academic-vocabulary-in-use-with-answers.pdf

teaching english to maths student

1. CAMBRIDGE

Academic
Vocabulary jp

Use

50 units of
academic
vocabulary
reference and
practice

Self-study and
classroom use

Michael McCarthy
Felicity O'Dell

2. Academic
Vocabulary in
Use

50 units of
academic
vocabulary
reference
and practice

Self-study and
classroom use

Michael McCarthy
Felicity O'Dell EN Cauanpse

3. CAMINO UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melhouroe, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, St Paulo, Dells

Cambridge Universe Press
The Tinborgh Bung, Cambridge CB2 RU, UK

weusveambedgeang
Informacion on ts tide
Worwaurnbrißgeorg 780521639397

(0 Caribe Universe Press 2008.

This publication sin copyright. Subject no statutory except
snd tothe pronoms of relevant coletive licensing sgrersaents,
no reproduccion of any part may take place with the writes
permision of Cambridge Universe Pres.

‘ist published 2008.
Produced by Kane Design, Oxford

Printed in che United Kingdom ar che Universi Press, Cambsidge

A catalogue record for bis publication is avait from te British brary
ISBN-13.978.0-521-68939-7 paperback

Cambridge Universe Press has no ceeponstiliy forthe gerisence or
accuracy of URLS [oe external or think pary internet websices referred co in
this publication, and does not guarantee that any content om auch websites
is, or will remain, securae of apgropsince.

4. Contents

Acknowledgements 5

Ta the swdent and the reschce 6

Working with academic vocabutary

1 What is special about academic Englieh?
2 Key nouns

3 Key verbs

4 Key adjectives
5 Key adverbs

6 Phrasal verbs in academic English
7 Key quantifying expressions

8 Words with several meanings
9 Metnphars and idioms

Word combinations

10 Nonns and the words they combine with
11 Adjective and noun combinations

12 Verbe and the words they combine with

13 Prepositioual phrases

14 Verbs and prepositions
15 Nouns and prepositions
16 Fixed expressions

At academic institutions

17 Applications and application forms
18 College and universi che UK system
19 Sysems compared: the US and the UK
20 Academic courses

21 Seady habits aed sills

22 Online leaning

Ways of talking about ...
22 Sources

24 Tact, evidence and data

25 Nombecs

26 Saisies

27 Genphs and diagsams

28 Money and educs

29 Tim

30 Cause aa effet

disciple, vrai, quan
Bey mode, pattern

attempt, establish, explain
relevant, abscact, sigfianı
comparatively, venta spy
it forward, 0 throngh, write np
à substantal amont, in excess
se, accommodate, is

shed Hg os, rena the dark, the battle
against

20 fours

hezsed debate, pivotal role, 10 collate results
Important contribution. major concern,
vwidespread support

doosely based on, examine tb evidence, suggest
an alternativo solution

in conpuncton with, om bebalf of, for übe most
part

focus on, consent to, account for

dissertation an, rationale fox, progress towards
ina veviety of ways, with the exception of

be that as it may

eniry requirements, referee, deadline
student union, tutorial, research student
dormitory fresbraan, fraternity

diploma, credits, defor

reading speed, mind map, rote Learning
Online community, username, subject header

primary source, dias on, body of lieratine
distort the facts, hard evidence, empirical data
random, sal, estomate

standard deviation, currelte, proportion

Pie chan, intersect, decline

student Loan, cost of Being, receipt

century, simultaneo, inthe near future
‘rigger give rise o, chain peaction

Acecemevocebaary in Uso 3

5. Opinions and ideas

31 Talking about ideas ovement, hypothesis, stance

32 Reporting whar athecs say inpoint, cast doub om, aplication
33 Analysis of mes deduce, cueïgh, critical

34 Talking aboot meaning transparent, comprehend, misinterpret
35 Research and study ata objecime, 10 fer, insgre

36 Talking about poses of view imparta, ideology, hold views

37 Degtees ofcertainty tendency keñhood, allegedly

Functions
38 Presenting an arg

se Beyond the scope of, frthermore, he extent to
which

39 Organising youe writing, with focas on, at this point, respectively

40 Making a peesensacion address a topic, hand, tate question

41 Desesbing research methods Carry un 2 procedure, case sd, replicate

42 Classifsing, component, consist of, markal sinus

43 Making comncccios correlate wit, muda, interaction

44 Compering and contrasting, distrction, similarly, whereas

45 Deseeibing problems experience dif, deal with, resolve a
problem

46 Deseribing simations comes, integral, stable

47 Processez and procedures simulation, to supplement, op

48 Deseribing change expansion, diminish, perceptible change

49 valuation acd compl imadequats, contradictory, acknowledge

50 Summary and conclusion Bring toa close, in the final analysis, folly

Reading and vocabulary
1 Good friends 110

2 Auxela 111

3 The World Wide Web 112

4 The human brain 113

5 Nanosechaology 114

6 Internacional lw: an overview 115

Reference

1 Forasal and informel academic words and expressions 116
2 Numbers, units of measurement and common symbols 120
3 British and North American academic vocabulary 122

4 Speling variations 126

5 Word formation 128

6 Abbreviations 132

Key 136
Lis of phonemic symbols 166

Index 167

A Academica Use

6. Acknowledgements

Authors’ acknowledgements

‘the avihor wish to shank tha sollegu at Cambridge
Unversy Peu pecially Meine Wak, Coline Teas
and Né Rae, whee wie expertise and apport have
been inealaie rau th poker We ae lo ey
tea for the docs ad use pat prose’ by
‘Bernard Seal Foot Combe Univers Dres New York
“We thank Alan Ser forthe profes geal ob Se carl
lou vo in peeping e ns) sans or
reductos and pri, Linds Mathews nn dene oe
‘els foe oran ie prodsein schule for be hack

We osteo thank he eine and compartional
saat Cembrides Una Dres schöne work wth ie
Cambridge Jtenational Cosas, the Casidge Leaner
Corpus and tbe CANCODE corpo of spoken Eng
(eo a he Univers uf Nota in association
vito Canbsidge Univesity Bis), cried us to make a
Fly corputaniormed sles af te acide vocals)
vu Foc in these ner,

Ve acknowledge with gate he pioneeia work on
academic word Inte done by avenl Coxhesd, ta placing
thar book we made cnsidechle we of er at
longe masse cir de she

Also, a always, we shask our mesic pren for hir
patience end suppoctduvig the wering otis book

Michael MeCachy e Feli ODA
Carrie, April 2007

Publisher's acknowledgements

Doyelopmst of dur bear ha ade me of he
Carbeidge Imernationa Corpus (CIC. The CIC à à
courtage o comenpociy poko aa wren
“ngs wech cue tad a over one bil acorde, e
incl sil Enh, Arcs England eher vacios
tf Eng Lau nde be Cam age Lesrner Corpus
‘evlope in collaboration with he Lower uf Carlie
2901 Lasst, Cambcige Univer des hos bt
fp the CC o provide eden aheur language ae that
Deh produce ener langage leaching mural

he authors sl pliers work ke to thank al the E
professors wh reviewol he mare

Sac Argos, Long Dal, Soda Jenifer Bix.
Com, USA; fase Bao Ir, Manchester UK, Chevy
ampli Calor, US; Arıhony Comore Loco, U
one Cato, Lodo, UK; Ludmila Curodenkays, Maison
ray Mark Korean, und UK, Joseph McVeigh
Versos, USA; ui Mee, Bist UK: Heenan Ó Sé,
ck, clan acc hen, lou, The Nahen,

“The authors ad publishes wonlé like 1 hack the
{ellos for permission o repré copyright material
Aesdemie Vocabulary n Üss. Wail every lor has been
‘rede, it has na been posse o iden the sources of al
the material wed and sach exter the pabliirs would
éme ikormation kor copie is.

Cambie University Pres och ec on. 24 0A
‘ood tex fam Mechanic 3 Isernanana) by Douglas
Gradi, copie) 2002; . 112 "The World Wide eb
o Lecco by Sar Kama copy &
UDI; p. 141 sentences rom Cambridge Adacnd Lazer
isn egrodue by pssmánion of Cambridge
Unie Pens NewSciaa for the esta an p25 (84)
fom NewsSionte, 30 Maren 2006; p 113 “The Leman

Brain’ by Fila Pili, fra Nec, 4Septeaber
200M p18 Naontechnnigr” bp Join Peel, om
Neue, 4 September 2006, mpeuchoal by persion
‘of NenSctst Magazine; Sn nein ur the
sa on 27:9 3) Shut Sow Altana py
Mich S Wii, rum Serif Americar, 3 May 2008

1. 19 "Gol Fria by Klnus Monon, um Scene
American, PAU 2006, repens by permission of
Sein fc American ec. AN rg reserved; Nature fr die
‘ntact un p. 39 (15) ren Nature Val 1, 4 May 2006,
pablchod by Name Cubisheg Group, ledlans Unsere
forthe extra op. $5 (23.4), np © DOM, che
lester of lis Unie read Ls pernrinion
Indiana Univers he Wikipedia wohne fe the ete
2 70 (A Sup en wikiped ga Mais Page
RAC, Mises Unseren lr toe ec où p.78 358)
from the een Kesarch wee eme
sc pagespcofie ml, eprodu hy paris of
the Coste for Rara ian Creston int tro At
(ikesCen) se Miller Usen Mossos Learn oe he
scan DL “Basta kom Verid of Earth Stone
(Abn by K Let Leim and Bends Wo (oe
‘pyri © 2003, repre with pecs of Galea
isis of Thomson Lema: veau co
Legal Information Ins fr tae adepe 10 en pe 175
“Tverstiogal la savers [rs the bc ed
comtelleduweaeex pope la, copy ght Lal
forma lastre 1996-2007, pesca) by permi.
oF Legal Informati lesa.

Phoograpoe

puis are sra o the following for permission
te reproduce copstinht photostophs au cra

9.200 Thomas Ficker och; p. 36 © Roberr ki.
DaenmicnSinoebein Images p. 66 © Jota Healey’
CORBIS: 7. 74 9 aye fotos perue; . 76 © Helen
KingiCorbis p. 77 © Jey Schaaberg CORBI p. 28 ©
‘angel 00(Cors.

Mons

Kare Des 23, 40,1, 6, 6,62, 08,

Academica i Uco 5

7. To the student and the teacher

Who is the book for?

“This book is for anyone who wants or needs ty learn the English which is used
in academic contests. It deals with the kinds of language used in academic textbooks
and articles ás well as in lectutes and seminars, Le elzo presents vocabulary zelsting te
being a student ar a university or college in thos ir covces such topics as Applications

and application forms, Money and education and Academic courses associated with
‘university life, It will be particularly useful oz students preparing for IELTS or any other
examination aimed at assessing whether candidates’ English is ar à high enough leve] to
study in an academie institusion where English i the medium of instruction. I will
helpful for people who werd to attend — or indeed give ~ lectures ard presentations ia
Tnglich or o participate in international conferences. Ir will enable students who have to
prepare assignments or write up a disertation io English to da so in a much more natural
and appropriate way.

What kind of vocabulary does the book deal with?

‘The book presents and practises the kind of vocabulary that is used in academic speech
and writing regocdless of which discipline you are conceraed with. So it condes
‘words and expressions like concept, cast doubt un, pat forward a theory and come to a
conclusion. I does not deal with the specialist vocabalary of any particular subject such
as medicine er physics. Sach specialist tes are often relatively easy to master ~ they
will be explained and taught as you study che subi and these words may indoed
sometimes be similar jo English and your own language. However, it i che more general
words used for discussing ideas and research and for talking and writing about acadenie
‘work that you need ro be fully familia with in order to fee! coméortabie in an academic
environment. Despite the fact that they are much rrore frequent shan specialist words,
these more general words are often felt ro be more dificale to learn. Iti, therefore,
‘extremely usctul to approach chem ir the systematic way suggested by this book.

One positive aspect ofthis kind of academic vocabulacy i that there are relatively few
difíecences depending on whether you are sudying in London or New York, Delhi or
Spiney, Johannesburg, Dublin, Wellington, Singapore or Toronto or indeed any orhee
place where you may be using English for academic purposes. Academic Tis rene
to bea ely intersational language and the units of the book focus on vocabulary that
il be essemial for you segacdless of where you are studying now or may study
he future, There are some differencos between the words uscd to deseribe peopl
places and these are highlighted in Units 18 and 19. References 3 and à also focus on
some vocabulary and spelling varicions. In the units ofthe book we use British English
spoiling conventions except when quoting texts which originally used American spe
he sense that iti equally appropriate
ts, We indicate those instances where a word or
speech or too informal for ase in academic weting.

Much of the vocabulary in the book is neutral it
‘both written and spoken cox
‘expression is 100 formal for ase

6 Aesdemte re Use

8. How was the vocabulary for the book selected?
‘The academic vocabulary focused un jn this book. was a selered frou language identified
as significant by the Cambridge Internarional Corous of wriren and spokes English and
also the CANCODE carpes of spoken Tings developed at the Univers
in association with Cambridge Universiy Pres. These enormows corpora
collections of writen and spoken acadersi
that is distinctive for academic contexts, We also made considerable use ef
Learner Corpus, a corpus of tens of thousands of learner serias fm students along
Cambridge ESOL exams all over the world Feom this corpas we were able to lesen what
Linde of ecears scudents taking, for exaasple IELTS, were typically m

In planning this book we made considerable use of Averil Coxhead work on developing

academic word lists. Her lists can be found at herpsMlangaoge.massev.2e.ne/stafavl!

indexshal and we would highly recommend that rudes oF academic vocabulary
tigate eis site

How is the book organised?

