Abid Slides mphil Chemistry riphaha international university Faisalabad Campus.pptx

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1. GREEN SYNTHESIZED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES; APPLICATIONS TOWARDS SEED GERMINATION AND PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY Abid Hussain (Roll # 23485) M.Phil. in Chemistry

2. Supervisory Committee Supervisor 1: Dr. Muhammad Zuber

3. Contents Introduction and Need of the Study Review of Literature Objectives of the study Methodology Results and Discussion Applications References

4. 1. Introduction and Need of Study 1 Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers in size with unique physicochemical properties distinct from their bulk counterparts. High surface-to-volume ratio, leading to exceptional electrical, optical, and magnetic properties and enhanced reactivity. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Versatile with optical and photocatalytic properties. Green Synthesis: Eco-friendly, using plant extracts for non-toxic and cost-effective production. Emphasis on photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and enhancement of seed germination.

5. 1. Introduction and Need of Study cont.. Seed Germination: ZnO-NPs as nano-fertilizers to improve germination rates and plant growth. Photocatalytic Degradation: Efficient in breaking down toxic dyes, purifying wastewater. Optimization: Adjusting pH, nanoparticle dosage, and dye concentration for best results. Future Research: Focused on sustainable solutions for agriculture and water treatment. 2

6. 2. Literature review Shaker et al. (2020) Developed an efficient Ag-doped ZnO/sulfurized graphitic C 3 N 4 heterostructure photocatalyst using a hydrothermal method, enhancing methylene blue degradation under visible light. 7% Ag-doped ZnO combined with 25% S-g-C 3 N 4 achieved 97% degradation in 40 minutes, significantly outperforming 7% Ag-ZnO alone. Ameen, Dauwd, and Adhari (2021) Highlighted the versatility of nanoparticles, especially ZnO NPs, across various sectors due to their unique properties. Emphasized fungal-mediated synthesis for its eco-friendliness, underscoring ZnO NPs' indispensable role in commercial applications. 3

7. 2. Literature review Cherif et al. (2022) Focused on the synthesis and antibacterial capabilities of ZnO nanostructures, noting the shift in band energy in nanoparticles due to surface defects and nanoscale effects. Stressed the importance of synthesis methods and morphological characteristics in enhancing antibacterial activity. Muhammad (2023) Addressed food spoilage issues using ZnO -NPs for their biosafe, photocatalytic, and photo-oxidation properties. The study covers the synthesis, antibacterial potential, and application in meat packaging, highlighting the versatility of ZnO -NPs synthesized through various methods. 4

8. 3. Objectives Develop an eco-friendly method using ZnO-NPs for efficient Reactive Orange 13 (RO 13) dye removal from water. Explore the impact of green-synthesized ZnO-NPs on maize seed germination to understand environmental benefits in agriculture. Assess the adsorption capacity of ZnO-NPs for RO 13 dye, aiming to establish their effectiveness as a water purification agent. Investigate the influence of pH, nanoparticle dosage, and dye concentration on the dye removal efficiency to optimize ZnO-NP performance. 5

9. 4. Methodology 6 Steps: Preparation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ( ZnO -NPs) Using Lemon Peel Extract Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles with Fresh Lemon Peel Extract Preparation of 0.1M NaOH and 0.1M HCl Solutions Preparation of Reactive Orange 13 Dye Stock Solution Photocatalytic Degradation Experiment Setup Seed Germination Experiment Setup Characterization of Synthesized Nanoparticles UV-Vis Spectroscopy Analysis for Dye Degradation Centrifugation for Separation of ZnO from Dye Solutions Optimization of Photocatalytic Process Parameters (pH, ZnO -NPs dosage, dye concentration) UV Chamber Setup for Dye Degradation Experiments Measurement of Seedling Growth Parameters (Root and Shoot Length) Calculation of Seed Vigour Index

10. 4. Methodology 7 hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Reactive Orange 13 dye Zinc Oxide nanoparticles ( ZnO NPs) Fresh lemon peel extract ZnSO 4 .7H2O (Zinc sulfate heptahydrate) NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) HCl (Hydrochloric acid) Distilled water Glass Wares Beakers Stirring rod Conical flask Measuring cylinder Pipette Filter paper Equipment Magnetic stirrer Weight balance Aluminum foil Centrifuges machine Centrifuge tubes pH-meter UV chamber UV-Vis spectrophotometer Chemicals

11. 4. Methodology 9 Preparation of Solutions : ZnO Nanoparticles : Lemon peel was used to prepare ZnO -NPs. Lemon peel was collected, washed, dried, and dissolved in distilled water with Zn salt, heated, stirred, filtered, and cooled. Dye Solution : Reactive Orange 13 dye was dissolved in distilled water to prepare a 1000ppm stock solution and further dilutions. NaOH and HCl Solutions : Prepared by dissolving NaOH pellets and HCl acid in distilled water to create 0.1M solutions.

