A RESEARCH BASED STUDY ON EARTHQUAKES (case study included)

A RESEARCH BASED STUDY ON EARTHQUAKES (case study included)

1. EARTHQUAKES

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my social teacher, Ms. Alka mam and to our principal mam who gave us this golden opportunity to do this project on the topic earthquakes which has helped us to do a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things. Secondly, I would also like to thank my dear friends who supported me through our hardships and helped me to finish the project successfully!

3. TOPIC NO. TOPIC NAME 1. INTRODUCTION 2. WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE 3. POPULAR TERMS IN AN EARTHQUAKE 4. CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES 5. TYPES OF WAVES 6. STRENGTH OF EARTHQUAKES 7. SEISMOGRAPHS 8. CONTENTS OF A SEISMOGRAPH 9. EARTHQUAKE BELTS OF THE WORLD 10. EARTHQUAKE BELTS IN INDIA 11. PREDICTION OF AN EARTHQUAKE 12. SAFETY MEASURES DURING AN EARTHQUAKE 13. AFTEREFFECTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE 14. CASE STUDIES 15. CONCLUSION 16. BIBLIOGRAPHY 17. END CREDITS

4. INTRODUCTION As we know EARTHQUAKES are one of the worst natural hazards which often turn into disasters causing widespread destruction and loss to human life. The effects of earthquake vary upon magnitude and intensity. Earthquakes occur every now and then all around the world. Except in some places where earthquakes occur rarely. The devastation of cities and towns is one of the effects of earthquakes.

5. WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE..? An EARTQUAKE is a sudden movement of the surface of the earth , resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s Lithosphere that creates seismic waves and causes a sudden vibration on the ground which pass through Earth’s rocks . The seismicity or the seismic activity , of an area is the frequency , type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. These Earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking or displacing or disrupting the ground , It is known as a quake , tremor or a tremblor. Earthquakes occur mostly in faulty zones , narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another.

6. POPULAR TERMS DURING EARTHQUAKES FAULT : A weak point in the tectonic plate where the edges give way. FOCUS : Where the earthquake begins. Also called the hypocenter. EPICENTRE : The point on the. ground directly. above the focus.

7. CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES The Earth’s crust consists of seven large lithospheric plates and other numerous smaller parts. Earthquakes are usually caused when rocks which are under the ground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two blocks of rocks or two plates are rubbing against each other they stick a little , they don’t just slide up smoothly ; the rocks catch on each other . The rocks are still pushing against each other but not moving. After a while the rocks break because of all the pressure that’s built up . When the rocks break , the EARTHQUAKE occurs .

8. EARTHQUAKES are caused due to 4 major reasons. 1.VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Most earthquakes directly beneath a volcano are caused by the movement of magma . The magma exerts pressure on the rocks until it cracks the rock . Then the magma squirts into the crack and starts building pressure again . Every time the rock cracks and thus it leads to a major earthquake .

9. 2.PLATE TECTONICS Tectonic Earthquakes occur due to the friction which arises between them while moving . While these two plates are moving , sometimes they collide to each other and when they collide , the friction between them keeps them locked and unable to move . These waves which are produced during this colliding of rocks results in seismic waves which is what we feel during and in an earthquake site .

10. 3.DUE TO GEOLOGICAL FAULTS These puzzle pieces are known as tectonic plates. The plate Boundaries are made up of so Many faults, and most of the Earthquake around the world Occur on these faults . Since The edges of the plates are Rough the get to lock each Other up and cause Earthquake

11. 4.NATURAL DISASTERS There are few minor causes for earthquakes like tsunamis , land slides In mountain areas , collapse of cavern roofs , and avalanches which cause perceptible tremors in the earth’s crust . These earthquakes are however in a small magnitude but few may become disastrous due to high intensity .

12. TYPES OF WAVES INTRODUCTION : - Earthquakes produce three types of seismic waves : - Primary waves Secondary waves Surface waves Each type moves through materials differently. In addition, the waves can reflect, or bounce, off boundaries between different layers. The waves can also bend as they pass from one layer into another. Scientists learn about earths layers by studying the paths and speeds of seismic waves travelling through earth.