The Book has 50 rwo-page unio. The cfehand page pros
to he focused on in te unit You will usually End examples of academic vocabulary
presented o context with, where appropsate any special notes about their meanicg and
sage, The ight-hand page checks that you have understood the information om the leit
hand page by giving you a series of exercises practising the langage thar was presented

‘The units are organised into different serions. The first introductory section includes
ire units which look ar basic aspects of academic vocabulary such as what is special
abour academic vocabulary, key verbs and key quantifying expressions. The second
section devotes seven nas to how words typeally combine with one another in
academic English. Ihe thie section has six units focusing or aspects of life ac academie
institutions. The fourth section provides eight units discussing ways of talking about such
things as numbers, tin and cause and effet. Then we have seven units exploring aspects
‘of opinions and idens and finaly chece ace thirteen units wich à functional focos auch as
longsnising a text, comparing and comraseing and deseribing change.

¿he academie vocabulary

‘Towards the end of the bock you will ind six reading exes relating o different academic
disciples with exercises based on the vocabulary in those vexts. We hope that you will
find these vschil examples of how o use texts to expand jour knowledge of academie
vocabulacy in English and would recommend thot you rend these texts and do the exercises
on thew even if they relate to an academic subject that is very diferen from your own,

There ae six reference sections dealing wich some key areas where we fet it world be
useful for y 8 of items that could not he presented as fully in che main body
of the hook, he. Formal aud informal academic words and expressions; Numbers, its

of measurement aed commun symbole, British and Novi American academic vocabulary,
Spelling variations; Word formation and Abbreviations. Where appeoprite, hese reference
sou to add further examples of vous own.

Ar the end of the book there is a Key with answers to all the exercises and an Index of all
the key words and expressions, indicating she units where they can be found, The
pronunciación is provided for Standacd Britsh Engh

How should I use this book?

We recommend that you work thrusgh the nine introduetoty units fist so dhat you
become familiar with key aspects of academic vocabulary and how best 10 study it. Alter
that you may work on the units in any order thar suits yor.

Bande bio in Ue

9. What else do I need in order to improve my academic vocabulary?

You need a morcbook ar fl in which you can write down al he academic vocabalary

that yor study in thie book as well a any ether words and expressions that you come

seross elsewhere, In your vocabulary notebook it i important 10 record such things as:

+ examples ofthe word ar expression in use

l word combinations — you might, for example, rote down adjectives or verbs

typically associated with a noun that you want to learn os nouns, adverbs or prepasitions
associated with a vee

«any special features of che word (eg is there anything special abou its grammar or
pronunciaion, or is it particularly characteristic of either written or spoken English.

You may aso find it holpfal to record such things as

+ ony other information that might help yen ta learn the word {eg isi similar to any word

Jn your own language, or dacs it, perhaps, share a root with a word thar you already
know?)

+ any additional vocabolazy dha learning this word may help you to learn (e.g. does a verb
‘nave a related navn, or what isthe opposite of an adjective?)

+ any extended uses of the word being focused oa (eg. can it be used metaphorically, or does
the same word have other meanings in the way that so many English wards dor).

One very important aspect of learning vocabelary is to organise the words and

expressions you mess; his wil help you comember them harter. You cas do this in

a nomber of ways. In recording words many learners find it hell o include lite

diagrams such as word bubies, for examples

re

dee u u

te Labs demmeerate,
or word forks, for example:
era à can
do identity the — TT uses mann pleno
Batons Lomas À

You also need to have access to a good dictionary. We strongly recommend the Cambridge
Advanced Learner's Dictionary as this provides exactly the kind of information that you need
ds order to be able to understand and se English vocsbolazy. Through is example sentences
provides you with the información you need about how the word is used in practice and
which other words i typically combines wich. The dictionary also helps you with difcole
Äteme such as phrasal verbs, for example, indicating whether the abjeet can come before the
partie (set up the apparatus set the apparatus up; yo Alone a set of calculations, hut not

). This dictionary is available as a book ond on a CD-ROM
Sand can algo be accessed online at wredicrionary.cambridge.org. You will need a spectalist
dictionary relating to your own subject area as well. Your teacher may also he able o
recommend other dictionaries for your specific needs.

8 codo Vocabulary Use

10. As well as working thcough che units in his book you should read as much English 65 you
an in the subject ares thar are most relevant for you. TÉ you are new 10 stedying in Engl
you could ster by reading a textbook aimed at students a a slightly lower level than you
are at as far as the subject area is concezned; or you might prefer 10 read the latest azticles
in your Held from a journal or the interner If you heve essy access to the web, then there is
an euormous wealeh of materia) available for you to study and cazo from; ma is
and ether academic institutions have extensive websites, for exemple, as du professional
‘ocgaaisarions and joomak,

So, good luck with your work in academic English, We hope that the materials in this book
will help you to enjoy and 10 benoit fully from your studies. We hope you will be able to
shore ideas in a creative, exiting way with schulazs from all over the world and we wish you
the very best fer succestul and cewsrding academic fife in Enplis

estenicvocnasy la Use 9

11. Je

What is special about academic English?

Everyday words and academic uses

Many words in academic English are the same as everyday vocabulac, but
also used with a slightly different meaning, which may be specialised.

ey are often

ren à academe wae [meaning ETE ETA
andar of disciplimo in | abi 10 conuel | Nanoxechncogy a rel | area ol
ich have decined | enaze¥ or over | new dacipbne,

prop.
‘Underline your iy | draw a Tne | Trerererehumdenlinasine | impo
same one form vedere importance of serail trade
Tee was Foun solid [nothqudora | Welw PR

adios fas cued the problem. | good eancard

Vocabulary and academic style

+ In writing, acadervies use many expressions which are neutral, but
formal expresion which are not common ln everyday language, Knowing whedher an
expresion formal a just seutal i important.
[reat
faces [heme amp fs
[or al ras prima
Cimo/moeore | vray EE] darme

However, very inforaual vocabulary may be used in spoon academie syls in classes and
lectures. Lean to understand such language when you hear ic bur be careful aoe rose iin
essays and written assignmencs. Here are sonue example of teachers sing informal language.
"OK. Have a shot at doing task number 3. [moze formal: Teyläctempt to do |
“There's no way schools can be held responsible for faluces of government policy” [more
formal: Schools cannot in any way he held.)

+ Academic language tries to be clear and presse, so it is important 10 keep a vocabulary
‘notebook (see page 8) and learn the differences between similar words, as well as typical
word combinations (underined here).

‘The building isa prime example of 1820s architecture, {excellent in quality or valve]
‘The group's primary concetn is to protect human rights, [main / mos important]

Noun phrases
Academic language puts a ot of information into nous phrases rather than spreading it out
‘over a whole sentence, For example, instead of saying Radiation ws accidentally released
‘over a 24-hour period, damaging a wide area for a long time, an academic might say The
accidental release of radiation over a 24-hour period caused widespread long-term damage.
Tris therefore important to learn the efferent forms of a word, for exam

= web Ex E
cade pecan | ecdereiy
ane [analy “quanctatnalguncfable | canarias

Finally be aw
units. Example

charles” or phrases which coeur frequenty, and tearm chem as whole
terms of, in addition, for the most par, in be case of, ee. (See Unit 16.)

0 ende ocean Ue

12. 12

Exercises

Each word in the box eau be used in two ways, one am everyday wa the other atypically
academic way. Complete cach pair of sentences using the some word for both seatsnees and
making any necessary grammatical changes.

goes mm sold confirm Keith underfne characer pass mature focus

1A She loves to —._ — —. for phoragraphs in front of ber fabulous house.
B The cvomes a threat to stably in the region,
2 À le veas difficult to — the camera on the Mower as tens so eval
B Weshould_ our attention cu the most important issues,
3-4 Tealled che icine and ry reservation.
B The data ¡oy hypothes’s that animal-iovers enjoy better healt
4 A The power plant. electricity for the whale region
B This esuc always 3 goeat deal of debate among academics
5 A The murderer was from fingerprints discovered at the scene.
1B Tntbis theory of history, progres is closely with technology.
6 À She became interested in conservation,
The first lecture in the series was on the — of human communicate
7 A Jin a very interesting... hope you meet him.
B. The book artempes to explain the fundamental E social life
BA Law her. 19 her husband and whisper something in his ear
B Lecus now to the subject of town planning.
9 A He always every new word when bes zeading.
B The study ‘the face thar very lire vescarch exis,
10 A The liquid became, _ as the temperature was lowered,
B The study lacks _. evidence and therefore 15 concusoas are doubriul

Use more formal alternatives to the words in bold. Make any necessary grammatical
changes.

1 The book is maialy conceened with the peoblem of policing the interne.

2 Almost every school in the connty had reported problems wich the new system.

3 The work ofthe Institute is not only devoted to cancer research.

4 Basically, we believe we have demoustrated a significant link between the two events.
5 We tied ro find a new way of understanding the data.

$ The study 5 à really good example of the way sociologists collect their data.

7 The ceaction is typical of the way large corporations kesp control oftheir markets.

8 There's no way London can be compared to Sydney as a place to live and work

Read the ext and then answer the quenion

The podacion of plc depends heziy on peti, but a ove way cf malig
pass ou of sugar cou reduce cu nee enol The discovery that chenal
in sugar an be cometen ei easy ino a substance sir cure to the
mate] lined fc pelu has to the ci the lic could soon be

ode cheaply wang he new med,

1 Vadecline vo verbs with adverbs afec chem which it would be useful ro Jearn as pois.
2 Underline rwo adverbs next to cach other which Se would be useful to lexen together.
3 Whar ate the noun forms of the verbs produce, rely, discover aud claim

Aer se

13. la Key nouns
—,

Ths unit focuses on some frequent and important nouns in academic English, See also Units

10, 11 and 15.

General nouns referring to ideas
‘example (win prepa reg ‘ment =
She wrote an wide an the subject of se | ding wich bong uses considered or des
“The eme ofthe pou e erator rman subject af ile book.

Tre sunt: were ger aI of essay topics | used to refer o wint ona issuing oF wine ab

There waca Bay Geo on he issue of | aueauprahiem wich people are drag about
alzan in the seminar perder -
Pola theory sa pop under ng | sanamant he ales on vic mer au 2
raters cheery af train hos been based of sare generals option oe xp
cuestion recent.

Tre modal gf cimsts change presnizd mn he | a recerca Someday a ale Gestion
Stern Review ses 0 e becoming es | whieh mai be use m calvos
“Toe books clad The Nature al Isle | man character of someting

‘Haran behaviour I based on the principle of | tai en o rak da exons bow someting ps
ese ore or works

More specific nouns connected with ideas and phenomena

example wth prepastons underined) ment

Repair fa imporanı aspect af speech ‘re a pare of Bro, problem, be
denlosmentin caren

Automatic backup a feature of =
“Tho Oh modes forthe gevernmendh axons are | rang of subject conrad y book caisson,
beyond the scope of ts ess es ee,

The study revealed a pattern af suka ak | showed regi] pere
cou be Imerpreed in the of ee vs |

During 2008, the number of vielen racks ET
increased to an ang degree i

Nouns referring to ways of thinking, processes and activities

Res these sites of academic books and ales. Note che key noms and her proposition
thet sigla! or

teal ateeaement of scent recrea

Rechrkig Teacher Eduction, Towards a Naw Approach?

Perspective on Ecolzka!Managenan A sud af pute amareness of plate

‘teen Views on Heathar ser I the Euopecn ros

Epideavological search into asthma and allege diese exaehing 3 andr zed methodology”

"importance * ability re cab che id

of something ? judgement of the amount, vale,
¿ali ot importunce of “ argumens, fess and reasons in suppor ol or agus: someshing
Estay of considering something, * diferent pariclar ar individual ways of considering,

del inverse nor experience of something, and se being wall informed
Y rescarch is often also used wich the preposition on * a system ol ways of sradying something.

Mo erre Rants mmm
A Mea esi an ane eae aaa

12. Aster Webel in Ue

14. 21

22.

23

24

Exercises

‘Took at A. Choose the most appropriate noan co complete each sentence.

1 Environmental topic / sues / principles should he at the top o today’s political agende.
2 In che exam Students had 10 choose tre from a choice of ten essay subjects / theories!

topics.

3 There are still people who are reluctant to accept Darwin's mode! / topic / dhsory of

evolution.

4 The professor decided 10 rake moral courage as the issue / chamo / model for his

inaugural lecture,
$ The London

wderground map is best understood as a del / principle topic showing

how the diferent cations relate ro ane another racer than a precie representacion oF

(hei distances from each exter

6 The Peace Issue / Principle $ Theme states that members of a hierarchical group will
‘osually end up being promoted co the point as which they become incompetent.

“There are six phrases containing errars underlined in this paragraph. Can you correct therm?

Look at these titles of academic books {AH}. Then match them to their subject aress (1-8).

A The Nature of Democracy
B The Significance ot Dreams
C The Features of Glacisted Landscapes
D The Assessment of Language Skill

E Au Approach to Troe Verse

F The Identification of Bees

G Perspectives on Modera Taxati
E News Perspectives on Cleoparrs

Match che beginning of ezch sentence wich the most appropriate en

1 The study revealed a regular

2 The research focnses on anc particular
3 The writer makes a poweriul

4. The weiters take an original

$ Lil recently there was ile

6 Think you should broaden the

7 Lo date, there has heen le research,
$ There ate many important

1 economics
2 education
3 lieracure
4 history

$ reography"
5 psychology
7 polities

8 zoology

scope of your research.
sareness of the problem.

issues facing te world today.

into the environmental effets of nanoparticles.
approach to thei sheme.

"spect of modern society.

pattern oF changes in temperature.

‘case for restucturing paztiamen.

Acad casser Use 13

15. leal

Key verbs

In this unit we lock ar some important verbs in academic English.

MZA verts for structuring academic assignments
Look at these tasks which srudents have been given. Note the key vets:

Discuss sone of ie probe wahr in investigating ads to and hi We» i
reve of tion yo ve rsd about or deco 3 vernon you joan cous conduc”
Comer ne snags u desde ren mec.

