A Study of Optimal Factor in Utilization of Fabric Hemp for the Ballistic Armor NIJ Handgun Threat Levels 2

A Study of Optimal Factor in Utilization of Fabric Hemp for the Ballistic Armor NIJ Handgun Threat Levels 2

1. Mr.Tannachart Wantang ID: 6301023902 / Study Plan 2.1 Advisor Asst.Prof . Dr.Fasai Wiwatwongwana Asst.Prof . Dr.Manop Pipathattakul Department of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Faculty of Engineering, Pathumwan Institute of Technology A Study of Optimal Factor in Utilization of Fabric Hemp for the Ballistic Armor NIJ Handgun Threat Levels 2 การศึกษาปัจจัยที่เหมาะสมในการประดิษฐ์เสื้อเกราะกันกระสุนจากใยกัญชง ป้องกันภัยคุกคามจากปืนพกระดับ 2

2. Topics Introduction 2. Theory and Literature Review 3. Experiment P rocedures 4. Results and Discussion 5. Conclusions

3. 3 Statistics on assaulted and killed Police Officers Risk Works I mportant of ballistics v ests T he hemp law and h emp f abrics in Thailand Statements and significance of the problems. 1. Introduction NIJ Standard-0101.07 Handgun

4. This is the NEWS of the death of a policeman. Cha-am police died from arresting drug offenders and both died. Pol.Snr.Sgt.Maj . Udom Plusmee Police halt a fight between a teenager who was shot dead by an unknown weapon in a police uniform. Pol.Snr.Sgt.Maj . Anan Orsuwan A drug dealer, while carrying more than 4,000,000 methamphetamine tablets, fired a gun at Pol.Maj . Pibulpan Sukhumnont , the investigative inspector of the Fang Police Station, to his death. 4 Risk Works

5. 5 Drunk man shot Pol.Capt . Isarapong Kulchinda , Deputy Inspector Nong Kham, Sriracha District, Chalubri Province, died while quelling the incident. Pol.Lt . Kasem Chimpali , deputy inspector general of the 3rd Division, arrested a gang of drug traffickers and shot at the police. The police hit the middle of the chest for 1 shot. He said that he was lucky that wearing b ulletproof vests did not die. The assailants shot and killed Pol.Sub-Lt. Charnwit Ditcharoen , deputy inspector of the Suphan Buri Provincial Police Station, while on duty. and the villain fled. รองสารวัตรถูกหนุ่มเมายายิงเสียชีวิต This is the NEWS of the death of a policeman.

6. Data from the Armed Forces Office, Royal Thai Police Year deaths injuries Loss Value (Million Baht) 2017 (2560) 36 301 33 2018 (2561) 21 185 18 2019 (2562) 52 234 30 2020 (2563) 26 244 24 2021 (2564) 32 512 27 2022 ( 2565) 18 270 15 Sep. 2023 13 154 12 198 1,900 159 Statistics on Assaulted and Killed police officers in the line of duty 6 Pol.Lt.Gen . Yingyot Thepchamnong

7. FBI Releases Statistics for Law Enforcement Officers Assaulted and Killed in the Line of Duty 59 police officers were killed in the line of duty from January 2021 through September 2021. 2,744 officers were assaulted with firearms; 6.1% were injured. 1,180 officers were assaulted with knives or other cutting instruments; 9.7% were injured. The remaining 11,760 officers were assaulted with other types of dangerous weapons; 16.8% of these officers were injured FBI 7 In the United States, police death is very important . I mportant of ballistics v ests

8. water , liquid . I mportant of ballistics v ests 8 Reference:  Gregory Nellis and Sanford Klein. (2009). Heat Transfer.   New York . (621-622).

9. Thailand, T he hemp law is now a final approval from the Ministry of Public Health and the Council of State for the utilization of hemp.

10. NIJ Standard Handgun Blunt trauma refers to bruises that must be at a level that the human body can tolerate blunt trauma. Black Face Signature is used to measure the penetration of a bullet. It is in millimeters, and can collapse into not more than 44 mm. .22 .380 .38 super 9mm .357 Magnum .40 S&W .45 ACP .44 Magnum 7.62x3 9 7.62x51 10 U nreliable In 2022

11. NIJ Standard Handgun NIJ Standard-0101.07 In 2024

12. O bjective The appropriate factors for the fabrication of ballistic armor from hemp fabric combined with reinforced materials to protect against Level 2 NIJ HG1 handgun threats. 12

13. Hypotheses Considerations regarding the utilization of ballistic vests that met established standards while serving government officials were examined  = The safety and protection of government officials' lives 13

14. A Study of Optimal Factor in Utilization of Fabric Hemp for the Ballistic Armor NIJ Handgun Threat Levels 2 NIJ HG1 Design of Experiment (DOE) factorial to find appropriate factors + NIJ standard for protection against handgun bullets ( NIJ Standard-0101.07) + Testing a prototype bulletproof armor plate by firing a bullet.   Research on bulletproof vest materials and reinforcing materials (International and in Thailand) + High-strength hemp fiber research + FBI standards for measuring bullet depth in artificial materials or gelatin test bullet A prototype bulletproof armor plate made from hemp fabric combined with reinforced materials can actually protect against level 2 threats as hypothesized. Protects against handgun bullets size .22 LR, .38 Super, 9 mm., .40 S&W, .45 ACP and .357 Magnum. Prototype bulletproof armor plate From carbon Kevlar material in automotive accessories, protection against level 2A threats + Thai Petty Patent No. 9250 + Silver Award Thailand Research Expo 2020 Award 14 C oncepts and theories