12. 4. Methodology 10 UV Chamber Utilization : A wooden UV chamber with a 40W, 220V UV light bulb was used for dye degradation experiments, ensuring safety measures to prevent unintended exposure. Photocatalytic Activity Testing : Dye samples were treated with ZnO nanoparticles under UV light. Samples were analyzed before and after treatment using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to check dye removal efficiency. Seed Germination Experiment : Maize seeds were soaked in different concentrations of ZnO NPs solutions and sown in prepared soil within petri dishes. Germination percentage, root, and shoot lengths were measured, and seed vigor index was calculated.

13. 4. Methodology 11 Optimization of Photocatalytic Process : Experiments were conducted to optimize pH, ZnO -NPs dosage, and dye concentration for the best photocatalytic activity. Characterization of Nanoparticles and Dye Degradation : UV-Vis spectroscopy was utilized for basic analysis of dye degradation, measuring the absorbance at the dye’s maximum wavelength to determine color removal efficiency. Formula Application : Dye removal efficiency was calculated using the formula: where C ​ is the initial dye concentration and C t ​ is the concentration after treatment.

14. 5. Results and Discussion 13 1. Effect of soaking method on maize seeds germination Figure 1: Process of seed germination

15. 5. Results and Discussion 14 2. Germination parameters Concentration of ZnO NPs Sample Shoot length in cm Root length in cm Number of leaves per plant Leaf Width in cm Root Width in cm Vigor Index Control 2 1.1 2 1.0 0.200 1566 20 ZnO 5.4 3.3 6 1.6 0.320 1825 50 ZnO 7.5 5.1 7 1.9 0.410 2228 100 ZnO 9.7 7.3 10 1.7 0.430 1957 Table 4.1: Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on germination parameters

16. 5. Results and Discussion 15 2. Maize seeds germination by using different concentrations of zinc oxide by NPS Figure 4.3 : Maximum no. of seeds germinations by using different concentration ZnO nanoparticles solutions

17. 5. Results and Discussion 16 3. UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Table 2: Physical Properties o f RO13 dye UV-Vis. Spectrophotometer Figure 4.5: UV-Vis. spectra of Reactive Orange 13 dye

18. 5. Results and Discussion 17 4. Effect of pH pH

19. 5. Results and Discussion 18 Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles dose ZnO Concentration % Dye Removal

20. 5. Results and Discussion 19 Dye Concentration (ppm) % Dye Removal Effect of dye concentration

21. 6. Summary 25 Plant-Mediated Synthesis : Used lemon peel for eco-friendly ZnO-NP production. Achieved pure, stable nanoparticles for bioapplications. Seed Germination : ZnO NPs improved maize germination and growth. Potential future fertilizer without negative impact on germination. Enhanced crop quality for nutrition at 100 ppm concentration. Photocatalytic Degradation : Effectively degraded Reactive Orange 13 dye. Photocatalytic efficiency varied with pH, dosage, and concentration. Environmental Impact : Reduced pollution from organic compounds and dyes in wastewater. ZnO NPs outperformed traditional pollution control methods. Research and Future Directions : Investigated different ZnO NP dosages and plant responses. Suggested broader ZnO-NP applications in crop improvement and water treatment.

22. 7. References Hara, K., Saito, A., Suzuyama, Y., Shigeno, Y., Koga, H., Watanabe, T., Okuno, K. (1985). Well controlled comparative clinical trial of sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) and cefotaxime (CTX) in the treatment of respiratory infections. Chemotherapy, 33 (2), 159-188. Sirén, H., & Riekkola, M.L. (1989). Separation and determination of metals as complexes of 1-nitroso-2-naphthol-6-suiphonic and 2-nitroso-1-naphthol-6-sulphonic acids. II. Liquid chromatography on c18 bonded and copolymer stationary phases. Microchimica Acta, 98 (1), 77-90. Shefer, N., Carmeli, M., & Rozen, S. (2007). General, fast, and high yield oxidation of thiols and disulfides to sulfonic and sulfinic acids using HOF· CH3CN. Tetrahedron Letters, 48 (46), 8178-8181.   26

23. 7. References Patil, R., Donde, K.J., Raut, S.S., Patil, V.R., & Lokhande, R.S. (2011). Synthesis, spectral and antimicrobial studies on mixed ligand Cu (II) complexes of Schiff base 2-amino-4-nitrophenol-N-salicylidene and some amino acids. J Pharm Res, 4 , 2256-2260. Khan, M., Yousaf, A.B., Chen, M., Wei, C., Wu, X., Huang, N., Li, L. (2016). Molybdenum sulfide/graphene-carbon nanotube nanocomposite material for electrocatalytic applications in hydrogen evolution reactions. Nano Research, 9 (3), 837-848. Anitha, C., Sumathi, S., Tharmaraj, P., & Sheela, C. (2011). Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of some transition metal complexes derived from novel hydrazone azo schiff base ligand. International Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2011 . Kaur, M., Yusuf, M., & Malik, A.K. (2022). Schiff Base-functionalized Metal–organic Frameworks for Selective Sensing of Chromate and Dichromate in Water. Journal of fluorescence , 1-15. Dixon, M., Kirichenko, V.V. e., Kurdachenko, L.A., Otal, J., Semko, N.N., Shemetkov, L.A., & Subbotin, I.Y. (2012). SN Chernikov and the development of infinite group theory. Algebra and Discrete Mathematics, 13 (2), 169-208. 27

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