Abbas seminar for master degree nangrhar.pptx

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2. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Ministry of Higher Education Nangarhar University Agriculture Master Program in Agronomy د شول و په حاصل باندي د بوټو او قطارونو ترمنځ د فاصلو اغیزي Prepared by: Naimatullah sabawoon , MSc student of Agronomy Department Instructor Professor : Ph.D. Dr Kifyatullah kakar Guide Professor : Ph.D. Dr. Asmatullah Durani Date: 5/6/2024 2

3. د مطالبو لنډیز 3

4. Objectives د شولو باره کی د پوهی تر لاسه کول ( Oryza Sativa. L ) . د شولو په حاصل باندی د بوټو او قطارونو ترمنځ مناسب فاصله مطالعه ( Oryza Sativa. L ) . د شولو د بوټو او قطاروتو ترمنځ د اقتصادی فاصلی په نښه کول ( Oryza Sativa. L 4

5. د شولو پیژندنه د غنمو څخه وروسته د غذائې موادو له نظره وریجی ډیری مهمې دانی دي چې په نړئ کې د انسانانو د خوراکې موادو تهیه کولو دپاره کرل کیږی په نړئ کې د وریجو کښت لاندي ساحي د (۱۹۹۳) کال د راپور پراساس په حدود د (۱۴۷،۵) میلیون هکتاره ده. او نیږدی په ټوله نړئ کې کښت او محصول تولیدوي . The Oryza genus has 24 species, 22 species are wild and two domestic . وریجی د پروتین، کاربوهایدریت، شحم او ویټامینونو لرونکي دي او د نشایستی له نظره ډیر غنی (بډای) دي . https://www.slideshare.net 5

6. classification Kingdom:  Plantae Division:  Magnoliophyta Class:  Liliopsida Order:  Cyperales Family:  Gramineae Genus:  Oryza Species:  Sativa Subspecies:  Indica 6

7. د وریجو ستر تولیدونکی هیوادونه اروپایی هیوادونه اسیایی هیوادونه ایتالیا بنګلدیش یونان ایران فرانسه اندونیزیا هس پانیه چین پرتګال جاپان چکسوالواکیا افغانستان روسیه هندوستان مجرارستان سرلنکا 7

8. په نړۍ کې د وریجو ستر صادرونکی هیوادونه د تولید اندازه په فیصدی هیوادونه ۲۳ سلنه چین ۲۲ سلنه امریکا ۲۱ سلنه تایلنډ ۸.۸ سلنه پاکستان ۴،۴ سلنه ایتالیا ۳.۵ سلنه برما ۲.۶ سلنه شمالی کوریا 8

9. د وریجو کیمیاوی ترکیب components Percentage Water اوبه ۱۴-۱۵ Carbohydrates نشایسته 75-85% Protein پروتین 7-9 % Fibber سلولوز 1-2 % Lipids سحمیات 1-2 % Minerals معدنی مواد Potassium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Zinc. Vitamins ویتامینونه B1, vit A and B6. 9 https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/chemical

10. د شولو نباتی خصوصیات وریجی د ( Gramineae ) د کورن ئ د نباتاتوله ډلی څخه دي معمولاً یو کلن او د لنډو ورځو نبات دي. ځینې انواعي ئې په مناسب محیط کې څوکلن هم کیدلاي شي چې مختلفی برخی ئې پلاندی ډول سره دي ریښه (Root ) تنه (Stem ) پاڼه (Leaf ) وږی (Panicle ) ګرده افشانی (Pollination) دانه (Seed ) 10

11. د کرنیزو وریجو انواع ( Oriza sativa ver. Indica ) : دا نوعه په پراخه پیمانه په استوائې سیموکې کرل او زرغونیږی. ( Indica ) ګروپ وریجی اکثراً اوږدی دانی لري یعنی (Long grain) دي. ( Oryaza sativa variety japonica) : د دي ګروپ وریجو انواعی د لنډو دانو لرونکي د جاپان، کوریا او شمالی چین بومی یا اصلی یا پخوانی وریجی دي. 11

12. د وریجو اقلیمی شرایط : Rice is basically a tropical & sub-tropical crop. It prefers hot & humid climate. Average temperature for growth of rice is 21-37 ℃ throughout its lifecycle. Tillering requires a little bit higher temperature. Flowering- 30-33 ℃ Ripening- 20-25 ℃ 12 https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/chemical

13. د وریجو لپاره مناسبی خاوری: Clay to clay loam soil are the best textured soil for rice cultivation. Ideal pH requirement is 5.5-6.5. د شولو د کرلو وخت: In general, there are three seasons of growing rice in India such as: Planting : May-June ------------- harvesting : Sept-oct Planting : June-July ------------- harvesting : Nov-dec Planting: Dec-Jan ------------- harvesting : March-April https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/rice1pptx/265772581 13 https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/chemical