15. Conceptual Framework A Study of Optimal Factor in Utilization of Fabric Hemp for the Ballistic Armor NIJ Handgun Threat Levels 2 NIJ HG1 Reinforcement considerations involving Carbon-Kevlar for improved protection against handgun bullets. Considerations for determining the optimal number of layers of hemp fabric for protection against handgun bullets. Factors affecting the efficacy of polyethylene-coated hemp fabric in safeguarding against handgun bullets. Standardized prototype innovation Life protection Reputation for the institute in innovation, engineering and technology Morale and stability of Thailand Initial variable Dependent variable Criteria for the appropriate positioning of front, back, and sandwich epoxy hemp fabric materials to enhance protection from handgun bullets.

16. 1. Conducted comprehensive studies and testing on hemp fabric materials , suitable patterns for arranging reinforcement material layers within epoxy-composite hemp fabric and polyethylene-coated hemp fabric for enhanced protection against handgun bullets at Level 2 or NIJ HG1 standards. The assessment involved measuring bullet penetration depth in ballistic gelatin, which adhered to FBI standards . 2. Utilized the findings from investigating pertinent material factors to develop a prototype ballistic armor for crafting bulletproof vests using hemp fabric combined with reinforcing materials. Subsequently, the prototype is to rigorous testing to evaluate its efficacy in protecting against bullet threats at Level 2 NIJ HG1 standards as per NIJ Standard–0101.07. Research Scope

17. 17 Design of experiment Experimental The Regression Model Ballistic gelatin FBI block . Materials and methods Analysis and discussion of results Pre-Prototype

18. 2. Theory and Literature Review 2.1 Ballistic Armor Materials 2.2 Standards and Testing Approaches for Ballistic Vests 2.3 Hemp Fabric 2.4 Factorial Design of Experiments 2.5 Literature Review

19. 3.1 The Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.4 Materials and Equipment 3.2 Design of Experiment 3.3 Experiment Procedures 3. Methodology

20. 3.1 The mechanical properties of materials Materials Equivalent diameter (  m) Hemp fabric 251 . 1590 Carbon 120 . 6852 Kevlar 132 . 4913   Mechanical Properties Materials Hemp fabric Polyethylene-Coated Hemp Fabric Carbon- Kevlar Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Gram per square ( GSM) 230.40 336.00 160 200 300 Tensile Strength (MPa) 265.30 350.20 401.38 423.67 661.72

21. Hemp fabric Carbon Kevlar Equivalent diameter of materials (  m) x50

22. 3.2 Design of experiment 3.2.1 Investigating Optimum Factors for Designing Ballistic Vests Using Hemp Fabric Materials. 3.2.2 The experimental of the arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites is detailed. 3.2.3 The experimental of hemp fabrics coated with polyurethane. 3.2.4 Experimental Investigation of Ballistic Capabilities in Carbon-Kevlar Composites. 3.2.5 D evelopment of a Prototype Bulletproof Armor Plate for Testing. The research uses a Single-Factor Analysis , Correlation and Regression Analysis. The research uses a 2 k factorial Designed at a 95% confidence level. The research uses a 3 k factorial Designed at a 95% confidence level . The research uses a 3 k factorial Designed at a 95% confidence level and Regression Analysis. The research uses a reference on NIJ Standard-0101.07 . (Bullet type and bullet size)

23. (A) Number of Layers ( Layers ) (B) Type of hemp fabric type 1 (m.) type 2 (m.) 16 32 64 96 128 136 (A) Number of Layers ( Layers ) (B) Type of hemp fabric type 1 (m.) type 2 (m.) 16 32 64 96 128 136 Penetration depth for Materials (m.) 3.3 Experiment Procedures 3.3.1 Investigating Optimum Factors for Designing Ballistic Vests Using Hemp Fabric Materials   12 results Single-Factor Analysis

24. 3.3.2 The experimental of the arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites is detailed. ( A) The arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites. (B) The bullets Type 9 mm .40 S&W F B S ( A) The arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites. (B) The bullets Type 9 mm .40 S&W F B S Penetration depth for Materials (m.) "F" denotes the Front position "B" represents the Back position "S" indicates the Sandwich configuration.   12 results 2 k factorial Designed

25. 3.3.3 The experimental of hemp fabrics coated with polyurethane. (A) polyurethane-coated hemp fabrics (B) The number of layers (layers) 90 120 150 (C) The bullets size (C) The bullets size (C) The bullets size 9 mm .40 S&W 9 mm .40 S&W 9 mm .40 S&W NC C (A) polyurethane-coated hemp fabrics (B) The number of layers (layers) 90 120 150 (C) The bullets size (C) The bullets size (C) The bullets size 9 mm .40 S&W 9 mm .40 S&W 9 mm .40 S&W NC C Penetration depth for Materials (m.) The categorizations entail non-coated (NC) and representing the Coated condition (C)   24 results 3 k factorial Designed

