ABORTION ppt presentation with Still birth, types of abortion

Abortion presentation

1. STILL BIRTH AND ABORTION

2. STILL BIRTH Still birth is the birth of a newborn after 28 completed weeks of gestation ( wt 1000gm or more) when the baby does not breathe or show any sign of life after delivery. Still birth rate is the number of such deaths per 1000 total births ( live and stillbirths)

3. CAUSES Birth asphyxia and trauma(30%) Pregnancy related complication s: • Abruptio Placenta •P re eclampsia /Eclampsia •Scar Dehiscense /U terine rupture •Gestational DM /DM Type 1/2 (30%) Fetal congenital malformation and chromosomal anomalies(15%) Infection s (5%) unknown(20%)

4. ABORTION Abortion is defined as the spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before fetal viability. The National Center for Health Statistics and the World Health Organization (WHO) define s A bortion as loss or termination of a pregnancy with a fetus less than 20 weeks of gestation & weighing <500 g. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2019b)defines this as a nonviable, intrauterine pregnancy ( I UP) within the first 12weeks of gestation that consists of either an empty gestational sac or one containing an embryo or fetus without fetal heart activity.

5. ETIOLOGY MATERNAL FACTORS: FETAL FACTORS: • AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS •ENDOCRINE FACTORS • CHROMOSOMAL ANOMALIES •UTERINE MALFORMATIONS/DEFECTS
•CERVICAL INSUFFICIENCY •STRUCTURAL ANOMALIES •PLACENTAL CAUSES •INFECTIONS •MEDICAL DISORDERS/VASCULOPATHIES

6. 1.Chromosomal anomalies : The risk of Abortion increases with maternal age which is an important independent risk factor for chromosomal errors, particularly trisomies .Most of these abnormalities are numerical chromosomal abnormalities (86%) and a smaller percentage is caused by structural abnormalities(6%) or other genetic mechanisms, including chromosome mosaicism(8%). 2.Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome :{Recurrent Pregnancy losses}A ntibodies associated with adverse pregnancy outcome include lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibody and anti-B, glycoprotein-1 which act on both immune and coagulation system

7. 3.Congenital Thrombophilias : Certain congenital Thrombophilias like Antithrombin IlI deficiency as well as protein C and S deficiency have also been associated with first and second trimester losses and heparin therapy appears to be helpful. 4.Systemic Diseases: General maternal disease such as nephritis, diabetes and infections associated with hyperpyrexia have long been accepted as causes of fetal death and miscarriage.

8. 5.Endocrine factors: Thyroid dysfunction manifesting as overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism is well accepted as a cause of increased pregnancy loss. Diabetes is associated with a marked increase in Pregnancy loss. 6.Congenital uterine anomalies : These result from abnormal formation, fusion or resorption of mullerian ducts during fetal life. Generally these anomalies can be grouped into canalization defects (septate and sub-septate) and unification defects ( unicornuate , bicornuate and uterus didelphys). 7. Cervical causes : {Recurrent Second Trimester loss} Examination of the pelvic organs may reveal local conditions that may increase the risk of miscarriage. 8.Smoking,alcohol and excessive caffe ine : consumption all increase the risk of miscarriage

9. 9.Emotional factors: such as severe shock and fatigue may also result in the interruption of a pregnancy. Certain environmental toxins like arsenic, lead, formaldehyde and ethyleneoxide 10.Fibroids are frequently associated with infertility and often a cause of miscarriage. 11.Miscellaneous factors: Deficiency of vitamins particularly of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), and other antioxidants have been shown to produce miscarriage.

10. THANK YOU