14. د شولو د کرلو طریقی Direct seeded ( 80-100kg/ha) Transplanted ( 40-45kg/ha ) SRI Direct seeding Dry seeding Wet seeding https://www.slideshare.net/UdayShah40/complete-rice-cultivationpptx 14

15. Yield: The average yields vary from 4-5 tons/ha. In some countries like Australia and in Egypt, the yield can increase to an amazing 10- 12 tons or more per hectare. https://www.slideshare.net/UdayShah40/complete-rice-cultivationpptx 15

16. Review of literature 16

17. د شولو په حاصل باندی د بوټو او قطارونو ترمنځ د فاصلو اغیزی 17

18. 18 Crop Establishment Explanation Place Manual transplanting Shallow transplanting of young seedlings, singly and in wide spacing. Most common SRI practice Most countries where SRI is practised Machine transplanting Using machine transplanters modified to plant 1 seedling at shallow depth Cuba, India Semi-mechanical transplanting Several workers aboard a moving tractor conducting the task Pakistan Kadiramangalam Re-transplanting 30 day old seedlings, singly, which were transplanted earlier at 15 days Cauvery Delta, India Direct seeding Direct seeding of pre-germinated seeds, thinning by weeding at 20 days to acquire a square spacing pattern of single plants Sri Lanka Broadcasting seedlings Broadcasting 10 day old seedlings thinning by weeding 10 days later to acquire a square spacing pattern of single plants Tamilnadu , India No-till raised beds Transplanting on no-till raised beds Sichuan, China Table 4. Crop establishment in SRI ( Anizan et al ., 2012)

19. 19 Crop establishment method Plant height (cm) Panicles per hill Spikelets per panicle % filled grains 100 grain weight (g) Yield Transplanting 116.2(10.1) 25.1(4.1) 175.3(35.2) 87.8(5.80) 2.88(0.11) 12.36(3.21) Direct seeding 100.1(9.2) 17.8(6.3) 149.5(35.2) 88.2(4.81) 2.62(0.21) 6.91(2.96) L.S.D 0.05 4.3* 2.4* 15.7* 2.37 n.s 0.6* 1.4* Table 5. Yield component comparison between transplanting and direct seeding Standard deviations are given in parentheses (n = 40, variety MR219) * =significant, n.s = not significant ( Anizan et al ., 2012)

20. 20 Treatment Plant height No. of tillers Normal 1000-grain Paddy yield Harvest T 1: Transplanting 110.2 a 178.4 a 89.06 a 23.17 a 3.23 a 32.84 a T 2: Direct seeding (dry seed) with drill in " watter " condition 108.2 b 97.0 b 89.51 a 20.25 b 2.22 c 23.63 c T 3: Direct seeding (dry seed) by broadcast in standing water 102.6 e 103.6 b 87.60 b 20.30 b 2.87 b 20.87 d T 4: Direct seeding (24 hours water soaked seed) by broadcast in standing water. 103.9 d 101.2 b 85.42 c 20.02 b 2.75 b 22.31 c T 5: Direct seeding (36 hours water soaked seed) by broadcast in standing water. 105.5 c 96.2 b 85.57 c 20.50 b 2.36 c 28.51 b T 6: Direct seeding (48 hours water soaked seed) by broadcast in standing water. 107.1 b 94.0 b 82.28 d 19.62 b 2.22 c 28.02 b LSD 1.17 21.01 1.01 0.98 0.33 2.50 Table I. Effect of direct seeding and transplanting methods on yield of fine rice Basmati-370 Any two means not sharing a letter in common differ significantly at 5% probability level harvest index and followed by T 5 and T 6 which were at par with each other. The lowest harvest index (20.87%) was obtained in T 3 . ( EHSANULLAH et al ., 2000)

21. 21 Planting method No. of plants m -2 Plant height (cm) No. of productive tillers (m -2 ) No. of grains panicle -1 1000-grain weight (g) Paddy yield (t ha -1 ) Drilling of dry seed in well prepared dry soil followed by irrigation (22.5 cm row spacing) 72.2 a 111.7 b 361.6 a 107.6 a 21.71 4.60 a Drilling of dry seed on raised beds with seeding machine 71.1 a 112.2 b 343.2 a 105.3 a 21.87 4.36 a Broadcasting of soaked seed in well prepared seed bed after ‘rauni’ 69.7 a 112.8 ab 348.5 a 104.8 a 21.23 4.47 a Broadcasting of pre-germinated seed in wet puddled soil 71.4 a 112.7 ab 287.8 b 91.3 b 21.11 3.51 b Farmers conventional transplanting 14.6 c 117.2 a 227.3 c 106.4 a 21.92 3.68 b Mechanized transplanting 21.8 b 117.9 a 341.7 a 107.9 a 22.31 5.17 a Table 2: Effect of rice planting methods on paddy yield and yield contributing par ameters of rice crop Means sharing same letter within a column do not differ significantly at P ≤ 0.05 ( Rana Inayat Ali et al ., 2012)