26. 3.3.4 Experimental Investigation of Ballistic Capabilities in Carbon-Kevlar Composites.   (A) Gram Per Square Meter (B) Different layers (layers) 6 12 18 24 (C) Bullet size (grains) (C) Bullet size (grains) (C) Bullet size (grains) (C) Bullet size (grains) 115 124 115 124 115 124 115 124   160   200   300   (A) Gram Per Square Meter (B) Different layers (layers) 6 12 18 24 (C) Bullet size (grains) (C) Bullet size (grains) (C) Bullet size (grains) (C) Bullet size (grains) 115 124 115 124 115 124 115 124   160   200   300 Penetration depth for Materials (m.)   7 2 results 3 k factorial Designed

27. 3.3.5 D evelopment of a Prototype Bulletproof Armor Plate for Testing. No. Total number of layers consisting of polyurethane-coated hemp fabric and reinforced epoxy composites in sandwich (layer) Penetration Depth (m) 1 150 2 150 3 170 4 170 5 190 6 190 8 210 9 210 No. Total number of layers consisting of polyurethane-coated hemp fabric and reinforced epoxy composites in sandwich (layer) Penetration Depth (m) 1 150 2 150 3 170 4 170 5 190 6 190 8 210 9 210 3.3.5.1 Test results of prototype bulletproof armor using only hemp fabric material.   9 results

28. 3.3.5.2 Test results of a prototype bulletproof armor plate made from hemp fabric combined with carbon-Kevlar.   Test Ammunition Nominal Bullet Mass (grain) Nominal Bullet Mass (inches) Bullet Velocity (ft / s) Energy (J) Can be prevented Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Average 1) 9 mm FMJ Winchester USA by CZ SHADOW 2 115 . 350 ……. ……. 2) 9 mm JHP Hydra- Shok Federal by CZ SHADOW 2 124 . 350 ……. ……. 3) .357 Magnum FMJ NRC by S&W M686 158 0.357 ……. ……. 4) .45 ACP 230 grain CMJ Thai Arms by Kimber Custom LW  230 0.357 ……. …….   Test Ammunition Nominal Bullet Mass (grain) Nominal Bullet Mass (inches) Bullet Velocity (ft / s) Energy (J) Can be prevented Test No. 1 Test No. 2 Average 1) 9 mm FMJ Winchester USA by CZ SHADOW 2 115 . 350 ……. ……. 2) 9 mm JHP Hydra- Shok Federal by CZ SHADOW 2 124 . 350 ……. ……. 3) .357 Magnum FMJ NRC by S&W M686 158 0.357 ……. ……. 4) .45 ACP 230 grain CMJ Thai Arms by Kimber Custom LW  230 0.357 ……. …….   8 results

29. .45 ACP 9 mm 9 mm 9 mm .357 Magnum .40 S&W   Ammunition 1) 9 x 19 mm FMJ Winchester USA 2) 9 x 19 mm FMJ SIG Sauer (365) 3) 9 x 19 mm FMJ NRC 4) 9 x 19 mm JHP Hydra- Shok Federal 5) .40 S&W FMJ Bullet Master 6) .357 Magnum FMJ NRC 7) .45 ACP CMJ Thai Arms The authors did not receive any financial remuneration for carrying out the tests, which could have influenced the findings presented in this paper.

30. Comparison of gunshot injuries caused from Glock 17, 19 , Px4, CZ, S&W M686 and Kimber and Glock 17 Caliber 9 mm System Safe Action ® Mag . Capacity Standard : 17 Optional : 19 / 24 / 31 / 33 Barrel Length 114 mm | 4.49 inch Weight with empty magazine 705 g | 24.87 oz Weight with loaded magazine 915 g | 32.28 oz Trigger Pull 28 N Kimber Custom LW  Caliber .45 ACP System Safe Action ® Mag . Capacity Standard: 17 Barrel Length 127 mm | 5 inch Weight with empty magazine - Weight with loaded magazine 1,040 g | 36.68 oz Trigger Pull 24.5 N Beretta PX4 Storm Caliber .40 s&W System Safe Action ® Mag . Capacity Standard : 10 Barrel Length 102 mm | 4.02 inch Weight with empty magazine 785 g | 27. 7 oz Weight with loaded magazine - Trigger Pull 26 N CZ SHADOW 2 Caliber 9 mm System SA/DA Mag . Capacity Standard: 17+1 Barrel Length 125 mm | 4.89 inch Weight with empty magazine - Weight with loaded magazine 1.3 g | 46.50 oz Trigger Pull 28 N 31 Glock 19 Caliber 9 mm System Safe Action ® Mag . Capacity Standard : 15 Optional : 17 / 24 / 31 / 33 Barrel Length 102 mm | 4.02 inch Weight with empty magazine 670 g | 23.63 oz Weight with loaded magazine 855 g | 30.16 oz Trigger Pull 26 N S&W M686 Caliber .357 Magnu m System Safe Action ® Mag . Capacity Standard: 6 Barrel Length 15 2.4 mm | 6.00 inch Weight with empty - Weight with loaded 39.7 oz / 1,125.5g Trigger Pull 55.6 N