Sarang rom rst, a rat accelerates is ake off speed of 60m #T in a des cI ND res
Mustrate? ths wa vlociy-cre graph, Assuming? conark acer. find how Long he theo
run ass. ince calculate 70 acer,

Th fc tha ators ages o flow nero lw demonstrated dat we an Kane ual ar
are ton and are cual’ How fr eth scene? Cay analyte sy eben eee
‘which supports or challenges the tement

Exarinn hw odon rei a find ng vo deceo cours Prov sul
dance wer ec sd nido sono fy fare wende

Y which ace pur ofincluded in * organize and do ? draw something in order 10 explain
something * accepting something to be true * discover by calculating (see 6) * judge the
number or amount of something and adding, muliplying, subtracting or dividing numbers

7 shot make clear # recognise someone or cmething and say oc pcove who or what they are
* questions whether iis true ' look at or consider carefully and in etal" give

HBG More key verbs
‘These extracts from academic books contain other key verbs

In developing methods to expan te scan o rel status measures, one can classify! ways of
‘establishing qulty ot Io foo mala ypes

‘The length of time spenc on the tasks may account for the decrease in motivation which was
seen in many ef the participan.

‘ho data presentes? o Chapter 3 showed! that the age ofthe subjc was not the moin factor.
ia gory attempts? 10 tris nds bete ale seras epi

divide rings into groups according o thelr pe À discover or get proof of * explain * sei
often asa inthe passe in academic sje À gua * proved 7 (formal) ees
MC veros which combine with noun forms of key verbs
(ten in acadenie syle, a verb + the noun form ofthe key vet is wied

vb ‘verb + noun example

‘ops | apodo opino | The odd provides an esplanation br the dieras
Katar) beeen the two sets of aa

exper | ary out epnadon | Kana carried out an exploration of ne gens.

phase | phesfpu emphach (on) e esp pues ale of emplaci on training pure

deserbs | greipraido à desrpron (eh [The book gives a description of modern Europe.

“he vers afec nd effet ae een fc means o wcrc efec mans io
srk sora haps 1 bing abo The Burg of fas? fe hs ego effected

OF eho mc he prac ae Den mc ne A
nur of 0 er See Un 30 for more on oft and it

14 Academie ca in Use

16. 3.1

32

33

34

Exercises

Match ench verb from A

Ihe bax on the let wich its synanyen from the box an the right.

fect aempt clade ctalenge cemoneme compute diingulch give influence

(dor Mode invente previ

imohe question show su uy

Choose the best verb from B or € to complete these sentences. Pm che verb into te correct
foam,

3 Mendel attempted to devise system for
plans chat he grew.

4 Ikis often most effective

5 The data we have collected

“Table I, participation figures have been steadily falling since 1970.
for the Presidents ations in different ways.

be many different types of pea

your data in a chart or table.
‘har there has been a downward trend with

regard to job satisfaction over the last SO years,

6 The aim of the research is
aviation engincers design more soph

how old the bones ace.
8 Charles Darwin artempred
evolucion

a sew software application which will help
cared aerate.
7 The archarologists should be able to use carbon dating techniques

exselly

he existence of different species in terms of

Explain the difference between the sentences in each pair.

1 Greig’ ario suppors Park's theory,

ibe the new tax regulations.

3 Lodhi provides new data.

4 Titora conducted four sets of experiments
5 Lee established why such changes occur,

6 Okaz assumed that the data were rchahle.
7 Mostra the magnitude of the decelecation,
8 The events effected economic development.

Greigs article challenges Parks theory.
Discuss the new tax regulations

Lodhi cossiders now

Titova examined four ses of experiments
Lee investigated why such changes occur.
Okaz proved thar the daca were reliable
Find the magnitude of the deceleration
‘The evens affected economic development.

Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets and make any necessary changes 10 other

words.

1 Erikson’s theory explains the fluctuations in the figures for thie period. PROVIDES)

2 Bevan explored the relationship between family background and political am

ermorauon)

3 The book describes the life and times of Abraham Lincoln. (OtSCRIETION)
4 Cheng theory emphasises che importance of extensive reading in language acquisition.

dues)

In academic style, noun phrases can often be used

lead of some of the key verbs.

“Complete cach phrase with dhe appropriate noun. Use a dictionary if necessary.

1 investigate = conduct, carry our an.
intofot
covide am of

subject at you are famine wi,

4 affect have an en
make an tofae
wake, provide a of

Using ta ssl in À as a model prepare sme agent copies dos students ui any

rasen in e 15

17. 13

Key adjectives

For any adjective i is usefel 10 know whether cis typically followed by a specific preposition
and whether it has any synonyms (adjectives with a similar meaning) or antonyıns (adjectives
of opposite meaning.

Adjectives and prepositions

Here are some extracts from academic texts, with adjectives followed by fe 0: of.

o ec
cs En
lt te ar of otros Oller were common to al the respondents.

Eee io plan technologies which are |
apnsopriie tothe needs of smal arene |

ns is sca type ofthe faxmese in the study that
rater of th they had a negative atte 10 cochnalow:
" ue o a pasticula degree when i i being compared with other things E connected wth who

is happening or being discuscd > (esther formal) typical of * only found in * belonging 1 oe
shared by ewo or more people or things * suitable or sight foca particulas situation or corrio»

Adjectives and their opposites
Look at this abstract from a dissertation on drug abuse. In most cases you can work out the
‘meanings of the opposites (which follow exch minnbered adjective), based or the definitions.

‘We cannot decues drug abus 2 an abstract roule tel Evade concrete cams
‘ot abuse and their social consequences, Abuse l ately a sumpke asus, mul resulta rom a
Complex eal af eirumsinnese Both quantitative? ane utative arch e necesa o cain
ai picture of te sation. By comin research methods. et may obtap an aocurate pkure
of tha causes ard rests of abuse, a contrast wth the inaceurate usaessments wich often
reeult fom purely quaniiaive suri. À significant amount of eer ad praucies rounds te
rato of abuse, ana the mecha have a role weich s ao net Insigificant n promclig such fears
‘The cesaron concdes thal rough estate ofthe number drug es new la be rade
mero precise by property eli aiden.

| ximimg a am idea, not a à material objet copete: existing ina foc thas can be see ox felt
2 having or made of only one ora few parts * based on numbers and stas opposite: usually
essasch using non number based methods such as inersiews, focus groups, ere. importan o.
noticeable * Tally correct bus no exact or detailed, opposite exact and accurate

Other important, frequent adjectives and typical combinations with nouns
‘There was an apparent discrepancy between the wo as of real.

We noted a potential? problem with the experimental dexgn which we had co deal with fist.
‘The principal sans of she falure was a sudden remperatre change.

‘The researc used a ngotous* meihodology which had been tested on many oceasions.

E seeming 10 gxior be te © possible when the necessary conditions exist ? fest in order of
importas * cateful o louk at or comider every part of something 10 make certain its coceect

YO Rename to ypc of NOT nna fr Len actos wth pipes ut
Po chendow ben eink

16. Ari aan Ue

18. 41

42

43

44

45

Exercises

Look at A. Correct the preposition rrars in these sentences.

1A lengthy discussion of the advantages of solar power is nor relevanı with an essay that
required you ta focus on wind turbines.

Ics typical 29 the disease for i 10 stat with an hey sash,

This methodology is aux appreptiate about the kind of research you ace planning

‘The use of original metaphors is characteristic from the weiter’ sele.

Relative with previous arcempts to explain the phenomenon, this incerpretat

persuasive

6 The dark hair and eyes are common forall people from the region.

2
3
4
5

is quite

Rewrite each sentence using the opposite of the adject
1 Karlsson chee'ved the figures and agreed wich me chat che
2 The solucion to the problem isa simple on
3 Make rougi calculations before vou begin to write up your results
4 The aemy played a significant role in evene

5 Hernandez prefers to discuss ideas in abstract terms.

March che adjective on the left with the now it often coeabises with om the sight.

1 apparent methodology

2 vigorous problem

3 priacipal discrepancy

4 porental cause

[Now use one uf the combinations from 4.3 10 complete those sentences:

1 These is an in your figures.

2 Management refusal to listen ro the workers’ demands was the of te riots,

3 Lamaque devised a. Is has since heen used successtully by many other
researchec in che feld.

4 We spurred a with ou procedure and so we changed it in two arcıs.

Choose the best adjective from the bax to complete these sentences.
autre complex parental rigorous. specie

1 The plant is ditficul to grow and needs very ‘conditions to survive.
2 lis tutor was erical of his wark for nut being, enough.
3 Fr the past the northecn tribes looked on the ures of he south 35 enemies
hose a apprczch to our research and intecviewed individuals personally.
ec of cireumstantes led to a civil war in 1897,

BY hes yo. como across any of ho hey seca: ror Uns unie in your rig note don a
Prato so you bls upa ze of set phrases wine the ade

Academy In Use 17

19. 5 Key adverbs
=

‘This unit deals wich just some of the adverbs that ase pasticulacly frequent in an academie
context, You will Sng more in orhee unies hroughour this book.

MA adverts that compare

ES meca. ombre
compartas in compara with comeing co | Dur sample vas relatively?
re comparatively sal.
eee ET | more Gan uaa) “The process was nor especialy?
particulary fur. ul}
ey mos das von (nam Ey onl) | The exar we specially ford a ar
fora specie purpose | We use specially designed eciproert_
orar (opas | (sigh formal a da ghey Aie we tered younger Boy
considera) obraed comewhaticonsiderably
KL. rt resol
pre may ‘Avie primary aan BORN
money ee complcay ut eo oy so) | The esearch was lrgelyimosty
ment
‘ret (pee | our ali be Degree | The ess (directly edad o poor
insect) outing

ME Adverds that relate co numbers or time
‘There are approximately 20 varieties of bird in this species. Jroughly, abour]
There are precisely 48 different managerial posts in the company. [exactly]
Inçrvicwees frequently misunderstood one of the questions. [often]
VE eventually obtained he resul we were hoping or in che ene, ae some cme)
Use we plan o seat the experiment (al afte her ngs have been complete

MEC Adverbs that relate to how things are stated

Searle workin that IL expli catia ofthe
policies was only conveyed implicityin is
néerns ther handing a number of issues

4 nor direc suggested or imple cather than stated

HED adverbs chat restrict or limit

"referring so is main characteristics; alo basically * opealy ? usvoll also oa the whole

merely = exactly and nothing more: The medication will merely make the symptoms
enable; will ot cure the disease,

simply Nove chat simply can have different meanings. To pue it simply, the risks of this
approach would seem to outweigh ts advantages. [plainly] The book presents dificult ideas
simply, ina way appropriate for the layman. (easily; someone who isn’ a special in the
feld) The exam results were simply dreadfl.|absolstely, withore doute]

hardly ever = almost sever: The mihe has hardly ever had contact with the outside world,

Eve ment he end doce nse meas pertapspseety.
‘We wd perbapalposubly (NOT every) der Keon eer lanes he fre
vamo i the and) we were ae iter a 20 Men dna i e u

18 Academic vocab in Une

20. 5.1

52

53

54

Exercises

Look at A and B. Explain the difference between the sentences in each pair.
1 Heinrich’s expeciments were mostly successful.

Hcimich's experiments were most successful.
2 The results wece somewhat surprising given the circumstances.

sults were especially surprising given che circumstances.

year students are drccly affected hy che new rales celacing to tuition fees.
First-year students are particularly affected by the new rus relating to tuition fees.
4 The andy ix primarily concerted with urban alienation.

“The study is akimately concerned with nrhen alienation.
5 The veam eventually obtained umprediered results.

The ream frequent obeained umpredicted rexuls,

Choose the more appropriate adver from the options.
‘What you are saying is cserally Fray eve, To pur ie hanenly simply, ihre is
spacial / basicaly no sigribcam difference between the two veras” cores, Howeres,
One of tem artos a phy / mociely Areal syle wale the ather bas eventually /
possibly a more impresive style than any other consempnrasy scientis.

‘Change the semen ping aévrin which mean the opposto al he and ones
1 There were roushly 350 people living inthe village in 1958.

2 ares seldom complained dat che schoo aueries ale ro form them of changes
3 We inverigned the problem an mia found sore sal errors

4 ‘he vempersture was exactly hall degree lower than te average
5 Singh 1998) expliilsenial of santa ects of economie rock
6 Soi erosion is sail caused by were vr wind

7 Senior cane almas use de Sexe o communicate with one aocher.
8 "Te dices dig inked o environmental factors,

Underline che adverbs in these texts, Then answer she questions.

Mine consenationsts are care atemplng
o save te or coral oe. One plans lo.
Heat gue te damaged vets hack ogee,
veia coral ari raid urn
labs Reefs are reroasngy under stack rom
uma actly a wel a rc events occuring
rural, such as Euricares and sanar.

A recent UN report was tet 30% ofthe
tesis coral rl ave been complet
destroyed raro severely damaged

ch adver means in the same way"?

2 Find two paire of adverbe that mean the opposite of each aie
3 Which adverb means die oppesite of "a long time ago’?

4 Which adverb means ‘more and more"?

5 Which adverb could be substituted by seriously?

Which adverh means for a limited time’?

E Fins an are of interest wo you in your din and underine al th key adverbs. Then check
‘hac ou uncersand her mescla.

Academic nse 19

21. a Phrasal verbs in academic English
=

Akhough phrasal ves cur mont frequent in more informal spoken and writen English,
they a alo vo uncommon in an academe once, You wil hese them uid in curs and
‘sl ead hemi ecos journal Er his unir y ook hack over and work ou ar
or approprae fora formal writes asen

MA Phrasal verbs and one-word synonyms
Tal verbs ofen have one woedsynoners. Ihes are usual of Latin rain and sound

‘more formal than the phrasal verb equivalent bur both are appropriate when writing or
talking about academic subjects, Vary yorr langusge by using both.

