A proposed policy for Indexing and Abstracting in Kashim Ibrahim Library Complex, Ahmadu Bello University, Z aria

Indexing and Abstracting Policy.

1. SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES FACULTY OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA KADUNA BY GROUP ‘B’ MEMBERS S/N NAMES REGISTRATION NO. SIGN   Salamatu Sadisu P23EDLS8015     Rikweka .E. Nyong P23EDLS8037     Odofin Comfort Tinuoye P23EDLS8028     Mohammed Abdullahi P23EDLS8009     Garba Umma Abdullamid P23EDLS8073     Yakubu Dauda Yusuf       Danjuma Ensely P23EDLS8065   COURSE TITLE: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: LIBS 829 COURSE LECTURER: DR. BUKHARI BADAMASI   JUNE, 2024

2. QUESTION 1: Emerging Technologies in Library and Information Science ( LIS ). Exploration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning and block chain Case studies of the implementation of emerging technologies in libraries. Potential impact and future trends of emerging technologies in library and information science.

3. INTRODUCTION Libraries must be ambitious about embracing new technologies and the expense of doing so is a significant factor as well. The viability of this technologies must be studied before being used. It is said that libraries don’t implement technology based solely on what patrons or clienteles/customers will do now, rather decisions are made with the future in mind, anticipating how the technology will meet information seekers’ need as they change overtime. As new technologies are developed, libraries’ content, media, methods of information access, physical characteristics of the buildings etc. also change information accessed through technology systems, which include digital devices, operating systems, digital media, networks services, audio visual systems etc. Digital information also refers to the information that has been digitalized and is kept in libraries. The impact of ARA

4. and QR codes on the library services offered by the management institute, as ( Napali & Tamang , 2022) well as the factors that influence usage of these services. Although e-books, IPod and kindless may be the way of the future, millions of printed books still contain the majority of the world’s knowledge technologies drives the evolution of emerging trends but how libraries implement them depends on their vision strategies customers and internal procedures. Academic libraries play a crucial role in this digital transformation of universities because they possess the knowledge and attitude to be early adopters of new technologies to perform various tasks. The American Lib Association ( ALA ) launched library of the (Centre for the future of libraries) an initiatives that identified trends for librarians and libraries (Sandhu, 2018) thus, librarian and information specialists must promptly reposition themselves assert their roles in order to

5. keep up with these trends and changes in the environment. This is merely due to the fact that, we now live in an information society where advancement in telecommunication networks, information and communication technology are altering the nature of work and the skills needed for all professions the information profession included in the current library and information science lands scape, finding, processing and sharing information call for new knowledge, tools and platforms (Racheal 2020) EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN LIBRARIES New cutting – edge technologies that are either being created now or are anticipated to be developed soon are referred to as emerging technologies. This technologies are usually distinguished by their capacity to have a profound effect on a range of industries and facts of everyday life. “Emerging technologies are innovations that have potential to

6. change the statuesque.” Said business dictionary.com. These are cutting-edge technologies that will significantly alter the social economic landscape and either currently underdeveloped or will be in the next five to ten (5 – 10 years) years. Effective developing technologies can create new, cutting-edge production or enhance, integrate and reorganize already existing ones. Artificial intelligent, biotechnologies computer technologies, digital technologies, genetics, information technologies, medicine etc. Emerging technologies are associated with substandard financial risks numerous technological uncertainty despite their great potential and implications. Artificial intelligent, block chain technology, virtual and augmented reality, the internet of a thing ( IOT ), quantum computing and five G ( 5G ) wireless networks are a few instances of developing technologies .

7. RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) IMPLEMENTATION IN LIBRARIES RFID is automatically selects and tracts-tags attached to library materials using electromagnetic fields. The newest technology used to track inventory and improve library theft detection system is the RFID based library management system. Because this technology streamlines procedures and lessens reliance on humans, it improves security and efficiency in libraries RFID expedites the loan and return processes for the users RFID henceforth, saves money and time to the libraries CLOUD COMPUTING AND CLOUD – HOSTED LIBRARY SOLUTION Cloud-hosted library solutions are becoming more and more common as libraries work to enhance their offerings and readers better access to digital resources. Clienteles can

8. merely readily change digital resources hosted in the cloud increasing their access to online materials without requiring them to be physically present. Cloud-hosted library solutions can lower hard ware costs and improve mobile users experience for libraries. Cloud hosting has a number of benefits, such as quicker-data integration, lower costs, and better scalability. INTERNET OF A THING The internet of a thing ( I.O.T .) is being used by the must well-integrated library and LMS software to send data automatically without the need for human intervention. I.O.T . is used by libraries to identify users, manage inventory and stop theft. Additionally, it facilitates faster and higher quality circulation desk operations. Moreover, I.O.T . speeds up book reservations, detects and prevent library tires and simplifies e-library services.

9. Sensor can optimize space and resource allocations by tracking how library resources are used. With I.O.T technology, clienteles can also receive personalized experiences. For instance, based on the patron’s location, interests and previous searches, beacons can provide notifications and recommendations. Customers may pay online without having to wait in line by using internet of a thing ( I.O.T .). Technology, which can also notify them of the fines or monies they owe. I.O.T . can also make easier to gather data on user identify areas information collection development decisions. BIG DATA AND DATA VISUALIZATION Large scale data has been define as the process of presenting a lot of data visually using maps, graphs, charts, and he usual aids is what we called visualization . This helps the information become more intuitive to the human mind and facilitate the identification of

10. patterns, trends and outlines in massive amount of data. With the use of this technology, digital libraries are able to access a great amount of data and become more globally integrated. With so much materials at their fingertips, it facilitates patrons’ access to the libraries . THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) MACHINE LEARNING (ML) AND BLOCK CHAIN (BC) AI ML and BC have brought about a significant change in the world of modern libraries, turning them from passive repositories to knowledge of intelligence centres for information gathering and sharing. By streamlining procedures, improving search capabilities, tailoring user’s experiences, and providing insightful data on patron’s preferences, the integration of these technology has had a significant influence .

11. BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGY (BC) Block chain Technology utilizes a distributed database, where multiple devices are connected rather than being linked to a single processor. This data base organizes data into records called blocks, which are validated through cryptography, times tamped, and linked to previous round. Only individual possessing the encryption keys have the ability to modify, these files. In a nutshell, digital data is stored in publicity accessible database. AUTOMATION PROCESS By automating repetitive chores, AI and ML are simplifying library operations and freeing up human resources to work on more complex projects. Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems can now effectively handle tasks like cataloging, metadata, tagging, and surfing, decreasing the need for human labour and improving overall operational efficiency. Libraries can strategically manage resources to work .

12. ENHANCING SEARCH CAPABILITIES It can be difficult to find patient search result in traditional library catalogs. By comprehending context semantics and user purpose, AI powered search engines enhanced with machine learning algorithms can improve search capabilities. PERSONALIZING USER EXPERIENCES By customizing suggestions and services based on previous behaviour and preferences, AI and ML allow libraries to provide each reader with a based on user interactions and borrowing history analysis, patron pleasure and engagement are increased. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL Information retrieval in libraries has been complicity transformed by sophisticated AI algorithms, especially deep learning models. Deep learning can accurately tag, classify

13. and organize resources, improving the digital repositioning of the library’s accessibility and organized. This vastly increases the accuracy and speed of retrieval, guaranteeing that users that can quickly obtain the information they need. MOBILE – BASED LIBRARY SERVICES With its resources and reading materials, a library seeks to accomplish three (3) key goals for its patrons’ Lifelong Learning, Literacy Promotion and the dissemination of everyday knowledge. Mobile libraries make materials available to people who might not otherwise have the chance to benefit from them outside of the library’s physical location. Libraries can created new services and offer speedier access to their collections with the use of mobile technologies like WhatsApp , SMS , Telecom, Instagram , Twitter etc .