31. Ballistic gelatin FBI block 110 AUGUSTA ARBOR WAY, SUITE B GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA USA 29605 [email protected]

32. Re-Melting Instruction 1. Remove all foreign material from gelatin. 2. Tear or cut gelatin into small pieces and place in the steel mold . 3. Place mold into a heat source such as an oven or roaster . If a roaster is used , please cover it . 4. Heat for 4 hours or until all bubbles are gone from the center of the gelatin. Constant heat source to maintain 120°C to 132 °C. 5. Allow mold and gel atin to cool for 12 hours to shoot . 6. After the gel atin has cooled , remove the gel atin by standing the mold / gel on th e end , and place hand between the mold and gel while slowly pulling the gel atin out .

33. Single-Factor Analysis and Regression Analysis.   2 k factorial designed 3 k factorial designed and Regression Analysis. Literature review 2. 3. 4. 3 k factorial designed and Regression Analysis. 5. 6. 7. + Defense Examination 1. 8. 9. Q2 Q3 International Conference Infographics Presentation NIJ Standard-0101.07

34. 4. Results and Discussion

35. 4.1 Investigating Optimum Factors for Designing Ballistic Vests Using Hemp Fabric Materials 1. A firearm chronograph was positioned at a distance of 1 meters from the firearm's muzzle . [51] Riaan Stopforth and Sarp Adali . Experimental study of bullet - proofing capabilities of Kevlar, of different weights and number of layers, with 9 mm projectiles. Defence Technology , Vol.  15, No. 2, 2019 PP 186-192. The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI) References

36. position fabric hemp reinforced epoxy composite 10 layers fabric hemp reinforces epoxy composite fabric hemp Hemp fabric only reinforces in front 37 Type 1 Type 2

37. 2. D irectly measure the bullet velocity during test firing. 3. The hemp fabric samples were placed in front of the ballistic gelatin , which was positioned 2 meter s away from the chronograph . 4. The sample was shot with the projectile passing through the chronograph to measure its initial speed

38. 39 measured and recorded. 5. The penetration depth into the ballistic gelatin was measured and recorded. The 18 th Cavalry Squadron, the 3 rd Cavalry Regiment 1 st Cavalry Division at Fort Phokhun Pha Mueang in Phetchabun Province

39. The chosen ammunitions The Winchester USA 9 mm Luger 115 grain FMJ, The bullet attains an average velocity of 1,276 ft/s and carries an energy of 474 joules . 990 ft/s The most powerful ammunition

40. Results No. Number of layers Penetration depth for type 1 (m.) Penetration depth for type 2 (m.) 1. 16   2. 32   3. 64  0.972 4. 96 0.975 0.911 5. 128 0.941 0.818 6. 136 0.816 0.749 Table. 4.1 Penetration depth for materials  = the bullet that was through the gelatin block.

41. 4.1.1 Correlation and Regression Analysis An examination of the relationship between the number of layers of hemp fabric and the resistance to penetration of 9 mm bullets revealed a correlation. The results showed that the bullet's penetration decreased as the number of layers increased. Fig.4.2 Penetration depth for type 1 Fig. 4.3 Penetration depth for type 2

42. Correlation for type 2 hemp fabric, it was -0.972. These coefficients indicate that the number of layers to the bullet's penetration resistance has a higher slope of the graph.

43. Regression Analysis As a result, the calculated P-value of 0.028 led us to reject the null hypothesis. Statistically significant, the number of layers increases, the resistance to penetration also increases corresponded. P-value < 0.05 ( A confidence level of 95%) Fig. 4.4 The fitted line plot depicts the penetration depth for type 2

44. Regression Analysis it was established that the correlation equation between the number of layers and the penetrating strength of 9 mm bullets in hemp fabric type 2 aligned with the most suitable linear equation: Based on the experimental results, the analysis revealed an R-sq = 94.50% and an adjusted R-sq(adj) = 91.75% Hemp fabric R-sq(adj) value type 2 is generally expected to exceed 75% indicating that it is reliable . Penetration depth ( m ) = 1.171 - 0.002915( N )

45. minimum of 402 layers of hemp fabric type 2 the research identified that a minimum of 402 layers of Type 2 hemp fabrics were necessary to effectively halt projectiles. How many layers can be protected? 46

46. 4.2 The experimental arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites is detailed. Position fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites and a total of 150 layers.

47. Experimental layout and device positioning.

48.   Ammunition Bullet weight (grains) Bullet diameter (inches) Velocity (ft·s -1 ) Energy (J) 1) Winchester USA 9x19mm FMJ 115 . 35 1,212 509 2) Bullet Master .40 S&W FMJ 180 . 40 947 486 9 mm FMJ and .40 S&W FMJ The attributes and specifications of the ammunition used in the conducted tests. The 8 th Combat Engineer Battalion, both affiliated with the 3 rd Cavalry Regiment 1 st Cavalry Division at Fort Phokhun Pha Mueang in Phetchabun Province https://youtube.com/shorts/L6NsHPPqIUM?si=LNVEa-V_FIxU4WXn .