Phrasal verb ‘synonym example
‘put forward (an ideaitewiopnion | presen In her Incest article Kaufmann puts forward a
eon) shear wh niyo prove conta
iy au Gr pena eRe) Thad carry outa reso epetmme |
met = | cistron ande eae of male up oat
fa np pedo.
ENTE Palmen made up ulm hoc
en Greco pointcut dn de are
cece la ld ee eon pros,
= “The iy points up de weakens de
aps
seen Tei aril sre eeu RS pow dat
os Gate | The demarcate out tetra o de vere
ie Sa
kone Gerais] nue poto hack aver da am am.
ira disk Go through your ao eh

+ Revise isthe BrE synonyin and review the AME synonyrm. (Revise in AmE only means to cdi
fr change something co make it Setzer; review is ct used in ib 1 the context of preparing for
2 estas focused on hate)

ME carrying out research

N * ‘Alter completing her fest degree in zoology Meena went on
alee (ali lali Sha waned vetas oa

teeta wel known hatt in New Zeland, She set Up? a
| series of exazicuents investing how bees communicate, Se has
enr ee oi hans pasa Du bat yt vel
cour why her beos bohave as they de. Whar she has observed.
‘crt ge against current torso be below: When she
ome hr race wi vor Mu

dsg lo srl, work hu e Fl of * prepare orange

! do something after doing
“come roa conclssion shout 3 nor he in agreement wich + (of an importan document) write in
à al oem

‘Consulta goed dictionary wien po use phrasal verb in your wr For example. good
con els you wen che object an be wand before ih pardo (ep wre ur Dt ap) an
en tanner (ug ns pass act cae trees).

20 entres in Ue

22. 61

62

63

64

Exercises

[Rewrite the sentences ceplacing the underlined word in each sentence with a phrasal verb

rom A. Note that bath versions of cach sentence ace equally appropriate.

1 We cunduceil a series of experiments to ces our

2 Before the test you should seuise Chapters 7 and

3 In his article en the American Civil War Kingston discuss the rcasons why the situation
developed in the way it did.

4 Cole presents some fascinating thcoris on the development af language in his latest hook.

5 The psychologist observed hat i was very unusual for a youn child to behave in this way

$ Plesse check your work apalı carefully before handing, it in

7 An chis article Simpson aims to prove that the Chinese reached America lang before the
Vikings.

8 Women now constitute aver half che student population in most universities In thi
country.

Fil in he missing words inthis paragraphe

As ri al my MA Eve been doing some resenreh on language acquisition. Te ren
working 1). haw young ehlldren learn thelr malher congue. I've bean
carrying (2) some experiments ta are how much roading to young
children afeetsshelr langage development. ve had a groal supervisor who has
helped me sor 3) ‘my experiments and she's also pointed (4) …—
lol of interesting things in ny data eL adn’ notiondraysel. im busy writing my

work (5) nowané {think should he able co purtó) some.
us ideas, vs heen really fascinating und og Lamy he able ogy ,

to do a doctorate Su the same Hold allhaugll certainly never set (8) toda
a th

March the beginning ofeach sentence with dhe most appropriate ending.

À Feudal society was made Forward a convincing theory with regard to this question.
2 Carlson was the fist 10 put up the laws in che schon!’ testing methods.

3 Her results appear to go ‘out the solution to the algebra problem.

4 The invesrystion point ‘opt à lor af basi information abour al the wozle’s

5 Ictook him a long time to work counties.

6 "The geography ook sets against what she had found in her earlier studies

up of cleacly defined casses of people.

Answec these questions.

1 What sort of things might a scenic carry out?

2 If you want 10 sud something, in more depth, whar mighe you go on co do afte gering
a fest degree?

3 Whar do postgraduate students typically have to write up ae the end of thir studies?

4 What sort of things de geod sradents regularly ook back over?

5 What sorts of things do scholars typically pue forward in thei lectures or articles?

$ Why is sensible vo go through any maths caleslations that you had to make as part of a
reseatch stedy before you draw any conclusions?

Aroma m Use 21

23. 7 Key quantifying expressions
—

Quantifying expressions are important in academic English as itis often necessary «u
comment on figures or trend, You will ind more useful language for talking about numbers
in Units 25 and 26 and in Reference 2, which fucuses on measurement

MA number and amount

earners of English often choose the verong noun relating ro quantity, For example, you
say a great (not large deal (informal) ce a large/great amount of an uncouncable noun

sch os money, interest or influence. Nowever, you say a large number of a plural noun

such as articles, banks or words, Boch a number all,
considerable, substandal, significant, enorrovs, total, surprising, excessive ios muchimanyl,
fair quite a or] and reasonable acceptable)

Other nouns relating to quantity

Vill ® two or dos few he majority “considered as a group rather ha indivi
* nutice how respondents ie in the plural; it à à cran error o write a singular nou ater ne
of. teshunderassurveyscomelusions, ce À

Mc Comparing numbers and quantities

preston — | example Tamer

certes | Rondo excceting Son wore and mehr | Toma) mers Naher dan

incest of | Pepe who iv in ecos of te cliente | mans ove uted main
fous. (cl a aga weg

Term and | Fewer and var pear ung n fe ma ch | a nach damien
Kemer} | sonore her nt Yong posi sre bci | rb dering

Landes | and fess nterosed pol,
more and There more and more ier nd wer ad rear ma
more Poop ar being more and more mr che | néremigh
PS
morales | The experiment war more or Tena cos Teeny ermal mas
most or promet
Peris | No fewer than 200 people responded ed o sugges eur

was ropectedy urge

Fon [Nox many] peo ny X ra. À few [Some] pete ja. We hos bete [nor
much] rape acu sey We ho o te [tome] repense to or saven other word,

Note te sia ifereca between few and afew and bern litle and alittle
y
few has a moro regir tone than u few id.

22 Modem Vocal in Us

24. LA]

72

13

74

Exercises

‘Complete the sentences using the correa forms wf the words in acs,

lina ‘numberof ases, here was no reaction at all 10 che deug. surprise

2 The analysis demanded an ane of computer time. excesd

3 __ numbers of beds inhabit she lake during the ains, consider

4 Thecourse requires amount of prior kaowiedge of computers. rason

$ The survey cook a roue of rexunch ume and conte were high. substance
two dams can hold in — of mo cubic kilometzs of water. exceed!

à 12 areas ofthe Southern indian Ocean are now closed to deep-sea

E Groups Fons people were considered two large for the experiment, excood
“lan 2,000 now computer viruses are created every yaac few
number of cases, surface damage wos noticed. signify

‘The sentences below ate aypical of spoken English. Replace the underlined words to make
diem sound mace appropriate for a written assignment.
1 The bull of our work is vonccrmed with carbon emissions.
und fever students are yoining the court,

mouse of tne gering funding for the research.
4 In a couple of cases, we comld ner find any reason for the outbreak
5 We spent a great deal of tine on the project.
6 As you repeat the experiment, use less and les water each cie.

Resd the tese and answer the questions

For some years now, scientists have heer using powerful new machine Lo recreate the
‘conditions that exsted atthe birt of the universe. The mactane generates a massive umber
‘of hot, cence, bursts of matter and energy simaring what happened in the fest ew
‘microseconds of the beginning ofthe universe. Altar no more than ter micresecomvs, the
ppatides of matter joined together lke water freenng into ce, forming the origin of more or
Less everything we Soon the unkerse today.

{Which expression explains how long scicetiss have heen using this machine?
2 Which expression tel us how many bursts of matter and energy the machine generates?
3 Which time period does che machine simulate?

4 Which expression states how long i was before the particles of mate
$ Which expression in the lat sentence mesas approximately?

oined together?

ewrite the paragraph using the opposites of the underlined words or expressions.

There hove been a sll number of studies investigating the impact of email on nterwersonsl
communications. Nane ofthe studies has been large-scale bu they suggest some interesting
‘trends in pattems of eral use. rom one of the okie studies it seems that more and marc:
people send in mess of 50 emails daily, Morcones, i appears that a substantia] number of senior
Siteens us email lot move frequently than younger peuple la

EE Fe nissan coreo om ono of your taboos and write your ome secs
thr them

Auden acabo in Use 23

25. Words with several meanings

Set
Many words in English have more than one meaning. The word se, for example, is one

xa particularly large number of distinctly differen: meanings. As our fous 1s
1c English, some key uses of se are illustrated

4) Set the insteaaemes to zero. [ger something ready 50.
BI would like to set some ground rules for the course. [establish]

(3 The decision set a number of changes in motion. [caused to be in a stated condicion)
4d) We muse sera time for our nexe meeting. [arrarge]

6} Cancrece sets as i cook. [becomes solid]

A The students entered che room sad immediately ser to work. [started work]

More academic meat

lar words

gs for fas
Here are some more words which in an academic contexe may have a different meaning ro:
those you aze familiar wich from your knowledge of general English

so “demi meaning) exemple
cena ra) | ange es Mow core Be Ti Fed wo Sa cor ©
accommodate new formation
a | arbol ‘a the a cool eaneracee
Scan (rot) E Some abi mark occur
in tee roc,
mereme (vous) | avdvor or book mamon apical | um pro a at of
ring show where formation wa (und | references ax dm and of your
sige.
[ren ours E Time ner by the realen
he cath around si
rocure now) | vaya bid pare ofa yen or obec am | The structure of dis ers

LU | errand or aranged | parat compi

Words with several different academic meanings

Many academic words have specific meanings according to ther discipline, Channel, foi
‘example, has specific meanings in elecıronict, Ingurstcs, biology, physies and geography.
So you will, of course, need a specialist dictionary for your own subject.

Other words, e, isue and paint have several generally important academic meanings.
“The veses cakes suc with Kırame interpretation. [raises arguments against}

In your essay you should address a munter of key issues. [roples]

Have you seen the Latest issue of the Malrysian Medica! Jaurnaf? [edicion]

Jackson mises some interesting points in his article. opinions, ideas, information]

‚The writer takes a long Be 10 get 00 che point. (most significant part]

If you coma across award th: you tink you krow butt dees not seem to make snse ind
ES concent check 0 sce whether os another sintesis, tet down wit both fr al)
(tr meaning In your ocsbury notebook

24 Adem cab er

26. 8.1

82

83

84

85

Exercises

Which meaning given in A does set have in these examples?

1 Af you dont set vo work iramediately yon won: finish the task by the end of

2 Before we start 1d like everyone to ser cheir watches to precisely che same time.

3 Professors will ser a date forthe submission of assignments relating to heir own courses.

4 We expected the mixture to set quickly but it had no: hardened by the morning.

5 Before leaving the ares, the retreating army set the far buildings on fire.

$ The engines performance has ser a new fuel consomprion record.

7 During the first semeste muse students have to study a number of set pieces.

$ There are à whole set of issues that need to be discussed.

Choose a word from B to complete each sentence. Change the form if necessary.

1 When you are doing research irs sensible 10 keep govd records of all your
as it can he difficult to locate sources lates

2 This medical condition 1s mos likely ro in fairskinned people,

3 In fist gear che engine makes ten for every ‘of the wheels.

4 Wealth, the theme of the anthology, Is general enough to A wide variety of
approaches,

5 The of society in Ancient Rome can be said to resenble that of the modern USA.

5 They carried out an experiment to check whether the gold... or expanded
under a range of éferent conditions.

Which word could fi in each of dhese sets of phrases?

1 discuss the following Fake... with
underline the key the latest ‘of the New Soient
make some thoughtfal a comroversial a
200. a precedent of communication
a of exercises
a book

[Read this text ahout some new medical software. For each undedined word give the
‘meaning in the text and one other meaning. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary.

A simudator showing how outbreaks ol infection might sprend around the world woutd be
‘ot great assistance in the struggic to contain such diseases. searchers atthe World Health
Organization maintain that to electively eonfiant emerging infectious discases, they need
‘significant amount af computing power. À global epidemic simulator would mimie climate
imulators which monitor the movement of waather systems 1 would record where disnese

‘oathreaks OU, here thay are heading nd, crucial, would allow scientists to test out
virtual mitgation measures to see which might work best gn the ground,

Jokes are often hased on words having several tn

5. Explain his joke.
A neutron goes inte a ban orders @ drink and asks bow much i will be. |

he burma replies: "For yon, ein no charge.”

E tock ses 11300: on an academe subject of spac interes you Leck for some of he
verda dis une and deoda which meaning they haven Your er.

Academico nie 25

27. a Metaphors and idioms
=

D describes something by indiely comparing
ito something else with similar characteristics For example, you might say an academe
‘autacks! or ‘demolishes’ someone’ theory or argurnent ust a o army can stack an exemy
or workers can demolish a building. a metaphor is used so often thatthe original force
ofthe compas lus then ix may b eed a am, For ese, people fen we he

Pin mowed under wich work at the moment. Originally his was à metaphor based
on the idea of a great deal uf work having the characteristics of “snow” (deep, overwhelming
everything else and making movement dick). However, this expression has been used so
frequendy that i ne longer gives people a mental picture of snow,

MA metaphors and idioms referring to light and darkness
“The parsent experimental data may shed (now) light on! the formation ofthe plane.
Views on depression have changed in che) Might of recent studies of the brain.
Novelists, ports and estayits often use story o illuminate? cher understanding
‘of human behaviouz The book provides an illuminating discusion ef how languages change.
Animal model can he used Co lucidae basic principles ofthe desclopmental arias of
adul diseases.
‘The repocesevesled he waving dscrepscey berseen paros nec and what the heath
service ean offer them, and highlighted® the need for a new approach.
“The report shines alight on” the questions surcoundurg chld care and provides crucial da
Substance abuse continues co destroy individuals and coromorities, and researchers remain in
the dark? abou what can ensore successful recovery from addition.
“The bock dealt wich economic policy in the shadow of? the Civil War of 1994-1999,

Y pre an explanadoa fo ie which makes i aserto understand. We ean al say castor
throw ight on E hecaune of 3 show more early Serio thas dint underrand

expli se cee (fom the Lai fei meaning cea) somes ba thas very
bri {1 gare means shire high) *emphassed something important oca
a *cnauinue ia state of at ksewing something ? In estacion where something had has
happened oe happening

HEB Metaphors and idioms referring to war and conflict
Look at these extracts from cres where the speakers use such metaphors and idioms.

los useful au dhe present time mis: Er
‘essa msn ee
euere E :

oa tomar

pelu nic actes violence in the media”

going back * a very porel attack * remain united a thei opinions and agree on how to act
frac ta experience,

26 Acker aba Le

28. 91

92

93

Exercises

Choose a word from the hox 10 complete each sentence.
acte gone lights are

remined shadow ed thie
1 The results of the investigation - a ight on the pressnres of the global
economy on farmers in developing connraes.