14. INTELLIGENT LIBRARY SEARCH AND FEDERAL SEARCH. Another innovation in library technology that significantly enhances the patron experience when accessing the library catalog is facet search and discovery. Long ago, untrained consumers could search with ease on retail website like Amazon and other book website, but library system, still require users to employ code – like technique like truncation symbols, wild cards and Boolean operations Not Or and And . These days, the users can type a turn or phrase into modern library system and then utilize facets or smart filters to fond what matches. The reason why they are referred to as “smart filters” is that they are only displayed in the presence of resources. The patrons may easily refine only one quickly and one search interface, federated search and intelligent. Library search can get information from a variety of content locations. By enabling speedy information retrieval and smooth indexing, the technology enhance additional libraries .

15. Furthermore, descriptive catalog, subject indexing, database searching and collection building and all done by libraries using this technology. VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN LIBRARY SERVICES The emerging as revolutionary technologies virtual reality ( V.R ) and augmented reality ( A.R .) are revolutionizing how library users interact with materials and improving the entire learning environment. Augmented Reality super imposes digital content over the physical world, whereas virtual reality ( V.R .) submerges patrons in an entirely computing generated reality. Libraries cab develop immersive experiences, virtual tours and interactive learning settings with great potential. IMMERSIVE Expenses and Virtual Tours : By immersing readers in a virtual environment that might mimic actual or imagined settings, virtual reality (VR)

16. offers distinctive and captivated experience with the use of this technology, libraries may provide virtual tours of their spaces, letting patrons examine the design, offering and resources from the comfort of their own homes. Through virtual navigation, clients can pursue various sections of the library and become acquainted with the resources that are at their disposal. This improves accessibility and entices prospective information seekers to visit the library in person. Interactive Learning Environment : Because of the virtual reality and Augmented Reality can create dynamic and captivating learning environments they have the potential to revolutionize traditional learning experiences. Libraries can create interactive classes, 3D virtualizations, and simulation pertaining to vanity of disciplines through virtual reality and Augmented Reality

17. applications of platforms for instance, users can virtually visit historical events or ancient civilizations during history class to improve understanding and knowledge retention. Augmented reality can enhance learning by superimposing multimedia content, interactive tests, or additional information over textbooks. Virtual Access t Rare (Restricted Collection): Restricted collections are frequently kept in libraries, these collections may not be widely available to the public owing to preservation issues or physical access to these collections virtual reality and Augmented Reality provide a remedy. Rare objects, documents and art wales can be digitally recreated by libraries and accessed in a virtual setting, enabling patrons to study and engage with them in more details. Readers can rotate zoom in, and see minute’s features that would be challenging to see in person. This is advantageous to scholars, learners and al people concern.

18. Engagement and Inclusivity: By making library resources more engaging and interactive, virtual reality and augmented reality technologies dramatically increase reader engagement. Libraries can hold online event that draw people from all over the world, such as book releases, another presentations workshops, or virtual gatherings. Moreover, these technologies provide inclusivity by offering engaging experiences that are appealing to a range of age groups and learning preferences, thereby, catering to multiple learning styles. Libraries can create immersive, engaging and instructive tours and virtual access to rare collections. ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGY This proactive strategy reduces the time spent, looking for specific materials and guarantees a seamless browsing experience for library users.

19. Robotic technology integration in libraries is an example of how library operations and services are always changing. Libraries may increase productivity and free up human resources to concentrate on values – added service by automating monotonous processes like inventory management and shelving. This will ultimately benefits both employees and customers. To optimize the advantages of this technical innovations in the contemporary library, however, careful application and considerations of related issues are essential. BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION SECURITY Block chain as we have made mentioned above is a technology that is quickly gaining interest in the library sector as it offers a strong way to improve data security, validate provenances and guarantee the accuracy of information. It protects sensitive data and ensuring the authenticity of digital information become

20. increasingly important as the digital ecosystem develops and grows. Security of transactions is one of the main uses of block chain in libraries secure transactions are made possible by the decentralized and unchangeable nature of impenetrable to tampering. This capability can be used by libraries to safely handle cash exchange of membership, renewals and other financial transaction inside their systems . POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND FUTURE TRENDS OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE ( LIS ) In terms of accessibility and inclusivity Augmented Reality (AR) experience cater to broader audience, including individuals with disabilities. This aspect of AR contributes to promoting inclusivity within library environments, ensuring that diverse users’ needs are accommodated. Another notable merit is the cost-efficiency of implementing AR. This technology can be a cost effective solution