49. 4.2.1 The results of the experiments arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites. No. ( A) The arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites. (B) The bullets sizes Penetration Depth (m) 1 F 9 mm 0.493 2 F 9 mm 0.528 3 F .40 S&W 0.306 4 F .40 S&W 0.331 5 B 9 mm 0.518 6 B 9 mm 0.651 7 B .40 S&W 0.497 8 B .40 S&W 0.560 9 S 9 mm 0.343 10 S 9 mm 0.318 11 S .40 S&W 0.309 12 S .40 S&W 0.294 Table. 4.6 The results of the experiment arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites

50. Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F - Value P - Value Model 5 . 15778 . 031557 15 . 55 . 002   Linear 3 . 14252 . 047506 23 . 40 . 001     The arrangement of fabric - reinf 2 . 11694 . 058471 28 . 81 . 001     The bullets sizes 1 . 02558 . 025576 12 . 60 . 012   2 - Way Interactions 2 . 01526 . 007632 3 . 76 . 087     The arrangement of fabric - reinf * The bullet sizes 2 . 01526 . 007632 3 . 76 . 087 Error 6 . 01218 . 002030     Total 11 . 16996       Table 4.7 Analysis of Variance in the 2 k factorial experiment.

51. Fig.4.7 Pareto chart of the standardized effects.

52. Fig.4.8 Residual plots for penetration depth.

53. Fig.4.9 Main effects plot for penetration depth .

54. the 9 mm bullets exhibited superior average penetration compared to .40 S&W bullets with a 1.25 -fold advantage the optimal placement of a sandwich reinforcement is the most efficient configuration. Figure 4.11 the penetration depth within the arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites.

55. Back Front Figure 12 Materials depict front and back face damage post projectile impact. 4.2.2 Physical analysis

56. 4.2.2 Physical analysis Figure 13 The bullet trajectory deviation is shown with the strategic placement of the sandwich reinforcement layer. The sandwich arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites .

57. 4.3 The experimental of hemp fabrics coated with polyurethane.

58. https://youtube.com/shorts/L6NsHPPqIUM?si=LNVEa-V_FIxU4WXn .   Ammunition Bullet weight (grains) Bullet diameter (inches) Velocity (ft·s -1 ) Energy (J) 1) Winchester USA 9x19mm FMJ 115 . 35 1,212 509 2) Bullet Master .40 S&W FMJ 180 . 40 947 486 The 8 th Combat Engineer Battalion, both affiliated with the 3 rd Cavalry Regiment 1 st Cavalry Division at Fort Phokhun Pha Mueang in Phetchabun Province

59. No. (A) polyurethane-coated hemp fabrics (B) The number of layers (layers) (C) The bullets sizes Penetration Depth (m) 1 NC 90 9 mm 0.991 2 NC 90 9 mm 0.924 3 NC 90 .40 S&W 0.689 4 NC 90 .40 S&W 0.741 5 NC 120 9 mm 0.818 6 NC 120 9 mm 0.794 7 NC 120 .40 S&W 0.736 8 NC 120 .40 S&W 0.649 9 NC 150 9 mm 0.733 10 NC 150 9 mm 0.775 11 NC 150 .40 S&W 0.663 12 NC 150 .40 S&W 0.617 13 C 90 9 mm 0.799 14 C 90 9 mm 0.813 15 C 90 .40 S&W 0.661 16 C 90 .40 S&W 0.580 17 C 120 9 mm 0.782 18 C 120 9 mm 0.704 19 C 120 .40 S&W 0.601 20 C 120 .40 S&W 0.613 21 C 150 9 mm 0.699 22 C 150 9 mm 0.634 23 C 150 .40 S&W 0.547 24 C 150 .40 S&W 0.471 Table 4.8 The results of the experiments involved polyurethane-coated hemp fabrics.

60. Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F - Value P - Value Model 11 . 297712 . 027065 15 . 39 . 000   Linear 4 . 282889 . 070722 40 . 22 . 000     polyurethane - coated hemp fabric 1 . 062628 . 062628 35 . 61 . 000     The number of layers ( layers ) 2 . 070160 . 035080 19 . 95 . 000     The bullets size 1 . 150100 . 150100 85 . 36 . 000   2 - Way Interactions 5 . 012014 . 002403 1 . 37 . 303     polyurethane - coated hemp fabric * The number of layers ( layers ) 2 . 002527 . 001264 . 72 . 507     polyurethane - coated hemp fabric * The bullets size 1 . 000013 . 000013 . 01 . 932     The number of layers ( layers )* The bullet size 2 . 009473 . 004737 2 . 69 . 108   3 - Way Interactions 2 . 002810 . 001405 . 80 . 472     polyurethane - coated hemp fabric * The number of layers ( layers )* The bullets size 2 . 002810 . 001405 . 80 . 472 Error 12 . 021102 . 001759     Total 23 . 318815       Table 4.9 Analysis of Variance in the 3 k factorial experiment.

