A REVIEW OF ACTIVITY IMPLEMENTATION ON SDG TARGET 11.1 IN ZAMBIA. A CASE STUDY OF MAKULULU COMPOUND IN KABWE.pptx

A REVIEW OF ACTIVITY IMPLEMENTATION ON SDG TARGET 11.1 IN ZAMBIA. A CASE STUDY OF MAKULULU COMPOUND IN KABWE.

1. MULUNGUSHI UNIVERSITY A REVIEW OF ACTIVITY IMPLEMENTATION ON SDG TARGET 11.1 IN ZAMBIA. A CASE STUDY OF MAKULULU COMPOUND IN KABWE. By Sipho Mabena Master of International Relations and Development 202110318

2. Introduction and Background This study provides a thorough analysis of Zambia's efforts to implement Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 11.1. SDG Target 11.1 strives to guarantee that everyone has access to suitable, secure, affordable housing and other basic services like sustainable energy, water and sanitation. The study investigates the initiatives put forth by the government, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community-based organisations (CBOs) and other stakeholders, with a focus on Makululu Compound in Kabwe. In order to address the matter at hand, it examines the interventions, the extent of their application, and the outcomes attained thus far. According to Chiesura (2004), a variety of players can pursue local initiatives and projects, although local governing agencies often carry out policy measures. Therefore, an evaluation of the activity's execution would add to our understanding of what policies are appropriate for slums like Makululu Compound.

3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Chatterji T (2020) notes that SDG Target 11.1 under the UN 2030 agenda focuses on improving slums and informal settlements. The SDGs were introduced after the 2015 development agenda of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were failed to be obtained. Zulfiqar A. Bhutta et al. (2015) argue that the failures of these MDGs were influenced by many reasons, among which lack of adequate monitoring and evaluation. On that account, there is an outstanding need to undertake a review of activity implementation in line with SDGs. Furthermore, t here haven't been many thorough indpendent evaluations of the activities that have been undertaken to ensure that SDG Target 11.1 is met. Thus, with only six (6) years left to meet the set SDG targets, the current situation of informal settlements in Zambia is alarming, hence the need for not only government but independent evaluations to be undertaken. This helps in safeguarding sustainable development that seeks to end poverty, protect the environment, and advance peace and prosperity for all, without major bureaucratic interference whilst adding a sense of transparency.

4. General Objective 1. To review the activity implementation of SDG Target 11.1 in Makululu Compound in Kabwe, Zambia. Specific Objectives 1. To identify activities that have been implemented in line with SDG Target 11.1 in Makululu compound. 2. To identify the challenges and gaps faced in the implementation of SDG Target 11.1 in Makululu. 3. To analyze the impact of SDG Target 11.1 implementation on the living conditions and well-being of residents of Makululu compound. 4. To provide recommendations for improving the implementation of SDG Target 11.1. General Question 1. What progress has been made in the implementation of SDG Target 11.1 in Makululu Compound in Kabwe, Zambia? Specific Questions 1. W hat activities have been implemented in line with SDG Target 11.1 in Makululu compound? 2. What are the challenges and gaps faced in the implementation of SDG Target 11.1 in Makululu? 3. How is the implementation of implementating SDG Target 11.1 impacting the living conditions and well-being of residents of Makululu compound? 4. What are the recommendations for improving the implementation of SDG Target 11.1 in Makululu Compound ?

5. Author Main isuue Gap Nyati D. (2018) Monitoring the implementation of SDGs in Africa. Nyati focuses on monitoring SDGs that are line with poverty reduction, education, youth unemployment and gender policy. Whilst this research seeks to review activities in line with adequate and sustainable housing, energy, water and sanitation. Al-Zu'bi M. and Radovic V. (2019) The significance of SDG 11 and the role that cities play in achieving sustainable development. This study can help with the practical understanding of how SDG Target 11.1 is being implemented locally by identifying the challenges, achievements, and potential areas for improvement unique to that setting. LITERATURE REVIEW

6. LITERATURE REVIEW Cont Author Main isuue Gap Dickens C. et.al. (2019) Adaptation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to match the unique needs and objectives of developing countries. The literature interogates the impact of various SDG monitoring programs being implemented, while this study intergoted the activity implementaion of SDG target 11.1 and how the livelihood of residents in Makululu compound were being affected. Bwalya A. and Kabubi M. (2019) The emergence of informal settlements, particularly on the outskirts of large towns In comaparison this study incorporated phenomenological research approach among other research methods, which the literature being reviewed did not do.