2 Until recently, scicmists have in the dark as co the causes ofthe disease, bur
a recent breakthrough promises co now light on the problem.

3 Our whale noción of time and space has changed in the — cof recent

developments in physics.

4 These communities have lived for decades in the
deprivation

5 The collapse of she bridge

of povesty and social

the need for a more rigorous analysis of the

effects of constant traffic movements,
66 The team carried cur 3 seces of experiments in an exempt ce the mysterious
process at work in the organism,
7 The article helps co __ for the ordinary render some af the more dificult
references in Shakespeate’s plays.
8 The professor found some _ errors in one snadent's caleulations.

Revrite chese searences using metaphors of conflict instead of the nndedlined words.
1 Scientists who don't ayret with this theory have recently acacked its hasic assumptions

2 Govermments need co remain in complete agreement on the issue of economic migrants.
3 Nowadays, we geLa huge number af advertisements every time we watch TV or open a

hiss recently moved away from the view thar economic processes cannot be

akered, and is now moving cowards a different approach,

5 The effores agains crime wil fail without police and community cuoperation.

€ The protests were a sesponse 10 the devastaring sudica Jaxge number of rade restrictions
on small producers.

Look at this text and underline key words and phrases which construc the main metaphor:

‘the human brain is a computer”.

Shutting dawn AL

‘The human brins a remariaby complex organie computer, taking na wide vario! sensory ex
porlnees, processingand storingtisinformation and rcaling and itegraing selectas te tte
Fight morn. The destruction cause Alseimers disease has been Ikone tothe erasun oa

| tonterive beginning with te most recen ls and werking backward As the less progresses,

ld os well as new memories gradually disappcar antl evan ve ares are na longer recopnies,

Unotunatwy, he computer ang breaks Gov: ons cannot sim reboot the human bran and

‘load the files and programs. The problems that Alzheimer’s does not only ea information: e

estres the very hardwrarc ofthe rain, which s composed of more than 100 lien nerve ell

[reurans), with 100 vilo connections among them.

Lock at some of the textbooks you use Can ya find any amples of menors or or
‘here relating lig and derknes or vor and conte?

29. Nouns and the words they combine with

¡Novas often combine with specific verhs, foc example carry ox research, pay arena, oc
with specific adjectives, for example medical research, undivided attention,

Adjective + noun

Ed Los tot often combine witht | exomble
contact | ucfvalble posa convene ceva | wade somo usehil contacts are
frequent mercer! Sonne.

IS ‘consceabl, bated’ one publ, | Ah de lee Were vas a heated

E animo. abate. |
mente | en cote Rar Taies crucial element of the
(eher) esper
RS There ae config lemenes he
Ep] arts work.

CETTE] a cree AU energy
er he caus nach.
Phenomenon | common oleikniteralrcesm unnena | Such arth bduour 8a recent

phenomenon.
us e | Our preliminary raul wen
relninary,eecouraying erin” encouraging,
me sce, alengng coming ue, | Seder cds Fed pra ah
A ey pivotal the net
ml cado A representative sample the
| option var seed
O | Pros ae betr fin economic
wor Tri eier rc De mon a en
conan opener sfr na le

"rom exe time ong, ofen any? els * tha coming 0 make something
at expected "firs cemporsay "importan

Noun + verb
Most of the nouns in the table above are als strongly sesocinned wich spoci verbs

‘You can come int contact with someone or somed
off or lowe contact.

Academics may engage in debate or cuntibu to a debate, You ralk about the debate
surruunding an ise

You can combine, difecentiace or disceen{rccngeis] the elements of a chemical compound.
‘You conenme [use], conserve, generar rest), save Oc waste energy
Phenomena emerge or occur und students will ry to observe, investigate and then explain
those phenomena.

Academics collect, collate forgazisel and publish thee results. Souserimes cesuls are
‘questioned or invalidated [shown to be wranp]. Occasionally they are even Flified!
Roles tay he defined or stcengthencd. Peuple or factors can play a role ec take an 9 le,
You can take or provide or analyse a sample.

‘You can discover, devise [think up], work out or develop a way to do somenhing,

or you can establish, maintain, break

‘Whenever you notice a noun tht sears tobe Kay a ras pour oom tudes are concerne write
down wits the jenes and verbs typi attocated th.

38 eater ecb in Use

30. 10.1

10.2

103

10.4

Exercises

Answer these que

ions about the adjecsive + noun combinations in the table in A.

1 Dur these types of contact in order of frequency — frequent, constant, intermittent.

2 Which of these is a repracentative sample aud which is x random sample: a sample chosen
by chance, a sample chosca as typical of the population as a whole?

3 Which adjeccve describes che opposite of a common phenomenon?

4 Would you he pleased if you did some resrarcl and got inconclusive results?

$ What adjective othe: than key cam be used with role to give a similar mesning?

$ Which suggests that chece is more energy ~ excess or sufficient energy?

7 Can you name three people tho play an influenza! role in a child's development?

8 Ho of the four constituent elements of mot language exams ace reading and speak

what are che caber two?

Fill in the gaps io these sentences with a vech from B. Change dhe form where necessary.

3 The space race
ln her research project Diana

into contact wich Abdul when 1 started my doctoral research in 1987.
59 much energy chat we don't

enough to meet all

an important role in post-war politics.
the phenomenon of extra-vencory perecption

bur she was mor able to come 10 any significant conclusions,

5 Although Hans’ sivas artempred 19
6 Green's poetry successfully

is result, they mer with no success,

elements from a number of different waditiors

Match the beginning of each sentence with the most appropriate ending.

1 Ie took the team a long tie to devise
2 During the war we had to break

3 There has been a lor of heated debate
5 lan Hartmann was invited to take on

$ Pact of my cole was to collace

6 The doctor wanted me to provide

7 Scientists all over the world contributed
8 A now and unexpecied phenomenon

9 Using shading helps 10 differeniane

surrounding che see of global wacmicg
a blood sample or analysis,

the role of projec ende.

10 the debsse on cloning.

off contact wit clleagues abroad.
seers ia be em

the key elements sa a graph
2 way to solve their problem,
the results of sr experiments,

Choose the best word from tke box co fill each of the gaps.

comficóng el dat
rested ¿rre
pub random tag

She obcained her result by

sen gag
manage

proper

sample of the population,

1
2 Before we go any further we must cach of our roles more precisely.

3 We muse decide wha is che way 10 proczed, in “teams.

4 The group svcceeded in contact long, after they Bad all Tek colle

$ My trip to Africa was the element in my decision to work in conservation.
‘

Specialists in the field of bio-engineering have been aia

fon this issue for some time.
7 Tam told that Smythe is abont 10
$ Professor Powell ras able ro
accounts ofthe incident,

debate

ements is different

Academica ln se 29

31. Adjective and noun combinations

his uni focuses en a number of adjective + noun combinasions which are pariculady fréquent
in academic conten

Adjectives suggesting importance
as jo | sre of he none query goes wth

Important | significant cn convey the sare mumingand | asp. conrisdos, rece, peters
both actives ten go wäh ezo roars | polo. question reason demene

Hanieane | ean Seo mean bgt nee aes m much goer eres rection mane, propor

wih eze nour

‘major ‘he epposte minor also dien goes with | role changes problem ax En caen
these nous Meee there. corn po.

‘enormous | enormous can man wary lago or very | aout expansion, number, range

«considerable | srporton considerable mean: age oc of | very deere: ron exant,
notable importance fist es strong | degree pac power inte.

than enormous) serian mares
particular | meas speed Tees tenon sg porn,

None that a feature of academic writing is cha It often uses an adjovtive + noun phrase 10
Suggest importance of some kind instead of just using an adjecive, eg. Marx's comeribution
is of particular siguificanca instead of Marx's contribution ts very ignilicant.

Adjectives suggesting frequency
‘Widespread means that somthing happens in many place or among many people, le often
combines with such nouns as bei, acesplance, suport, opposition, assumption, use. For
example, There is widespread support for government policy ım urhan arcas.

¡Common can mean fregeent. With this meaning i often combines with such nouns as
experience, practice, se, concer, Fo example, It is increasingly common practice for UK
teenagers to take a gap Year before entering wnicersiy.

Note that comme can also mean ‘shared? and as such i combines with kemoledge, ground,
feature, interest. For example, ‘Thee ix much corazon ground hacen the tivo writers

Specific means selating to one thing and not to things in general. Te often combines with

context, information, case, type, form, purpose, characteristics, conditions, example. For
example, The reaction occurs only under specific conditions

Other useful adjective and noun combinations
Inevitable is often used with words eating to resus or charges such as consequence,
‘outcome, collapse, deciine, conc, efec, developments. fonavoidable]

Explicit combines wish words relating 10 how things are presented, eg reference, statement,
comparison, account, mention. (cleat and exact, conmumicated dect]

Relevane combiues with words relating 10 evidence of different types, e, data, documents,
information, detal, factors. [connect with what is being discussed}

30 endure bol Use

32. Exercises

Lock at these statement abuut sume academies, Complete cach sestence with an
appropriate adjecive or nvan, here may be mete than one answer.

1 Davisor did a considerable... oft

ch into eaethquake prediction.

2 Rawlinson dw _ fartention w the problem of energy consumption,
3 Werner's work had an enormous on che way we design hridaes today.
“a proparden of Thomas work was devored to internacional law: Three
of her five books were on the subject.
5 Prestyn made only a antcibution to modera psychology bur ie was an
nterestng one, nonetheless
6 Baklow’s work has some extremely implications for our work today.

Rewrite the sentences using adjectives from the opposite page instead of the words in huld,

1 Tere is opposition among scudenes in many places to the idea of longer semesters.

2 The destruction of th sivecbanle will cause a decline which is bound to happen in the
numbers of small mamma

3 School standards are a concern which occurs frequently among parents nowadays.

4 Nowhere in the atice does the author make mentir in a direct, dear and exact way
cof the 20 cases which were never resolved,

5 There i very Hise ground which is shared between the swe ways of addzecsing the
proble.

6 The paper s too general and lacks ex

ples which velar only to individual things.

Make sure you know the noun forms of these adjectives. Weite chem in the table, Use a
—

Tram wae ran
pora

rahobie

nt

Front

‘The sentences below came from lecuures. Adapt them fur usc in an academic article by
replacing the phrases in bold, In cach case use an adjective from she box combined with a
‘noun from 11.3 10 make a phase like of great interes.

huge MEN erormous great coniserble

‚Johnson work is very relevant for any student of medical engincering.

‘The research will be very valusble to anyone interested in economic planning.

LE was an event whieh vas tcribly important in te history of Latin Amecican politi
Parties book is an extremely broad work.

Sorlan's book was a very significant work in che development of political theory.
This sofware will be quite useful in the analysis of large amounts of numerical das.
‘The method she ourlies is very interesting to anyone investigating sleeplessness.
"You know" is an expression whieh is very frequent in informal spoken English,

Bond heu Use 31

33. Verbs and the words they combine with

How verbs combine with other words

‘You should note a number of things about verbs in an academic context, in parti

+ any nouns often used with the verb and whether the noua goes before or ater +
for example, the restarch/theory ie based on, to pose a problem/question/ihreat

+ any adverbs often used with the verb, for example, mainly/party/loosely based

+ any prepositions following the verb, for example, to base something on something else

«+ ifthe verb is often used in the passiv, for example, be based on, be associated with,

E mea ‘bres E
Bee [reich thor: | mai pardy | The story was lousely based ona mac went
sorghypenels | lovely whieh eeauradin 1892 "he theory i mainly
_ ed on the ers lg
Associate | worden | pera À decrease In consumer spending ls generally
cou | common, | associated with far of aso The word
invariably ‘commonly associated with yout clan.
isc | Wea probiam, | attemghh ru | Wir and Crick (165) eiscuss the problem
Vague quesos, | thoroughly | at length. Sis are eiscusses the issue
cole there thoroughly
rep | rd | Gesta han been una a rly each
comecien | concise” | a connection between the two ges of fos.
Lopez conclusively establishes a relationship
_ bemoan the rw phanamens,
examine | Bees | basally, | We dal now briefly examine the evidence
ofi | erorougty | for de existence of date ate Our amis to
i chorougtly examine the effects os.
| demonstrate | Sun. E73 The study clearly demonstrates the
meses, | convinchgy | impartanen of suppor for dumanta sure.
Inporarce | Kary! werk convincingly demeonseraces

che need fr 2 new approach tothe problem

Idanaty | causes tars, | ancre | This approach is closely i2entified with the
(wid (ote | sus proporses, | dose work of. Crowley ding che 19508 The arca
wein ends approach, clearly identifies the actors nfuencog the
ste) ca 1 decionto go 19 war

More verbs in combination with nouns, adverbs and prepositions

+ pose - This inevitably poses a question concerning the stability of society. Parks poses a
challenge co Kahn's theory

+ suggest The most recent results steamy suggest a different i
sinuation. The article suggests a new approach to the problem.

list Here [simply list the main hypotheses/causes/features/characteristcss they will be

examined in detail below.

teepretation of the

+ refer - The book sefers frequemtly/specfically/in passing to the 1956 economic criss.
+ observe -This is due to the changes/irends/differences we observed earlier.

Reset we say ned or, NOT Besen ru 2 probe eas, NOT ccs abat
tem en hse.
Note any verb = prepoition continaone da die from shone of your fir langage.

32. Acte cab In Ure

34. 122

124

125

Exercises

‘Choose the most appropriate adverb forthe verb in bold, and add it 10 he sentence. Note

the word order weed on the opposite page.