61. Fig.4.15 Pareto chart of the standardized effects.

62. Fig.4.16 Residual plots for penetration depth.

63. Fig.4.17 Main effects plot for penetration depth .

64. Fig.4.19 The graph displays the penetration depth corresponding to the number of layers in a hemp fabric. Trend analysis

65. Fig.4.20 The graph illustrates the depth of penetration for both polyurethane-coated and non-polyurethane-coated hemp fabric. polyethylene-coated hemp fabric outperformed non-coated hemp by 1.16 times in penetration resistance

66.   Ammunition Bullet weight (grain) Bullet diameter (inches) Velocity (FPS) Energy (J)   1) SIG Sauer (365) 9x19 mm FMJ 115 . 35 1154 461.18 2) NRC 9x19 mm FMJ 124 . 35 1127 474.27 https://www.youtube.com/shorts/GrGlXky2huE 4.4 Experimental Investigation of Ballistic Capabilities in Carbon-Kevlar Composites. The 8 th Combat Engineer Battalion, both affiliated with the 3 rd Cavalry Regiment 1 st Cavalry Division at Fort Phokhun Pha Mueang in Phetchabun Province

67. 115 grain 124 grain

68. No. (A) Gram Per Square Meter (GSM) (B) Different layers (layers) (C) Bullet size ( grains) Penetration depth (m) No. (A) Gram Per Square Meter (GSM) (B) Different layers (layers) (C) Bullet size ( grains) Penetration depth (m) 1 160 6 115 0.835 37 200 18 115 0.723 2 160 6 115 0.803 38 200 18 115 0.799 3 160 6 115 0.788 39 200 18 115 0.778 4 160 6 124 0.775 40 200 18 124 0.344 5 160 6 124 0.728 41 200 18 124 0.414 6 160 6 124 0.71 42 200 18 124 0.524 7 160 12 115 0.749 43 200 24 115 0.443 8 160 12 115 0.783 44 200 24 115 0.463 9 160 12 115 0.793 45 200 24 115 0.518 10 160 12 124 0.521 46 200 24 124 0.346 11 160 12 124 0.470 47 200 24 124 0.391 12 160 12 124 0.459 48 200 24 124 0.393 13 160 18 115 0.616 49 300 6 115 0.787 14 160 18 115 0.531 50 300 6 115 0.881 15 160 18 115 0.443 51 300 6 115 0.830 16 160 18 124 0.392 52 300 6 124 0.734 17 160 18 124 0.325 53 300 6 124 0.765 18 160 18 124 0.375 54 300 6 124 0.783 19 160 24 115 0.512 55 300 12 115 0.761 20 160 24 115 0.339 56 300 12 115 0.773 21 160 24 115 0.360 57 300 12 115 0.784 22 160 24 124 0.304 58 300 12 124 0.453 23 160 24 124 0.325 59 300 12 124 0.498 24 160 24 124 0.302 60 300 12 124 0.469 25 200 6 115 0.879 61 300 18 115 0.464 26 200 6 115 0.774 62 300 18 115 0.474 27 200 6 115 0.801 63 300 18 115 0.458 28 200 6 124 0.779 64 300 18 124 0.350 29 200 6 124 0.703 65 300 18 124 0.332 30 200 6 124 0.794 66 300 18 124 0.295 31 200 12 115 0.793 67 300 24 115 0.313 32 200 12 115 0.765 68 300 24 115 0.381 33 200 12 115 0.799 69 300 24 115 0.372 34 200 12 124 0.511 70 300 24 124 0.272 35 200 12 124 0.630 71 300 24 124 0.286 36 200 12 124 0.611 72 300 24 124 0.377 Table 4.11 Result summary of the tests.

69. Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F - Value P - Value Model 23 2 . 60804 . 113393 54 . 73 . 000   Linear 6 2 . 36313 . 393855 190 . 09 . 000     Gram Per Square Meter ( GSM ) 2 . 10657 . 053287 25 . 72 . 000     Number of layers 3 1 . 81083 . 603610 291 . 33 . 000     Bullet size (grs) 1 . 44573 . 445725 215 . 13 . 000   2 - Way Interactions 11 . 20231 . 018392 8 . 88 . 000     Gram Per Square Meter ( GSM )* Number of layers 6 . 07135 . 011891 5 . 74 . 000     Gram Per Square Meter ( GSM )* Bullet size (grs) 2 . 00322 . 001608 . 78 . 466     Number of layers * Bullet size (grs) 3 . 12775 . 042584 20 . 55 . 000   3 - Way Interactions 6 . 04260 . 007099 3 . 43 . 007     Gram Per Square Meter ( GSM )* Number of layers * Bullet size (grs) 6 . 04260 . 007099 3 . 43 . 007 Error 48 . 09945 . 002072     Total 71 2 . 70749       Table 4.12 Analysis of Variance in the 3 k factorial experiment.

70. Fig.4.22 Pareto chart of the standardized effects.

71. Fig.4.23 Residual plots for penetration depth.

72. Fig.4.24 Main effects plot for penetration depth .

73. Fig.4.25 Interaction plot for penetration depth.

74. Fig.4.26 Trend analysis plot for penetration depth.

75. Fig. 4 . 32 Depicts front and back face damage post 9mm FMJ impact aspect occurs at varying levels of 160, 200, and 300 GSM.