13. PRIMARY WAVES The fastest seismic waves are called primary waves, or P waves. These waves are first to reach any particular location after an earthquake occurs. Primary waves travel through earth’s crust at an average speed of about 5km per sec. Primary waves can travel through solids, liquids and gases. As a pass through the material, the particles of material a slightly pushed together and pulled apart. Buildings also experience this push and pull as primary waves pass through the ground they are built on.

14. SECONDARY WAVES Secondary waves are the second seismic waves to arrive at any particular location after an earthquake, though they start at the same time as primary waves. Secondary waves travel through earth’s interior at about half of the speed of the primary waves . secondary waves are also called “s” waves. As they pass through a material the material’s particles are shaken up and down are from side to side. Secondary waves rock small building back and fourth as they pass. Secondary waves can travel through rock, but unlike primary waves they cannot travel through liquids and gases. As a primary wave passes through a material, the volume and density of the material change slightly. But as a secondary passes, the material changes slightly in shape. Liquids and gases do not have definite shape. These materials flow i.e., Particles in them do not return to their original position after being moved.

15. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WAVE

16. SURFACE WAVES Surface waves are seismic waves that move along earth’s surface, not through it’s interior. They make the ground roll up and down or shake from side to side. Surface waves cause the largest ground movements and the most damage. Surface waves travel more slowly than the types of seismic waves.

17. STRENGTH OF EARTHQUAKES The intensity and strength of an earthquake is measured on Richter scale, the scale invented by Charles Richter California USA in 1935.which categories earthquake on the basis of energy released. Definition: “the logarithm to base ten of the maximum seismic-wave amplitude recorded on a standard seismograph at a distance of 100 kilometers from the earthquake epicenter.” Scientists measure the strength of earthquakes using machines known as seismographs. Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth.

18. MAGNITUDE AND ITS EFFECTS

19. INTENSITY VS STRENGTH ON THE RICHTER SCALE Magnitude vs intensity: - Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes. Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Magnitude is determined from measurements on seismographs. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location. Intensity is determined from effects on people, human structures and the natural environment.

20. SEISMOGRAPH A seismograph is an instrument for measuring earthquake waves. They are held in a very solid position, either on the bed rock or on a concrete base. The seismometer itself consists of a frame and mass that can move relative to it. When the ground shakes, the frame also vibrates , but the mass tends not to move, due to inertia. The difference in movement between the frame and the mass is amplified and recorded electronically. USES: - MAGNITUDE: - THE size of the earthquake Depth: - how deep the earthquake was Location : - where the earthquake occurred.

21. CONTENTS OF A SEISMOGRAPH Generally a seismograph consists of a mass attached to a fixed base. During an earthquake, the base moves and the mass doesn’t. The motion of the base with respect to the mass is commonly transformed into an electrical voltage. The electrical voltage is recorded on paper, magnetic tape, or another recording medium. This record is proportional to the motion of the seismeter mass relative to the earth , but it can be mathematically converted to a record of the absolute motion of the ground. Seismograph generally refers to the seismometer and its recording devise as a single unit.

22. POPULAR BELTS OF THE EARTHQUAKES What is an earthquake belt? A narrow geographic zone on the earths surface along which most seismic activity occurs is called as an earthquake belt The two major seismic belts are the Circum-Pacific Belt, which surrounds the Pacific Ocean, The Alpine Belt, which stretches from the Azores through the Mediterranean and Middle East to the Himalayas and Indonesia, where it joins the Circum-Pacific Belt.

23. EARTHQUAKE ZONES IN INDIA The earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones. This is based on the observations of the affected area due to Earthquakes. India is divided into four types of zones:- Zone 1= This is said to be the least active seismic zone. Zone 2 = It is included in the moderate seismic zone. Zone 3 =This is considered to be the high seismic zone. Zone 4 = It is the highest seismic zone.

24. SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA

25. PREDICTION OF EARTHQUAKES Earthquake prediction is a branch of the science of seismology concerned with the specification of the time, location, and magnitude of future earthquakes within stated limits, and particularly the determination of parameters for the next strong earthquake to occur in a region. Earthquake prediction is sometimes distinguished from earthquake forecasting, which can be defined as the probabilistic assessment of general earthquake hazard, including the frequency and magnitude of damaging earthquakes in a given area over years or decades.