21. making it accessible even to libraries with limited budgets. This affordability opens up opportunities for a wider range of libraries to incorporate AR and provide enhanced library services to their patrons. LIMITATION OF APPLICATION OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN LIS However, the implementation of AR in libraries come with certain limitations, a robust technical infrastructure is crucial for unleashing the full potential of AR: This requirement poses challenges, particularly for libraries in underserved areas that may struggle with the necessary technological resources. Moreover, creating and curating AR content demands time and expertise, necessitating strategic resources allocation and the process of developing engaging and informative AR experiences require careful planning and execution which may be resource intensive .

22. Privacy concern also come into play, as AR applications often collect users’ data. Addressing these concern require the establishment of transparent policies to ensure the responsible and ethical use of reader information within the AR context. Both library customers and staff may require training for the effective use of AR applications. This emphasizes the need for educational initiatives to familiarized users with the technology, ensuring that they can fully benefit from the augmented experience offered by the library. FUTURE TRENDS OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE ( LIS ) “The integration promises a future where the local library is not just a repository of knowledge but a dynamic hub of interactive and immersive learning experiences.” The journey of reinventing libraries in 2024 holds the promise of

23. shaping more engaging, inclusive and technologically advanced future for these essential community institutions. By embracing these technologies trends and innovations libraries are cementing their position as vibrant centres of knowledge and innovation in the digital zeitgeist (spirit of a time) of 2024. Embracing change and staying at the forefront of technological advancements ensure that library not only survive but thrive in the ever-evolving information landscape. CONCLUSION Libraries around the world are trying to find a way to innovate and serve modern patrons. Libraries must evolve to adapt to a changing environment. This led to innovation in the field of libraries. As a result, new trends have emerged and the

24. outlook for libraries looking to embrace change is promising and exciting. By embracing technology, libraries can significantly improve the efficiency pf their operations by automating certain processes. The future of AI in libraries looks promising. As libraries continue to navigate the digital age, AI technologies offer exciting opportunities to enhance library services and operations. However, it’s crucial, vital and essential that libraries approach this new frontier with caution, ensuring that the use of AI aligns with their core value of access privacy and intellectual freedom. The role of librarian remain relevant in the 21 st century as it continues to evolve and export embracing new innovations and responding to the needs of society. Thus, which implementing AI in libraries has the potential to revolutionize the way libraries operate, there are significant

25. challenges. Systems are becoming more multi-functional, but whatever happens in the future, the technological development will not stand-still and libraries must adapt to accommodate new computer functionality and new competitors. RECOMMENDATIONS For effective use of information Technology facilities in or libraries, the following recommendations should be made:- The parent body of libraries should make appropriate effort to increase salvation to the libraries so as to enable them to embark on necessary Information Technology Programme. Computer training to all library staff and library users should emphasize.

26. Provision of work station for all catalogers to do online cataloging, therby reducing the problems creating during cataloging and mistakes made by data entry clerks. All these work stations should be connected to universal power supply (UPS) inverter and other steady electronics gadgets. Provision for local area network (LAN) in the division where organization of knowledge is performed. This will facilitate quick revision of cataloging and classification records by the supervisors. Ensuring constant power supply in the library especially when cataloging is handled. This can be assured by provision of a standby electricity generating set as a substitute where there is power failure.

27. Retraining of staff in the areas of basic cataloging rules. Adequate provision of ICT facilities to ensure uninterrupted workshop. Being more community based in which local people are more involved in the design, development and running of its services in the library. Reaching out and connecting local communities and individuals encouraging them to be more creative, innovative and entrepreneurial particularly important here will be the use of social media. Having better outreach to disadvantaged group. Creating more flexible physical and virtual 24/7 hours functionalities services. Offering more digital resources to free up physical space for other function. Having more seamless integration of new technologies at a faster, more innovations space.

28. Being more innovative in terms of income generation and promotion of library value to funders and users. Having more highly trained, active motivated staff who are well versed in the use of new technologies, digital libraries, teeth lifelong learning and modern management technologies .

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