76. penetration depth (m) = 1.0413 - 0.02899 the number of layers Regression Analysis. penetration depth (m) = 1.0413 - 0.02899 (N) = 0 m a minimum of 36 layers of 300 GSM carbon-Kevlar was necessary to effectively halt 9 mm Parabellum projectiles. Model Summary S R-sq R-sq(adj) 0.0455180 96.33% 94.57%

77. 4.5 D evelopment of a Prototype Bulletproof Armor Plate for Testing . 4 . 5 . 1 Test results of prototype bulletproof armor using only hemp fabric material. 4 . 5 . 2 Test results of a prototype bulletproof armor plate made from hemp fabric combined with carbon-Kevlar.

78. The optimal factor in the utilization of hemp fabrics coated with polyurethane. The optimal factor in the utilization of hemp fabric materials. The optimal factor in the arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites is detailed. 79 1 2 3   Test Ammunition Nominal Bullet Mass (grain) Nominal Bullet Mass (inches) Required Bullet Velocity (ft / s) Energy (J) 1) 9 x 19 mm FMJ Winchester USA 115 . 350 1,276 ± 30ft/s 563.60 Prototype 4 . 5 . 1 Test results of prototype bulletproof armor using only hemp fabric material.

79. The arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites are Sandwich Fabric hemp fiber reinforced epoxy composite 10-layer, total = 30 -layer Hemp fabric minimum of 60, 70, 80, 9 -layerI 60, 70, 80, 90 -layer, total = 120, 140, 160 and 180 -layer Total weight 2.5-3.0 kg / plate Total Length 12, 13, 14 and 15 cm. / plate A total of 150, 170, 190 and 210 layers Test results of prototype bulletproof armor using only hemp fabric material.

80. No. Total number of layers consisting of polyurethane-coated hemp fabric and reinforced epoxy composites in sandwich (layer) Penetration Depth (m) 1 150 0.343 2 150 0.318 3 170 0.307 4 170 0.242 5 190 0.134 6 190 0.093 8 210 0.000 9 210 0.000 S R - sq R - sq ( adj ) R - sq ( pred ) . 0347473 94 . 83 % 93 . 97 % 91 . 88 % Penetration Depth = 1.2169 - 0.005762 (N) (4 . 4) - Experimental results: At least 210 layers to protect against 9 mm bullets. - Regression equation: at least 212 layers to protect against 9 mm bullets Regression equation Model Summary

81. The results of the experiment, it was found that at least 210 layers of hemp fabric material must be used to effectively protect against 9 mm bullets.

82. The optimal factor in the utilization of hemp fabrics coated with polyurethane. The optimal factor in the utilization of hemp fabric materials. Optimal Factor in weights and the number of layers of carbon-Kevlar composites for ballistic capabilities. The optimal factor in the arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites is detailed. Armor Type Test Ammunition Nominal Bullet Mass Required Bullet Velocity II 9mm FMJRN .357 Mag JSP 8.0g 10.2g 1,305ft/s ± 30 ft/s (398m/s ± 9.1 m/s) 1,340ft/s ± 30 ft/s (408m/s ± 9.1 m/s) 83 1 2 3 4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAZz9Vo9PGU Prototype 4 . 5 . 2 Test results of a prototype bulletproof armor plate from hemp fabric combined with carbon-Kevlar.

83. Fabric hemp fiber reinforced epoxy composite 10-layer, total = 30 -layer Hemp fabric minimum of 48 -layer, 48 -layer, total = 96 -layer Carbon-Kevlar of 300 GSM minimum of 30 layers The arrangement of fabric-reinforced hemp epoxy composites are Sandwich Total weight 2.0 kg/ plate Total Length 7.5 cm. / plate A total of 156 layers The shooting galleries of Khaokeaw Shooting Academy in Nakhon Sawan Province.

84.   Test Ammunition Nominal Bullet Mass (grain) Nominal Bullet Mass (inches) Required Bullet Velocity (ft / s) Energy (J) Can be protected Test 1 Test 2 1) 9 x 19 mm FMJ Winchester USA by CZ SHADOW 2 115 . 350 1,276 ± 30ft/s 563.60   2) 9 x 19 mm JHP Hydra- Shok Federal by CZ SHADOW 2 124 . 350 1,117 465.68   3) .357 Magnum FMJ NRC by S&W M686 158 0.357 1,106 581.75   4) .45 ACP 230 grain CMJ Thai Arms by Kimber Custom LW  230 0.357 815 459.84   Armor Type Test Ammunition Nominal Bullet Mass Required Bullet Velocity II 9mm FMJRN .357 Mag JSP 8.0g 10.2g 1305ft/s ± 30ft/s 398m/s ± 9.1m/s 1340ft/s ± 30ft/s 408m/s ± 9.1m/s NIJ Standard-0101.07

85. Can be protected

86. 5. Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Work .