26. NATURAL EATHQUAKE PREDICTION Some evidence of upcoming Earthquake are following: Unusual animal behavior Water level in wells Large scale of fluctuation of oil flow from oil wells Foreshocks or minor shocks before major earthquake Temperature change Uplifting of earth surface Change in seismic wave velocity Excessive reactions by canaries, macaws and lovebirds (Some birds can detect seismic activity.)

27. SAFETY MEASURES TO BE TAKEN DURING AN EARTHQUAKE 1. QUAKE?! Protect Yourself First. Be prepared and protect yourself from an earthquake when you hear an earthquake warning announcement or feel a quake. Stay under a large table until a quake is gone. Keep yourself safe from falling or moving objects during a quake. In high-rise Building with 10 or More Floors, upper floors may be shaken for several minutes. Large, slow shakes may let the furniture fall down or move across the room.

28. 2. Keep Calm. Check All Fire Sources. Put Out Fire Quickly. If you were using any sources of fire or heat, turn them off when the shaking calms down. If a fire starts, put it out quickly and calmly. 3. Keep Calm. Panic May Cause You Injuries. Be careful of fallen objects or shattered glass in the home. Stay inside. Roof tiles, broken window glass or signboards may fall down and hit you. 4. Make Sure You Have Ways Out: Open Doors And Windows. Make a run for the fire escape as soon as the shaking stops.

29. 5. Keep Away From Gateposts And Walls. If you feel an earthquake outside, stay away from concrete walls and other objects which may fall over. 6. Stay Away From Fires And Tsunami. Take refuge in a temporary assembly spot or an evacuation area when a fire may threaten your life in the community. Leave the coast as soon as possible for a higher, safer place when you are hit by a big quake or hear a tsunami warning at the seaside.

30. 7. Get The Right Information. Take The Right Action. Get accurate information from radio, television, fire stations, local authorities, etc. 8. Make Sure Your Family And Neighbors Are Safe. After you confirm your family's safety, check if your neighbors are all right. 9. Work Together On Rescue And First Aid. Work with your neighbors to free victims from under debris or fallen furniture and to give first aid. 10. Make Sure Electricity And Gas Are Off Before Evacuation. Turn off circuit breakers and the gas at the main before you evacuate.

31. THE AFTER EFFECTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE The after effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating The environmental effects of it are that including surface faulting, tectonic uplift, tsunamis, soil liquefactions, ground resonance, landslides and ground failure, either directly linked to the earthquake source or provoked by the ground shaking. SOME MAJOR AFTER EFFECTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE ARE:- Loss of life and property Damage to transport system i.e. roads, railways, highways, airports Damage to infrastructure. Chances of Floods – Develop cracks in Dams Chances of fire short-circuit. Communications such as telephone wires are damaged. Water pipes, sewers are disrupted Economic activities like agriculture, industry, trade and transport are severely affected.

32. CASE STUDIES

33. 1. BHUJ EARTHQUAKE The 2001 Gujarat earthquake, also known as the Bhuj earthquake, occurred on 26 January, India's 52nd Republic Day, at 08:46 am IST. The epicenter was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobari in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District of Gujarat, India. The intraplate earthquake reached 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The earthquake killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people (including 18 in southeastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings.

34. The death toll in the Kutch region was 12,300. Bhuj, which was situated only 20 km away from the epicenter, was devastated. Considerable damage also occurred in Bhachau and Anjar with hundreds of villages flattened in Taluka of Anjar, Bhuj and Bhachau. Over one million structures were damaged or destroyed, including many historic buildings and tourist attractions. The quake destroyed around 40% of homes, eight schools, two hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj, and partly destroyed the city's historic Swaminarayan temple and historic fort as well Prag Mahal and Aina Mahal. The Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) inspected more than 250 heritage buildings in Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about 40% of them are either collapsed or seriously damaged. Only 10% were undamaged.