3 Paulzon's research demonstrated the need for a new approach to the study of stress
invariably convincingly closely

2 As was observed, cher is a strong corselaion berween house prices and
closely crieally earlier

3 In the study of language, ens refers to the coding ofre inthe form of
specifically stcongly brief

4 Classical tral economics is denied
theroughly closely conclusively

5 Chapter 1 discusses the main isues, but they are deal within greater detail in Chaprer 2.
closely simply belly

6 To date, no research exists that establishes a connection between behaviour, personaliy
waits, and leadership traits. Memly thoroughly crieally

7 SENTA isa comparer programming language based on Loge.
strongly slightly loosely

8 Social research tochniques were applied 10 examine the effects of the policy on the poor
suronaly mainly critically

tb,

Jah the theories of Milton Friedman,

‘Complete cach seutenos with a suitable noun, There may be more than one answer.

1 Here we list again the main ofre present study and show which have been
‘proven and which have been ejected.

2. The graph enables us to observe recent broad _

3 The researchers concluded that iis stil dificulex
related changes in human beings that we call a

4 A seminar was held to discuss the
‘Convention on the Rights of the Child.

5 Wa demonstrated the for a comprehensive plan in preparatic

—— in mortality rates,
identify che EE

ns rights in the light of the

fora pandemic.

Complete each sentence with three pasible nouns. Use a dictionary if necessary.

1 These figures lead me to suggest an alternative (1) (2) a

2 Iris clear thar chese developments pose a new (1) a Cu

3 Before we reach any conclusion, it is important 10 examine the (1) 7)
jE aie

Underline useful verb + adverb combinations in this txt.

“he war ocho ing ou cl Digas vas leccion hve mad ected a
the ot cecado, nd demo hs grown opty Weir bl fo generale a aa dng cl
(armen loo 21 centr os 04 din th 208 un a no ca rw, nm confie ae Maly
15 cecrpeoceely ound be werd, Aa mon, ad of sting sons which sch
cars mais ree, cour evs o nio o arm on al uses ar yay opt or
np ein clon. Wha reed co clins which en bo q implante]
‘onde deso which il say cnr mors os he shot om needs indivi st

Use one of che com!

ations yon undedined in 12.410 complete each sentence.
1 Various measures were inteaduced las year to — the issue of identity theft.
2 The justice system needs 10 _____ the impact ofa prison sentence on offenders
3 The number of university applications has been. ‘over the last SO years
4 The article on ene angle ofthe problem racher than taking a broad view.
$ The suggested measures should be. ____to avoid further problems.
Academic cable Ue 3

35. 13 Prepositional phrases
—

Notice the prepositional phrases in the texts below.

MZA A book review

“The Guido 10 the Semi-Coton In English was vritan by Keith Podant in conuaction
‘with! a team of researchers at Bosrdham Univers. comparison with preus
‘works onthe semi-esin, ih ka very substantial valumo, in addition o tke

nata tex here ar a number of appendices. Tasse aro to some extent the most
sel para of the ook 2, I ine witht modern Angus pracice, they provide

seal of ea data. m spite of ts potently dry top, th bock contains many
Jascinating example, In Ihe serions dealing with the history of the sex-enlon

in particule, With the exception of mo Saal chapter, tha book may be of some
isst othe general reader aswel as the paca ur an the whale” Is mainly
for these who have a profesional interest in punctuation marks.

Y working together with * same meaning as In contrast to notice also 19 2 greate less

getan extent *fllewing, same meanig os in accordance with À esp, no presemed by
Set including (NB NOT exept) gencally

MiB A talk toa genealogy club
‚Chairperson: Now, at this stage! in the procecdings i's my pleasure 10 imroduce our speaker
tonight, Dr Anna Klein, the conan les din fam Story specialist Anna,
Td like to welcome you om behalf of? all our members.
‘Anna Klein: Tank you. My osen intrest in ch sube came about a a real of
discover some ol ler in the ate at bome. 1 found them by chance’
“They'd been writen by some relatives who'd emigrated 10 Camada a hundred
years or so before and for me, as a ten-year-old then, they were by far the
Ion exciting things 1 had ever sad, They were, for the most par, extremely
well-written and, from then on, I was deterrained to learn as much as 1 could
About my family a other word, 1 had warte ut on my genealogical
jour. In some ways, aves very lucky. as able eo coll quite abi of key
informar asis ofthe old Inter and is enabled meo wach
dlrs some relations ving Ta Montreal, Thy, lo turn, provided same contacts
wich Australian cousins end so le continued. I dhe proces, Pve learnt greso
deal, ner only about my own fem, ur also in terms of ove ro approach
‘tracing one's family. In most respects? i's heen a thoroughly enjayable
adventure ore here have heen some dient momen «
| now, also af this point ? representing (NB NOT ssshepeetof) * accidentally * very much
3 peneclly * o expres someting deter olen mare simply > as fae ae (how 10 approach «)
was conoerned * considering most aspects of the experience

[Note that on the one hand and on the other hand are unnd to covtram ave diferent
wars of oki a an sue: On the ame an ying uxt mor comen Dir rg by
rah tat oa the other hand, a ve! often much mare er

34. Academic caler a Use

36. Exercises

13.1. Complete the prepos

Professor Soro so that, fra
— goverment guidelines the researchors
ad conta oca people.

X
‚A spokesperson for the drug company said that, à 6
ee
en {

lec

‘Dr Letman said that ee E

TT had the mnt ant to |
8

Camps, the tea wi recone a very garras gant,

lo comte research. 1

encourage research, the
rand they were raduclyg funcing for univers.

A ee

13.2

eon grew bang oa he

1 The conclusions are fair in

2 Dr Cars team got the grant, in

3 We had ie money to spares in

4 We need peoples personal data, in
5 We made an important discovery; in
$ This latest paper is quite short in

7 The Indian study was carried out in

133

al phrases as used in these press announcements.

the exception eme stu in
500, no major research haa been cacas ut til
ov, Dr Peters tat

Professor Karpal said that, the basis, }
her rules so fr, sho was optimistic
that a cure torte disease would balourd 1
Lauren Chores ssid na,

‘whole, social condtions had improved since the
repent especialy. terms jobs
‘and boss fr the poorer sectors

| The Professor sal that he was delighted o accept
theavard ___behalt__"_the hole
ans

March the beginning of each sentence with the most appropriate ending.

‘some ways i was sheer luck.
‘conjunction with an American project.
‘comparison with other articles in the series.
spite of being che smallest tcam to apply.
most respect, though some are questionable.
‘othe: words, we were underfunded,
particular heir parents’ history of illnesses.

Read this paragraph about the discovery of dinosaurs. In each sentonos there is one error

the use of a prepositional phrase. Cocrect each error.

‘Abonisdiscoverodonchanceinthe 17th century wasthebeginning |
“athe search for dinosaurs. From then in, scientists and the public
have been fascinated by these creaturas. In accordance to beieis
auihat time he initial dacovary was though to be the bone of a human art.
Howaver, In 1824, a scientist, Willam Buckland, calculated that the bone
‘belongedtoa 12maire, flesheting rep and named x Ategalosaurus, onthe
process giving us the first ofthe wonderful ist of exc names for dinosaurs,
‘The wth century discovery had, ontarn led toa series further insaround
that time All one ata greater or leeser extant contirmod Buckland’ theories
For far the biggest dinosaur discovered to date was probably over 40 metres

Jong. To the most part, dinosaurs ranged fro the ze of» chicken to that of
halle. At most respects, whet we know about thar habs i tl vey limited,
‘What we do know is atlaaston some extent based on pure speculation.

Use devorar to fd an example seance uing each of hese phrases on e one here ot
the aie hand on behalf of wth the excepto of xp. Wei hm aut and than dd one more
‘sentence fr ach one relating to your own academie cle

een cad Use 3S

37. ‘OK, lets cum to the more
difficult cages that ] mentioned
‘earlier. How should a doctor
respond 10 a patient who,
doc const to trestment.
when it seems to be esse

Verbs and prepositions

Verbs with on - sentences from academie articles
Chapter 1 of Hang s bock farses on violent human behaviour.

Sura’ aricle éeaws on data gatheral ove: a period of en years, (uses in support of hier case]
The introduction to the book comments briefly on a case study carried out in Brazo

In this section [concentrate on the economic aspects oF immigration.

“The book is based on a number of studies carried out during the 1950s. [often used in pass
‘The method used by Seanlon celies on / teats an" ewe has principles *{loomalt à based un]

Verbs with to = teachers talk to students

We assigned! the tasks randomly Malaria poses a major heal risk co
La she experimental group and the people who are exposed ta infection
«control group to ce how the subjects ‘where oularia is common. In 1997, 13%
‘would react o the diferen problems. of dats among eileen were abated
E malaria in one arca in Zaire.

‘We can’ really say thar an
increase in inflation of two
percent amounts tof an
economic criss, and | refer
here to some scent stories
in tae media which are
a higily exapgerared and
a quesionnaise, you sould which can be traced to a
always attend to? design iv such as the number. engen
‘of questions and how clar they a New

! pve pacas job or pie of wock o symone ay or
resul ufsomahin (fn used in passive) cel wich, give ones sense u € Be the sme
or have the same cle 2 something * alcoves the orig of someting by

exam ing Low it has develope (often used in passive)
Other prepositions
je Jos

{wah Jason proie, | Not: de cure voice as m ie group of or Flows ie
* eouple.cqp | pue verb + object + repostion + complemen Note lo thi hese verb

i Grs ten sen the pig, the second camp,

‘We uy co equip our borates wich ch testo

Fear ven ar associated with est syle.

‘tom | dure bent, | In dis book Hare departs (rom hi exer no“ aks 3 erent ver] |
emergente | Same ofthe cata vers exclue from the Gl ania

ef [wrt spank, | Abd written ofthe ary years of naval Apman or ae
|__| comuince pese | er formal] We us: convines people of the reed for wer conservacor.
@ | acount march, | Long cancer accouneed for 20% o deat mon (formed te el o]
largo Hosper (1987) argues for a now agorcach to Eng parar [opposte:
arpue against]

‘The verbs empres and rss are used without ay preporidon (NOT a) re stay
lemphasceieresses eme fr mare caning experts bck up de cence.
DT Discs folomad by mo (NOT eter. In mueca we die int te gape

36 fender Vcchloy ln Use

38. 141

142

143

144

Exercises

‘Pur the words in che right order to make sentences. Use the punczuation to help you.
1 period. focuses / the changes / The article on / the / he postwar? economy / US Fin in
2 commente [students /inconsistencis / a /Tue professor of in the esay. fon mamber
3 conducted / The /is/ last] based} a seres Jheory / of Bve fon years faves the
experiments
4 0m assiants {The research / res] work conducted by / profeso? experiments / is
5 ist ase very your your studies? importan / concentra / ro 4 over Fon} ntl e
$ was The draw some 110} primary on oniz cecently/ become have! avilable /
writes sources whieh able

Por those verbs in che sight box.

account argue ag amodme alice baie cl consent convince
dear dipue equip exude prove mat afer search write

Cal E El =

Now choose une of the word + prepostion combina

‘sentence, Change the form of the verb if necessary.

1 The lecturer “_. a number of very good writers on che subject

2 Trafic accidents = most hospital admissions at the weekend.

3 The poets John Keats and Lord Byron are closely +
Romantic Movement,

ins from 14.2 to complete each,

4 Remember to cactfully „all waste material,

5 Most people heise that they woald ‘enormously having more
job security.

6 My parents tried to me the advantages of sudying abroad,

7 Thave been an article on this topic for ages.

8 Our experiments us the data we needed to prove our
hypothesis

9 The head of department 2. the lecturer's request for leave of
absence.

10 Mary Kaskova very movingly her experiences in Rwanda.

Correct the sentences. All of them have errors connected with prepusiions.
2 The cours leader divided her students in £ve groups.

2 They had to 1race everyone who had been exposed for che infection

3 Ac the moment we have 100 few nurses acendiog at tao many patients

4 Excellent teaching coupled for fst<las: cescar have made this a successful college.
5 The countey emerged off the crisis as a much stron

$ Joe got an interest in polices from his uncle who often spoke over his days as 2 senator.
7 The government called to an investigation into the explosion at che nuclear reactor.

8 In your speech don’ forget 1o emphasise on the advantages of studying here,

code Veco in Use 37

39. Nouns and prepositions

Groups of related nouns sharing prepositions
Sometimes groups of nouns with related meanings share the same propositions.

CI aparto | same
ES
| Heure sein, Se ete Ssseration on enge ang Ne
popes

roer ose ako 5 | o RE RE concede ce oars ot
fe ron nary terca rr

vray oamnaze, | of The arco oc an anal afi pour inpac fie ABN]
aporten na An o

md

probes, dy | RR He poes ncure onthe problem of goa warning

One Miley with shes soproich sat» set of ree may
on trent narran

Fron mesas, | for ‘Econom: have ee

rom fee ao 8) meron wendig,

ar

"aad *abow ends to be used for more general subis on à frequendy used
ented works although beth may be found in both uses

See also the notes on prepositions after nouns in Unit 44,

ore spi,

Nouns commonly associated with particular prepositions

‘You can also leurs the nomas which most frequestly come before a particular preposition.
Some of these sre a A above. The following examples sec al titles of academic aril

En prepa | example

E Fr accept at inegaios I name and pied
thoi of concupron

[Changes difereness in r differences in risk skin in franc dassion-
heraus decae | ooking

TS An investigation Into deep Garcons oran wis
Hg am

voir, Tom Genen ee on aang 2 0 wale ee
erp da u
nées [or compared dial den support on ss means
exertion mensa of mpiemansing depression guien

cd aso ls ce, for ‘sessing organo cubre the ease For up

methods

Arc. atonal, Behind “Questoning the assumptions behind arı entice
motions loc

rene. orense, | between — | The relationship between educational technoigr and
cuneta

39 Ace actuary in Lie

40. 15.1

152

15.4

Exercises

Fl in he missing prepositions In questions 4 and S, more dhan one answer is possible.