22. 22 Planting methods Cost of production (Rs. ha -1 ) Income (Rs. ha -1 ) Net income (Rs. ha -1 ) Cost-benefit ratio Drilling of dry seed in well prepared dry soil followed by irrigation (22 cm row spacing) 101764 141422 39658 1:1.38 Drilling of dry seed on raised beds with seeding machine 101784 134615 32831 1:1.32 Broadcasting of soaked seed in well prepared seed bed after ‘rauni’ 100776 138011 37235 1:1.36 Broadcasting of pre-germinated seed in wet puddled soil 105222 108402 3180 1:1.03 Farmers conventional transplanting 105469 113620 8151 1:1.07 Mechanized transplanting 125965 159624 33659 1:1.26 Table 4: Cost of production, cost-benefit ratio and net income comparison between farmer’s conventional transplanting and other crop establish ment methods ( Rana Inayat Ali et al ., 2012)

23. 23 Variety   Angle of inclination of stem (8) SRI CTS Mean Khandagiri 69.7 80.7 75.2 Lalat 69.5 81.3 75.4 Surendra 69.4 79.2 74.3 CRHR-7 67.8 79.0 73.4 Savitri 66.4 77.5 72.0 Mean (SRI change) 68.6 79.6 (713.8%) LSD 0.05 Practice (P)   2.6   Variety (V)   2.5   P 6 V   ns   Table 4. Comparison of angles of inclination of stems (in degree) from horizontal in the canopy of different varieties under SRI and CTS at the early ripening stage. SRI system of rice intencification and CTS current transplanting system. ns, non-significant . ( Thakur et al ., 2011)

24. 24 Figure 1. Leaf area index (LAI) and light interception by canopy at flowering stage. Black and white bars represent LAI in SRI and CTS plots, respectively. Closed and open circles represent light interception in SRI and CTS plots, respectively. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation (n ¼ 6). ( Thakur et al ., 2011)

25. 25 Figure 2. Chlorophyll content of fourth leaf from top at early ripening stage for SRI and CTS plants. Black and white bars represent SRI and CTS, respectively. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation (n ¼ 6). ( Thakur et al ., 2011)

26. 26 Figure 3. The rate of photosynthesis of fourth leaf from top at early ripening stage for SRI and CTS plants. Black and white bars represent SRI and CTS, respectively. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation (n ¼ 6). ( Thakur et al ., 2011)

27. 27 Variety SRI CTS Mean SRI CTS Mean Khandagiri 9.21 3.23 6.22 230.2 213.2 221.7 Lalat 11.45 4.55 8.00 286.1 227.3 256.7 Surendra 12.05 5.92 8.98 301.2 295.8 298.5 CRHR-7 13.22 10.35 11.79 330.6 258.8 294.7 Savitri 15.29 6.55 10.92 382.3 216.2 299.2 Mean (SRI change) 12.24 6.12 (100.0%) 306.1 242.3 (26.3%) LSD 0.05 Practice (P)   0.46     13.3   Variety (V)   0.71     18.5   P 6 V   1.00     26.2   Table 5. Comparison of root dry weight (g) under SRI and CTS at the early ripening stage. Root dry weight (g hill 71 ) Root dry weight (g m 72 ) ( Thakur et al ., 2011)

28. 28 Anizan , I., Ahmad, A., Rosenani , A. B., & Jamil, H. (2012). SRI rice crop establishment. Ehsanullah , I. I., Ahmad, A., & Randhawa, S. A. (2000). Effect of direct seeding and transplanting methods on the yield and quality of fine rice Basmati-370. Indian Journal of Agroomy , 38, 547-550. Ali, R. I., Iqbal, N., Saleem , M. U., & Akhtar, M. (2012). Effect of different planting methods on economic yield and grain quality of rice. Int. J. Agric. Appl. Sci. Vol , 4(1). Thakur, A. K., Rath , S., & Kumar, A. (2011). Performance evaluation of rice varieties under the System of Rice Intensification compared with the conventional transplanting system. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 57(3), 223-238. Refrences

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