gland is to increase the calcium content in the blood to normal, in these patients after removal of parathyroid gland along with thyroid, due to a decrease in blood calcium, muscle cramps are observed from time to time. This condition is treated with calcium preparations. The patient must take these drugs for life.

19. Main hormones of pancreas

20. Insulin action on liver, fat and muscle tissues

21. insulin - glucagon After food intake To set point (3.3-5.5) When glucose levels in the blood fall below set point, And glucose levels raise to set point

22. Insulin insufficiency The concentration of glucose in the blood is normally 60-100mg% (3.3-5.5 mmol / l) An increase in blood glucose above this critical value is called hyperglycemia. This condition is observed mainly with a lack of insular apparatus (diabetes mellitus type I). In diabetes mellitus type II the target cells are unable to capture the hormone from the blood and provide a cell response to it. A decrease in blood glucose below this critical value is called hypoglycemia. This is observed during fasting and heavy physical exertion.

23. Diabetes type I and II

24. Insulin receptors are damaged

25. Ag connected with pancreas may destroy it and cause IDDM- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Ig Ag Some reasons of

26. Male & female hormones are the derivatives of cholesterol They bind to the nuclear hormone receptor. Androgens(male hormones)

27. 1. Androgens ( anabolic steroids) The term androgens includes a number of natural and synthetic compounds that exhibite the masculinizing and anabolic action of testosterone. The main physiological , endogenic and androgenic hormone is testosterone.

28. Testosterone It is the natural androgen;   it is necessary for normal development of the male characteristics, and for the growth & puberty

29. (female hormones): There are three major endogenous estrogens:  estrone ,   estradiol , and   estriol Estrogens

30. Estrogens are a group of steroid compounds that function as the primary female hormones.  Three naturally occuring estrogen are estradiol,estriol and estrone . In the body these are all produced from androgens through enzyme action.     Estroge ns

31. Conversion of testosterone to estradiol : Estradiol , like other steroids, is derived from cholesterol. A fraction of the androstenedione is converted to testosterone, Testosterone in turn, undergoes conversion to estradiol by an enzyme called aromatase .

32. Mechanism of action: Estradiol acts primarily an agonist of the estrogen receptor (ER), a nuclear steroid hormone receptor. There are two subtypes of the ER: ERα and Erβ . Estradiol potently binds to and activates both of these receptors. The result of ER activation is a modulation of gene transcription and expression in ER expressing cells, which is the predominant mechanism by which estradiol mediates its anabolic biological effects in the body.

33.   Gestogens (the corpus Luteum hormones)

34. PROG E ST ER ONE They are called luteum hormons , mostly secreted by the corpus luteum and metaboli z ed to various inactive products, e.g. pregnanediol . The metabolites are essentially excreted through urine. The natural progestational hormone is progesterone , which is secreted by the corpus luteum in the second part of the cycle. Small amounts are also secreted by the male glands and the adrenal cortex. in large amounts is secreted by the placenta. N o man has more female hormones than male hormones , or more female hormones than women do. So homosexuality is a psychological disease , not hormonal

35. Estrogens vs progesterone

36. Production of synthetic analogues: prednisolone prednisolone Hydrocortisone Incubation with Corynebacterium simplex Prednisolone is prepared by the microbiological method starting with hydrocortisone using Corynebacterium simplex, which selectively cause dehydrogenation of the initial product at C-1 and C-2 position

37. located in front of the trachea (larynx), behind the lungs

38. Steroid structure hormone Thymosterin Thymic hormones: thymosterol A shows the stimulation effect on division of thymocytes

39. Thymus is one of the central lymphoid organs plays an important role in cellular immunity by generating circulating T lymphocytes . Although the need for the thymus to generate a continuous supply o f T cells decreases with advancing age , the thymus continues to serve as the site of T-cell ( thymocytes ) differentiation and maturation throughout life .

40. There are following thymic paracrine peptides: timopoietin, timosins (α 1 , α 2 , α 3 ........ β - they are insulin-like hormones); α-protimosin, which is a precursor of α-thymosins, thymulin (the only hormone with metal, Zn), homeostatic thymic factor (synergist of STH), hormonal thymic factor. Thymosin alpha 1 has a pleiotropic action, enhancing T cell, dendritic cell, and antibody responses and inhibits steroid induced apoptosis in thymus.

41. Thymosins . Synthesis site  are a group of small peptides with molecular weights originally isolated from the thymus gland the major thymosins ( thymosin - α 1 , thymosin - β 4  ( T β 4 ), thymosin - β 10 , thymosin - β 15 ) are present in a variety of mammalian tissues . T β 4 is locally synthesized in neurons for the regulation of neurite outgrowth. T β 4 is up-regulated in various pathological conditions such as focal ischemia, Alzheimer’s disease

42. Thymosin stimulates differentiation of stem cells to T-helpers, T-killers etc.

43. Thymopoietin peptide The pentapeptide is participating in the immune regulation as well as T cell differentiation and influences neuromuscular transmission: it binds with high affinity to the acetylcholine binding region of the acetylcholine receptor.

44. Thymic humoral factor is essential for induction of clonal expansion, differentiation and maturation of T cell subsets. It also enhances most T cell functions.

45. The thymus is a crucial component that is responsible for maintaining proper immune system function in the body and especially active in young children T cell (T-lymphocyte, white blood cell) that develops in the bone marrow, matures in the thymus Quality control mechanisms built into the thymus and other may damage one’s own body proteins. This mechanism prevents the development of autoimmune diseases. Thymic hormones also helps to maintain the learning and memory capacities in the aging organism. The two – lymphoid and endocrine – parts (function) of the thymus are in close connection directly or with the help of mediators.

46. Congenital aplasia of thymus - Di-George disease The loss of cell or humoral immunitet is observed in hypo- and aplasia of thymus, cleft nose and palate are just visible signs of illness

47. CYTOKINES -LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT regulatory PROTEINS ( hormonoids )

48. TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR -TNF

49. TNF-α TNF-α is an established inducer of osteoclastogenesis and inhibitor of osteoblastogenesis . it was recently discovered that TNF-α also possessed osteogenic differentiation effects.

50. Role of cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL) produced by T-cells in bone metabolism

51. DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF CELLS, produced in, CYTOKINES SORT INTO: INTERLEUKINS (IL): - proinflammatory - anty -inflammatory -regulators of cellular and humoral immunity MONOKINEs CHEMOKINES INTERFERONS colony-stimulating factors

52. DEPENDING ON CELLS they STIMULATE, CYTOKINES ( colony-stimulating factors ) SORT INTO : GRANULOCYTES CSF (stimulate neutrophils growth) *MONOCYTES CSF (stimulate macrofags ) *GRANULOCYTE-MONOCYTIC CSF *ERYTHROPOETIN *THROMBOPOETIN

53. Cytokines inimmune response: Ag activated Interleukin formation

54. Monoclonal immune anti-COVID (lymphocyte) cells

55. THE MOST EFFECTIVE IS α - INTERFERON

56. SYNTHESIS OF EUCOSANOIDS

57. z