7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1 Participatory Evaluation Incorporating relevant parties in the evaluation process, including programme participants and beneficiaries 2 Participatory Action Research (PAR) Working with community members and scholars to produce knowledge and affect social change 3 Sustainable Livelihoods Approach Enhancing people's livelihoods by taking into account all of the resources and assets at their disposal. 4 Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) Promoting sustainable development that focuses on finding and utilizing the resources, skills, and knowledge already available in the community 5 Human rights based approach (HRBA) Human development that based on international human rights standards

8. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design Case study Mixed methods Phenomenological Case study and Mixed methods research designs were appropriate as they produce a thorough, multifaceted understanding of a complex problem in its actual setting. In addition, Phenomenological approach was used to gain an understanding of the lived experiences of individuals to gain insights into their subjective perceptions, meanings, and interpretations of their current living conditions. Research Methods Surveys Case Studies Mixed Methods These methods constitute as a fit to this particular research, as they helped analyze the practicability of meeting target 11.1 due to their respective techniques. Data collections Methods Interviews Surveys Field notes Recordings Written Records The study used both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods due to its evaluative nature. Study Population Residents of Makululu Compound Government officials CBO officials NGO officials The study population consisted of individuals that were key to this particular case study.

9. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Cont Study Setting Makululu Compound, Kabwe Zambia Oldest and largets informal settlement in Zambia Sampling Techniques Purposive Convenient Specific expertise Data accessibility Cost efficient Data Cleaning Data modelling It involves organizing and defining the variables, their attributes, relationships, and any necessary constraints to support data analysis and interpretation Data Analysis Correlation analysis Content Analysis Thematic Analysis Relationship between varaibles Grouping and coding Familiarization with data Ethical Considerations Participant burden Potential coercion Confidentiality and privacy Informed Consent Benefits and risks These considerations were undertaken to ensure the well-being and rights of the participants involved in the study.

10. FINDINGS Activities that have been implemented in line with SDG Target 11.1 in Makululu compound. National Slum Upgrading Programme Makululu Water Project Community Development Fund Habitat for Humanit y Zambia National Urbanisation Policy Challenges and Gaps in Activity Implementation Community participation Policies and strategies not effective Only 55% of respondents indicated having known about sensitization undertaken within Makululu Access to essential amenities

11. FINDINGS Cont Impact of SDG Target 11.1 Implementation on the Well-being of Residents 2020 VNR indicates that undeveloped settlements including Makululu, had 46% access to water and sanitation in 2010 and 58% access by 2018. According to the ZDHS (2018) 42% of households in Makululu compound get their drinking water from unimproved water sources, as compared to only 8% of in more developed urban areas. 40% of respondents had access to running water, with 75% of them having access to sanitary facilities, 60% having been connected to the electricity grid and 30% of them having modern sustainable toilets. On average 56.25% the respondents lived in sustainable homes

12. RECOMMENDATIONS Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (Kabwe Mulnicipal Council) Enhance access to modernised water sources for people in informal settlemnts Improve access to essential amenities Foster community involvement and volunteerism Prioritise the development of sustainable homes UN office Zambia and Habitat for Humanity Zambia Spread awareness of SDG efforts Encourage and boost independent monitoring and evaluation

13. CONCLUSION This research helps us understand how SDG Target 11.1 is being implemented in Zambia, and offers insightful advice for organisations, stakeholders, and policymakers working on sustainable housing projects in not only Makululu Compound, but many other areas working towards making their sttelements more sustainable. Thus, with the results attained in this study it can be noted that to attain SDG target 11.1, additional efforts are needed to close the gaps in access to basic services and encourage sustainable development in Makululu compound.

14. REFERENCES Al-Zu’bi, M. and Radovic, V. (2018). "Introduction", SDG11 – Sustainable Cities and Communities: Towards Inclusive, Safe, and Resilient Settlements (Concise Guides to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 1-2. online at: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-921-820181001 [Accessed on 16th December 2022] Bwalya, A. and Kabubi M. (2019). Assessing Factors of Growth of Informal Urban Settlements in Zambia: A Case Study of Makululu Compound in Kabwe District, The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research, Information and Communication University, Lusaka. Chatterji, T.(2020) SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities: SDG 11 and the New Urban Agenda: Global Sustainability Frameworks for Local Action. Xavier University, Bhubaneswar. Chiesura, A (2004). The role of urban parks for the sustainable city, Landscape and Urban PlanningVolume 68, Issue 1, 15, Pp 129-138 Dickens, C., Smakhtin, V., McCartney, M., O’Brien, G. and Dahir, L., (2019). Defining and Quantifying National-Level Targets, Indicators and Benchmarks for Management of Natural Resources to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability, [online] 11(2), p.462. online at https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020462. [Accessed on 20th December 2022] Nyati, D (2018) CitizenHearing Report on SDGs Intiative for Zambia. A citizen Driven initiative to Monitor SDGs Impelementation in Africa. GCAP Zambia, Lusaka.