1 One difficulty the class questionnaire was that some students had already
Jefe the course and could not be contact.

2 She wrote a diseetation wild lower conservation in Finland ie the 1980

3 The book isan exploración the origins ofthe ecoaemic cis of 1997.

À The raionsle the present research is he need o better understand the
process of agreement in international la

5 Research spoken language has been considerably assisted in recent veacs by
the available of computerised databases or corpor.

6 Prippen's (1984) hock was an inquiry he foundations of rationalise.

7 What is Kazuo Masur bok — 2 Have you read ie

3 He did a seudy __. — — he problem side impact automobile collisions.

Oorrect the mistakes in the use of prepositions in these sentences. There may be more than
‘one mistake per sentence.

1 He discecracion produced some inceresting insights co how young children develop a
visual sense of the world and the age in which development is most raticeable.

2 The reason of the unwillingness of the poopie involved in che demonstration 10 he

viewed was fear of being arrested lace.

3 Hierstars approach at ehe analysis of sofae phenomena is diferent from that of
Donewski, He questioned the assumptions under much of the previous researc.

4 Changes of the cate of growth ofthe cells were observed over time.

5 A lack in funding led to the cancellation of the project, and soci
negativo attitude of the government on social science research.

6 Jawil’s acuclo purs grest emphasis into the need of mace research and argues the case of
rester attention on the causes of poverty rather than the symproms,

Scientist blamed the

Using a dictionary if necessary, match each noun wich the preposition tha wsvally follows it,
Nouv nd —diference elect email Indehe pero,

prinephe raiorale masom nahe tendency

Prepositions: boning betwen for bo om taltemardt

‘Underline typical academic noun + preposition combination like those on the opposite page.

at food peak there wes no

ars have arsacy responced to
aneoquance of cimate change, and may
roy bird specos.

Y which traves to a different place, «guy wher the season changes * small, long animal wich
many legs which develops into a burterfly ? young birds

Arena Usa 39

41. Fixed expressions

If we look ata carpus of academic texts, we Soe that certain chunks af language occur very
frequently in spoken and writen contexts. This unit looks ar some of the most uschil ones,

Number, quantity, degree

Look ar these comments writen by a college teacher on assigamencs
ande in by her aden, Note the expresion in bole

TGR TEN ma

oe spans great cies fosses

E an i
lu À | smith acc of 2.009

Fe À | o ens ran
er of || ot oe aL al
5 der

Generalising and specifying

Tn this dass dicassion, the students male fairly general statements, while he teacher cies to
make the discussion mote specific.

Marsha: Well, think on the whole parents shonld take more cesporsibiity for hei kids,

‘Teacher: Yes, with respect 1n? home Ie, es, bur in the case of violence, surely the wider
community is involved, isn't ie T mean, for the purposes of our discussions about
socia sally, everyone's involved, aren't chey?

Macshas Yes, but in general [dom think people want 10 get involved in moles: incidenss, as
a le at leat. They ger scared off

Teacher: Tm. But as far as general discipline is concerned, don't you think it a

-omnunity wide sue? I mean discipline as regards? everyday actions, with the

exception of school discipline. What do yon thick, in terms of poblic life, Tara?

Tarige [think the comunmiry as a whole does care about rime and discipline and things,
but for the mos par they soe violence as something that i outside of them, you
now, not cheir dice responsibil.

Tescher; OK. So, ler consider the topic in more detail, mean from the point of view of
violence and aggression specifically in schools. Lats Look at some extracts from che
American Medica! Association's 2002 cepocr on bullying. They’ on the handoct.

* ox in respec of, o more neural) wil regar to *
Formal) a greater deal

Linking points and arguments

“The increase in house sales is dueto the fac har inilation fll in 2004. At the same time, tax
rate reductions were heginning to have an effect

Joslay used an cighepoint scale in the questionnaire, as opposed to! a foue port one, by
imeans of which he showed tet attitudes covered à very wide range, in che sense thet the
results were spread very evenly ever all eight paint

Is very difheule to interpret chese data. Be that ss it may”, hores some evidence of a decline
in frequency. For thi reason, we decided to repeat the experiment

Im addition to surveying the literate em population movements, we aso reviewed work
carried out on family names in five gions.

another neutral alternative wo 1 # or (ore

3 rather than 2 a typical academie way of ying
common in specch than in writing

sgh Taccept thar this x true; more

49. Ace acte

42. 162

163

165

Exercises

‘Chonse one of the expressions in A to fl in the missing words in this feedback 10 a student
fom une of her teachers.

Use dhe words in the box 10 form cight different phrases that are useful fur academic

excuse.

rom the point of view of meaning, which expression in each see doesn't belongs and wir?
1 in general, by means of which, as a rue, un the whole

2 as regards X, as far as X is concerned, with the exception of X, with respect uo X

3 ase whole, in addiviun to, for the mos part, in peneral

Choose the best expression to complete cach sentence.

our discussion, Pd like co focus on the US context.
ses of En the sense th € From the point of view of

2 ete is seme evidence of an improvement in the economy but, there
is unlikely to be anuch change before next year.
A for this cas Basa rule be that asit may
3 I'd bike wn consider educacion _ industry
An the case of # from the point of view of C wich the exception of
4 Vim mae sure | ‘you agree with Qian’ cheory.
A by means ofwbich Bro what extent Cas regards
5 We will now discuss the development of the Surrelist Movement pe
À on the whole Bs to same extent in mure detal

‘Complete these sentences in any logical way:
ing, mo sports with the exception of
in berween parents and childeen is often due to he fact tac

4 In your first year of graduate school you have to take aa end of year exam in addition 10

$ Te was a very useful euurse in the sense thar

‘Academeecavdery Use 41

43. Applications and application forms

Here we loo at appl

for a place at a UK college or eniversty Tasitucions following the

US system have diferen: processes, which are usually described on their web pages,

Getting information

Read this information about preparing an application far postgraduate study.

‘What row tao rat?

Do ah yeu can o eam about Ue careers! tat wil be open te you ae suring - and what quabieations

you al ss in ceso ge tho Job you mane

whet aulifictioms do 1 ned for postgraduate study?
Aa: degree ls required vo sucy at poseracune ve

‚ment (reach cour of su restado e Ino! sus pages.
moy be sought! rom Ln deparuman you ar ap

“Your pertence previous stc every impr to Your applet profle

What are the requ
{En action o ihe petal sin reten

ment for international tente?
Intwrratiecal applcate must sume

> Rtranscript or unnersty nues and gases, trees nto Eng, and

1 emits of he International Ent Language Tecno Sytem ES)

“est of nah as a Foren

Language (TOEFL), unes you have received Enghshmedium”eoucitin for at hast Om yr
sopheants mus have a mera IELTS Et of 6.5 or TOEFL score 58.

Are any grorts! or senolorships? avait
| vis ou matinal Dre pape or deal.

* the job or series of job that you do during
your working life * making something cleat
by giving more detal ora simple explacation
? past participle of seeks to look for" * overall
Character ofthe application. give something
fora decision to he made by others * oficial
document listing corses completed and

‘The application process
Look sa this

grades received where all de clases are
‘aughein English * money given specially by
he government toa person so enable Chem
* money given by a school, college,
exc 0 pay forthe studies of à

person with grea ability

from Tania to Liam. Tania is applying to study at Wanstow Universi.

Huan,

‘last ve file in my appt mana ant tc Mk age. Az wel as alımy parer ets ey
artes he names ct no referees, francal guarantee, and had touch perscnal statement saying
‘wy wanted oso Vaio. Away, the decline? lnea Fido, ren he webs ai hoy ah about
“acesso process" te apelcaton ata oy ackngwledge" ton! mig! be elled for an ones.

By fat me tne references have tobe Im seing al because vr a mature student ta have a

good cance ol bet offered a ples - ans has le of mar sunt and hey
‘opportunities poly" The fee a rey high, bu can gata student can! gtin

Lote, Tona

sens equal

Y person whe knows you and who is willing

so describe and, muay praise yoo, to support

your application À formal acceptance of

Financia! responsibilty and a

(e. proof oF a hank aceon)

which something must be done * deal w

12 offcally 9 say that they have

NOT amependir asked to attend

42. Academia In Use

Ta sde ar college or university who à
older than the al age principe of testing
all people the sane, regardless of ses, ace,
region, ce. * amgunt of money pad or à
putear sevice money which must be
fepoid when one has completed one's studies
normal iam acepel and given» pace

44. 174

172

173

174

175

Exercises

Read the text À and answer a porential student questions about che university

1 Is it possible to do a postpraduate degree without having heen to university before?
2 Where can 1 get more informacion ahow what qualifications | need
3 Will they wane ro know about my university grades?

4 When is an IELTS or TOEFL score not needed?

5 What IELTS score should applicants have?

Match che fist half of the word combination un the Ich with the second half on the right.

Personal Mandl seek student opportunities score scan: degree
Sul mature appikatan fo form “competion zuramen
rien rough seemere —eaieation loan

‘Why docs the university want each ofthese things? Answer in full sentences using, where
possible, some of the vocabulary fron the opposite page.

1 che names oF ro referees 4 atransceipt of courses taken and grades
2 financial guarantees 5 a minimum TORFT. or IFTTS score

3 a personal statement

[Number the actions co show the order in which they usally happea for à prospe
wait forthe application to be processed!
find an appropriate cour
Attach a personal statement o the form
decide on what career hey would like to do
ke altered à place
be called far an interview
=. ask roferecs fis al right re por their names en che application form
check thar they fulfil be vecessary entry cequirements,
Bill a an application form

sudent.

ing words in this email with words from she oppe
letze uf each word is given to help you.

page. The fst

Melaveas a anietnatonal ya and am rey haping can
9 in 16 Warstow University to do ap a course in
Few there, (vet. In altherecessary forma and just hope thai my neademic
‘sll be good enough for rn. thnk UE athe @

‘aut who knows took me agus to get the À ol my college

cie. Waratated but managed to get everthing in by the d_ :
So nun just have to wal to 990 they © me for an teres or not. Fingers
gruen!
Luck

BE to 2c he este ot any Eng spot cry that press po Mat information de
EM vey rod 202 ping on many Mi à note of any ces well vocablo you
2 Rs

Ace Vocabulary in Uso 43.

45. “se College and university: the UK system

a
MZA

Places

Key

Halls of residence

‘Administration

Fac

y
Great Hall

uveeot, often shorteoed
to ados? a group of depacunenes or
chaos (ee 6) a olle whic specialise

in à particule group of subjects * large
all where gradation ceremonies and urher
importe events ace held * a beildion

People, structures and activities

Student Union

School
Lecture Theatre

spscally used by students eo most socially the
teem al refers 10 the organisation af student
which arranger social evene and ofees other
services * part of a college or university
specialising in a particular subject or group

‘of subjects? a Ego hall with roves of seats
where lectuces are he

Dr Ward, Adviser to International Scudesus, is giviny an introductory session for new
{international postgraduate students in the Department of English Language at Wanstoxe,

De Word: Terme tell you about the sat. The Head of Deparmenc is Professor! Brady. Le
will be giving some ol the posgraduate seminars? as well as giving some al the Frst-semexcer
Lectures. Then there are two Senior Leczurers, They'll he handling loctures and eutoial
‘Then there are six lecturen® they e all listed in your information pack. You'll also meet
our Research Assiscam, Angela Gorski, and here are four research students doing PDs.
ach of you will be given a personal tutor’. who will be one aus, you want co talk to any
fs, our office hours are on the noticeboard and on che web page. Any questions?

ls he personal rotor the same as cur dissertation supervisar?

No, You'll he given a superuisor when you choose your dissertation topic. Le or
supervise you during she spring semester? and the semer vacation. Your personal
tutor looks after your general academic welfare, You can also talk o a student enunsellor™
if you have any personal problems, and here also a postyrad rep”,

14 nd profesor ithe most ser academic
til; sexi lecturers ae below profesora
in academic ran, ad Ierers ae below
Senne katuens #3 and ® Seminar consist of
{teacher = prop of sears meng ©
dy and discs sorting; leaves are moze
Joroval vents where large groups of sens
liste and tke nor; ois ae usally
smaller groops where sus discuss thir
Work wht ateacber 7 weicher who wacks
ich one senden or a small group Ssencher
cespoasblay for à parler stadeat

44 Academic booty in ts

* the university eeaching.yeae i normally
divided into wo semesters; che word tec is
alo often used for che pers when stadents
are in residence at a university" period when
“universities or college are closed; the word
holiday i lso used by studews "someone
‘aimed t listen co students end ive chem
adhice al their problems. (formal)
Short form af pasigraduate representative

who aes officially foe that yup of

46. 18.1

182

183

18.4

Exercises

Look at A. Which building must students go to if they want tos
1 speak wo a leenwer inthe history department?

2 find information sbone senden clubs?

3 visit someone who is living in che student accommodation?
4 enquice about payment of fees?

5 antend a geadustion ceremony?

6 listen 10 a talk about English Inerature?

7 see a doctor?

3 burcow a book?

Read the text in B and answer the questions.

1 Ace here likely to he more people in a seminar or a estorial?
2 Who is che academic who guides a posgradunte suedent through their dissertation?
3 What word is used for the holiday period between univecsity terms or semesters?

4 What is the difference between a personal tater and a stadent counsellor?

$ What sche diffeceace berween a postgrad rep and a stadent counsellor?

Fill a the missing words in this email wich words from she opposite page.

fe

Te see tn wel ere at Wanstow. 2 ke my racm in his hall of Tet
+o my ft this moming - it was on research methocology - and tere were
hundreds of students here. The was very good ~ it was Professor Jones,

our head of «Tomorrow FU have my first. ~ thal be just me
and one other student. We'l be discussing what ae have to get done by the end of the

— . E need to try to think some more about the topic for my
‘When that is finalised TU ve assigned à «TU be expected to see him or her
at least once a week during their office 1 hope Tl like kin or her. You heat
some awful stores!
Daisy
PPP

Pat the words in the box into the correct category.

leurs ES laure lecturer
rara Hoary posgrados prosas
tocar asia rem mudent seminar spores comer
apor round or ‘worl este deste
Probie place vent

‘Are unverscesicaoges in Your country rouphy bases on à arr esta tothe UK ore, oF
are char importa francs! Make sure you ca describe te rain fesuires m Eng. your
curry uniera desicleges are more ar ca o US system study Un 19.