35. In Ahmedabad, Gujarat's commercial capital with a population of approximately 7 million (according to data in 2018), as many as 50 multi-storey buildings collapsed and several hundred people were killed. Total property damage was estimated at $7.5 billion. In Kutch, the earthquake destroyed about 60% of food and water supplies and around 258,000 houses, 90% of the district's housing stock. The biggest setback was the total demolition of the Bhuj Civil hospital. The Indian military provided emergency support which was later augmented by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. A temporary Red Cross hospital remained in Bhuj to provide care while a replacement hospital was built.

36. Relief In order to support the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the city, the Government of Gujarat created four assistance packages worth up to US$1 billion. These packages assisted about 300,000 families. The government also announced a US$2.5 million package to revive small, medium, and cottage industries. The World Bank and the Asian Development Bank also provided loans worth $300 million and $500 million respectively. Memorial Smritivan, a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the earthquake is being built on top of Bhujia Hill. 13,823 trees, each dedicated to a victim, were planted in the garden and 108 small water reservoirs were created on the hill.

37. 2. AD 62 POMPEII EARTHQUAKE The AD 62 Pompeii earthquake occurred on 5 February AD 62. The towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum were severely damaged. The earthquake may have been a result of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, which destroyed the two towns. The contemporary philosopher and dramatist SENECA THE YOUNGER wrote an account of the earthquake in the sixth book of his Naturales quaestiones, entitled De Terrae Motu (Concerning Earthquakes). The epicenter of the earthquake lies on the southern flank of the Mount Vesuvius. The extent of the damage has been used to estimate the magnitude and intensity of the earthquake. The maximum intensity was to be between XI-X. The average magnitude was estimated at 5.6 to 7. The focal depth had been estimated at about 5-6KM.

38. DAMAGE The towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum both suffered major damage, with damage to some buildings also reported from Naples and Nuceria. Seneca reported the death of a flock of 600 sheep that he attributed to the effects of poisonous gases. Apart from this, approximately, 2 million people died in the earthquake due to getting crushed under debris, fire accidents and shortage of supplies. AFTERMATH The damage caused by the mainshock and the subsequent series of tremors was at least partly repaired in both Pompeii and Herculaneum by the time of the AD 79 eruption. A pair of bas-reliefs, probably from the LARARIUM in the house of Lucius Caecilius Lucundus in Pompeii, are interpreted as depicting the effects of the earthquake on structures including the Temple of Jupiter, the Aquarium of Cesar, and the Vesuvius Gate.

39. MT. VESUVIUS:-ERUPTION AFTERMATH OF POMPEII

40. CONCLUSION An EARTQUAKE is a sudden movement of the surface of the earth , resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s Lithosphere that creates seismic waves and causes a sudden vibration. Earthquakes are caused by plate tectonics, geographical faults, natural disasters and volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes produce three types of seismic waves Primary waves, Secondary waves and Surface waves. A seismograph is an instrument used to measure intensity and magnitude of an earthquake.

41. There are 2 earthquake belts. They are Circum-Pacific belt and Alpine Belt. There are 4 zones of earthquakes in India ranging from the least seismic to most seismic. The after effects of an earthquake are very fatal and disastrous. The 2 most disastrous earthquakes of this world are the Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat and the 62 AD earthquake of Pompeii.

42. BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCES:- CONTENT SOURCES EXTRACTED FROM WIKIPEDIA, QUORA, ASK.COM, NDTV NEWS REPORTS, SLIDESHARE INC,THE INCREDIBLE WORLD(NAT GEO), ATLAS BY PUFFIN SCHOLARS. PICTURE SOURCES EXTRACTED FROM GOOGLE, THE TELEGRAPH, THE POST REPORTS AND REAL TIME PHOTOGRAPHY IN GUJARAT

43. VALUES DERIVED FROM THE PROJECT TEAM SPIRIT CO-OPERATION WITH TEAM ACCEPTING ONE’S DECISIONS MOTIVATION TO WORK TOGETHER RESPONSIBILITY TO SUBMIT THE WORK

44. THANKING YOU! DONE BY:- ISHANI KUSUMA NANDINI SARVAGNA VEDAMAYI