87. 1) Based on estimations , a minimum of 402 layers of hemp fabric type 2 hemp fabric was required to halt a 9 mm parabellum projectile fired from a subcompact handgun . 2) T he sandwich configuration displayed the most favorable performance in terms of limiting penetration depth, succeeded by the front and rear configurations, respectively. Likewise, experiments utilizing larger .40 S&W bullets indicated that employing a reinforced epoxy hemp composite in the frontal position yielded the least penetration depth. The sandwich configuration sequentially followed this and then the rear configuration.

88. 3) Utilizing polyurethane-coated hemp fabric across each layer demonstrates a marked enhancement in penetration resistance compared to uncoated required to halt a 9 mm parabellum projectile . t he polyethylene-coated hemp fabric outperformed non-coated hemp by 1.16 times in penetration resistance 4) I t has been estimated that a minimum of 36 layers of 300 GSM carbon-Kevlar was necessary to halt 9 mm Parabellum projectiles effectively.

89. 5) Noteworthy is the fact that 9 mm bullets showcased penetration depths 1.25 times greater than those of their .40 S&W counterparts and the 115-grain bullets with a 1.32-times advantage over the 124-grain bullets 6) Integrate factors from experiments for a Level 2 NIJ HG1-compliant bulletproof plate prototype, and confirm it requires a minimum of 156 layers for effective projectile stopping. However , for enhanced safety measures , it was recommended to add more layers.

90. hemp fabric type 2, a minimum of 402 layers was required to halt a 9 mm projectile . The polyethylene-coated hemp fabric exceeded non-coated hemp by 1.16 times in penetration resistance. 9 mm bullets penetrated 1.25 times deeper than .40 S&W bullets the sandwich configuration displayed the most favorable performance in terms of limiting penetration depth. a minimum of 36 layers of 300 GSM carbon-Kevlar was necessary to halt 9 mm Parabellum projectiles effectively. ( the 115 grain bullets with a 1.32-times advantage for the 124 grain bullets) DOP (m) = 0.890-0.00370 (N) The conclusions of the research Infographics Presentation Prototype A minimum of 156 layers of hemp fabric combined with carbon-Kevlar can protect against 9 mm and .357 Mag JSP bullets for a Level 2 NIJ HG1-compliant bulletproof plate prototype. 06 A minimum of 210 layers of hemp fabric material must protect against 9 mm bullets for a Level 2 NIJ HG1-compliant bulletproof plate prototype. 07

91. Suggestion for Further Work Tested by NIJ Standard LAB Lightweight ballistic amor. Up level to NIJ HG2 (NIJ 3A). bulletproof shields, bulletproof walls and bulletproof helmet. Application NIJ Standard Up level Lightweight Utilization Utilization

92. Bulletproof vests tested by NIJ Standard. MILITARY EXPLOSIVES FACTORY, Defence Industry Department, Ministry of Defense . 94 Suggestion for Further Work

93. 95 Suggestion for Further Work Prototype and Utilization.

94. Problems and Obstacles

95. 1. International journals : Results in Materials Tannachart Wantang , Manop Pipathattakul and Fasai Wiwatwongwana . Experimental Investigation of Ballistic Capabilities in Carbon-Kevlar Composites: Effects of Weight and Layer Variations Against 9 mm Projectiles. Results in Materials , Vol. 20, December 2023 PP 100464. Scopus Q2 and SJR ( SCImago Journal Rank) Q2

96. 2. International journals : Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals (JMMM)  Tannachart Wantang , Manop Pipathattakul and Fasai Wiwatwongwana . Sustainable Innovation in Bulletproof Vest Design: Exploration of Polyurethane-Coated Hemp Fabrics and Sandwich Composites Against 9 mm and .40 S&W Bullets. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals (JMMM) , Vol. 33, No.4, December 2023 PP 1830. Scopus Q3, SJR ( SCImago Journal Rank) Q3 and Web of Science.

97. 3. The 15 th International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Well-Being (STISWB2023) Tannachart Wantang , Manop Pipathattakul and Fasai Wiwatwongwana . Investigating Optimum Factors for Designing Bulletproof Vests Using Hemp Fabric Materials. The 15 th International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Well-Being (STISWB2023) Souphanouvong  University , Luang Prabang, Lao P.D.R. 9-10 August 2023 PP 189 – 194 .

98. Invention name Bulletproof armor plate of polyurethane-coated hemp fabrics and reinforced sandwich epoxy composites. แผ่นเกราะกันกระสุนจากผ้าใยกัญชงเคลือบพอลิเอทิล ีน ร่วมกับ วัสดุเสริมรับแรงแบบแซนด์วิช 4. Application for registration of Thailand P etty patent . Department of Intellectual Property

99. Summary of Publication Articles Infographics Presentation

100. Acknowledgements   The research has been acknowledged by esteemed organizations, including the Department of Advanced Manufacturing Technology , the shooting galleries of the 18 th Cavalry Squadron and the 8 th Combat Engineer Battalion, both affiliated with the 3 rd Cavalry Regiment 1 st Cavalry Division at Fort Phokhun Pha Mueang in Phetchabun Province, as well as the shooting galleries of Khaokeaw Shooting Academy in Nakhon Sawan Province. Significantly, Acting Capt. Wittawat KONGSIRIKORN, Mr. Winai JANLA and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kan Koomsab .

101. 104 ขอบคุณครับ