Acad vocab in Le 45

47. ES

Systems compared: the US and the UK

In US umiversties, many of the words for people and places are the same as chose used in the
UK (see Unit 18), bur these are some differences.

‘Terms with different meanings in US and UK university systems

meonmgkarmmans UR ame meamngieomment

yeu ae aay. you wea | Dre eudey wil ave” | TOA tr o à grup ot
monde ofthe aeademe Sx, | eo come woe dec | daparunen (re Ui IB}
non era sar interest

Tncaadng _|Antiewasereterieiner | Some suens marcas | muse on an oa
rubric foram | gadelnes whic els how an | he exam rubric ane | paper or na texthock a
paper ar been | zrsgmene wil be graded or | date arene out | to baw à dea be done

revises. scored, questions
Toe “The word ge Ame | She wert ro university | In BA Engh ay
college ine | Expos refers orcas to dha | m Scetind.She fers co the under

Tended | undergraciate experince, | grates For spare In bach

host aa rege | university in 1996. | Amerian and Bish
communi colega four Engl, arcas uned
ar cab or arg sate before ne ar nd
Urheriy Inne US. À spec hese examples
course at | mine can boa colega
collage, Gang uncsrgdune
degrees oa) or universi
(eri uncerradaro and
rca degrees)
Her bros Scholls ote used 19 Twente sehoolie | Reet pray or
(monte schoal | mean met, À common | London, ren Iuert te | secondary educó: sa!
card. | queen 8 Where did you ge | umversey in East | an aborafer uns unversey
to sebo meaning Wrere dame wich coves
id you goto cage” area diferent teach
areas (eg Seroal ef Ena
and Joumalen

Different US terms.

wonder who should be on my PhD commirice!. My advisor"sugnested De Fry and Dr Roe.
I have a lot of studying to do. I have my comps! in ro weeks.
Lerk meer in Harley Commons at 7.30 pm, and we can study for tomoreow's quis, OK?
e was rough being a freshman' because I wasn’ used co such diéáculr fas, bus life got à
bit exsier when I became a sopliomore?, It was cosy enough as. junior", hut then it gor tough
again when I was a senior,

dem, got to actend seminars with some of he cop people in my Aeld.

I edge of the campus.

La group of reachers who advise a PHD student * equivalent of dhe UK supervisor Gee
18) shoe for compecherive cxomúnations, subite tt required of graduate se in
some area of ates * area where sents an mest social and eat in dining hall shor est
on areas which have beew taught new, sor undergraduate (ako used inthe UX) ? ai
exarinations atthe end of the semester * second-year sudent, from che Greek soph, wise, and
moros, dal thidzyeae student fourhryear student scene with a hachelors deprer fe
BA, BS) who i enclle in e masters degre programaze,equivalest of psteradsere sent be
UK a social organisation for mals stents a social organisation for female students

46 fester cal a te

48. 19.1

19.2

193

Exercises

Look ar A. Who is more likely to be speaking — a British person or an American? Why?

"(nly faculty an ea here,
[ uD

2 (All professors use the same rubric For grading term papers

> EEE

dé
My department within he Faculty of Eaginesrng

Marre

4

students to answer al three questions on the exam paper]

Put these levels af student in an American miversty in order of sen
First-year student, Explain what kind of sundent each teri refers o,

y starting with the
Arad sudene prit Fashman senor sophamare

Ave the following ments true ur false? If false, exp
1 An advisor i someone who helps Auerian s
2 men usually jin 2 Frater

3 Finals means a student’ lat semester at oniversity oF
1 A PhD comminee i group of geaduate sudex

in why they are incorrect.
‘heir emotional problems.

\deous wit

lege.

Use the

te complete the erassword.

Across

1 Someriines nsed to eier to college or university in the US.

3. A shore tes of material that has been taoght |

3 Test to asas whether à student knows subject

4 A social organisation foc female students
student in the US

ral required for a graduate degree

6 Asecond-year student

‘Aeris cable a tse AT

49. IZA Course descriptions

Look ar this extract from a UK university web pages. American websites may use diferent terms,

Academic courses

Diploma/MA in Engiah Language and Culture

+ Queicsten: Diploma! or MA. Duration: One year (ultima or two yeas part-time
“The courte is 2 180-creai!coyres, corsa of 120 crei of coma! snd electiva” modulos
BL à 80-creit denerieio mochte Cora mocuies are obligatory. Candidates nc vishing to
[proceed 0 the MA may opt fr the Diploma (120 ras without hesarinin),

+ Course dose Ta course cer al the major aspects of present-day English language
ar culture. Topica true grammar vocal language in society, trauen Engl fora
‘ul it, ses the lst of mach, Elective modules only run if minimum of en students ene
The madıres consist ofa rise of tectures, seminar, worksheps ard toria

# Assmssmant A 3.00-w0:4 assignment must be suite for each coro module,
locive modules ara sssessod through assis, projects ard portfolios! The word lait
forthe dissertation is 12,000 t0 15,600 words.

Gandidates must achieve pass grade al four core modules (20 cdi enc, lus

20 cenit in lective modes (minima of 30 zest the Engh departmant us 10
Optional ced tom modules offered by other deparranis), and, for MA, must nass the
issartarion module (60 cred),

Candidates who achieve a grate average o! 70% or mors vu all modules may be eligible!”
fora distincion”.

28 Acc ecbulry in

Là qualcadon Ferwezn à bachelor's dace
and a master’s degree * ai which repesents
y sicesfally completed part of a co

3 most importa parte oF cours of su,
Bar all sedes ut do * which re chosen
Sone of tc ut which together make a
comple coarse raogh especialy aa college
fr unversev * choose * pur ones masse on
Sn offical list ofcourse members * see Unit

Other aspects of courses
Dr War

Reza:
Dr Ward:

18 for he meaning of hess à
a seeing to discuss andlor perform practical
subject judgsments ef the quality
ff srudens work," pies of written work
M a collection of documents (ht epcesen a
peto vk having the nowsay qual
Or Mg the necessary conditions 2
Special anc given o stats who produce
Work ofan excelent standard

shop ie

i holding a question-and-answer session for new MA students

Can we defer! the dissertation if we can’ soy here ducing the summer?
Yes, you can defer for a year, but dont forget if you do go home, you won't be

able to have facestonace supervision:

‘Ace the in-sesional! Langu

uses compalsocy?

De Ward: No, Most of you did the presessional, which is the most important. Bot there are

good in-sessional courses you can sien up for, especially
If we got the MA, can we go on to do a PhD imenediately?

Angela:

the EAP writing course

Dr Ward: Not automaticaly. You have to show you can do PAD standard work fest anyway,
and then upgrade? vo the PAD programme after a year or o.

1 delay usta later tive 2 individual meetings withthe teacher whois responsible forthe dene

dissertation +
the main eaching semesters beg
forthe higher degree

x

ne eld during the mat each somete
English for Acacemie Purposes 3

e-sessionalcoucses ae hed before
ne offically registered

“When seressng someone with a PhD, aay ue dhe Amäy name, eg. face me, Dr Lopes.
Duby medal doors can be adresse supi a Doc, va uc dhe ry ame.

50. Exercises

20.1 Answer the questions about che rext in A,
1 How long docs the Diploma or MA course take if you study fulltime?
2 How many credits ic a dissertation worth?
3 What is special about core modules?
3, What is the difference between doing a Diploma and an MA?
$ How many students are required for an elective module to run?
6 How long do assignments have to be?
7 ‘What kinds of classes do the sardents ger?
8 On whet kind of work are they assessed?
9 What Z the maximum number of words allowed in a dissertation?
10 What do students have to do to get a distinction?

20.2 Complete the missing words in this email from à student to a friend.
Dpleradsseruuon assim! MA mode PRD poet san

Here,

ow are thinge ota wath you? Im sorry not Lo have written to you sooner but I've

‘been desperately busy with the Ingulstics (1) _ ——" Ihave to co for the elective

3 Fr ng as er fs en aig net mig cn fo |
Goyal ans er tape’ A wae ony lema le dee

© Date ive deeded te have 290 an 1 mg even

D eee) ce ire ave mel Pa aude ae usury
Saisie langage ean on De (@) TE voue hey u ar fren
Stunt sol ewer my E ee ue |
rosana |

20.3 Choose the corrcer word to complete each sentence.
1 Y started out doing an MA bu then decided to upgrade / defer to a PhD.
2 Students whose fist language is no: English usually heve to attend ata) -sessional pre
sessional language course before their main classes star.
3 Only six students have enralied / npred, sa the MEd programme will nat run this year.
4 Most students decide to sign / proceed to the MA after compleuing their Diploma course.
$ Core modules ace obligatory / optional.
$ When I was doing my PhD I had monthly one-to-one sensinars / supervision.
7 1 won't be able to finish the dissertation this year, 0 VI have to opt / defer ll next year.
8 Assessment / Assignment consists of a thuee-houc end-of module exam.

20.4 Compleic the tie below. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary.

I = as

gay

gle

EY Sansa your om course. or one you hope o do with dhe cour described nA in ers of
rio, cides and amen.

codo cabello 49

51. ==
Ea

Study habits and skills

Time management

West Promon University has a web-basod self assessment questionnaire on time management,

1 Do you begin working on endrol-semestar assigaments à é
early in he semester?

2 Do you met deadlines for submitting work? 2 +

3 Do you ever have to request an extension? far your werk? SP +

4 De you spend hours cramming? just bafor an exam? + +

5 Do you make a to-do List cach weck? # Y

| 6 Do you include extra-curricular activitics when you à à
| pan your ta time?

complete your wark by the offical final day or time 2 ask or more time beyond the deadline
2 ay co learn a Jot very quickly belore an exam * make alist of thin youshould do * auiside
of the subjects one is sundying

Study habits and problems studying
Here are some students’ comments about study habits and problems associated with seeding,

"110210 priori! the mont dif or urgent tsk fst, when 1 oc more motivate”

‘Tim a slow rendez I need to imocove my reading speed. Lfind revision before exams cally
he. can only evi for about to hours a a me, My mind stars to wandert"

always try 10 revi! my lecture notes within 24 hours ofthe time 1 took them do need

1 improve my note taking”

“Tus oks to memorise thing, ike mnemonics and visgaiing. Try to brainstorm rhe

topic and draw mind mapa? before I weite a ist drafi ofan essay?

‘Thnow rote lamas” it very fashionable aowadays, but 1 find e usefl to les some

hing by hear, especially Tuts of tings.”

Tuy to make à sm plan cach semester ~ bor L never manage t keep to

“Lakways ty to get the book 1 need fom the library on Log tem loan, Shore er loan is

never lang enough, eventhough you can sometimes extend i for 26 hours”

in an exam 2 make rongh notes for each question, orherwise my rnd jus goes lan

ideas

opie are elated * text containing
eas bur not in fully developed
used with a negative association
ing o you ean eepeat ie Fears
16 ja such

"decide which things are the mos pou
ht you cap eal wt them fst 2 art al ma
thinking af Ringe noe camneted u my radio form? of
2 end or study agua Seg. avery shor poems leasing

ar à special word used to help yoo remember | memory rat

something 3 Farming an image in yor mind
ink of «lot of ideas vary quickly before

considering some of them more caceilly

iaa or deawing showing how different

50 Academie aaah es

à way thot ou can sa It from memory" not
exact or detailed: apprunämate you cannot
remember a particular ring, or you ınnar
remember anyehing

52. 211

21.2 Complete each sentence with a word combination from 2

213

214

Exercises

Math the first part of the word combination an she left with the second part on the right

met todo esmemtair sey aci anextemon lan date
tine lengterm cure moe dende umge san management
recu fat rate dun midis tae ne notes

1 Valwaystey fo. but this time I'm afenid Pro going co have ro

=. WoniyTeoulestick to the — 1 make at the
Beginning of every semester!

2. You should show the
more work on it,

lona mise the class but she borrowed the from a friend.

4 Some people find it more helpful o ‘hea they are seadying thon to
take traditional notes.
5 This is an incredibly useful book. Fort

Students who are working part time as weil as studying have to be particulary good at

2 of your essay to yous tutor before you do any

ey, lve been able (0 take it out of the library

7 Some sundent get distracted from their studies by alle
niente after.

8 Takvays make a when I'm getting ready to go on a sip,

9 is often considered 2 very old-fashioned way of learning nowadays,

10 is ver important during lecuces; you can’t remember everything.

Answer these questions about study habits.

1 Can you think of le of a mnemonic?

2 1 you were brainstorming some good study habits, what would you write dawn?

3 In your opinion, what sors of rings are uscal o learn by hears?

2 When do you star cramming hefore an exam?

5 Docs your mind ever vrander when you are studying? L£so, whac do you star thinking, shout?

$ Have you ever experienced your mind going blank during an exa

7 Do you ay to prioriiso certain types of work? Which types?

3 Why is it a good idea to make rough notes hefore answering an exam question

which most

Hexe arc some more useful words relating to study habits Say i
each expression in bold means. Use a dictionary to help you

your awn words what
meca

University bzary: Notice to all undergraduates
Undergraduates are remind ht all books om loan must be etre hy nods on Jane
Sa, 2908, Overa Hens will neu 2 fine af 30 cents pee day Fle in tea ies and
serás books may resalto of oecowing rights. Additional repito apply 10
InteeitbraryToans (se the uses Library We page).

University Lirarian.

EY Au some of your (aos auene about sr sty bits tng the questions fom the
questa on um oppose page

Academic eco me 51

53. 22 on

Mic

ne learning

What is online learning?

‘What makes studying ontine different from Énueto-fece study is Cha it uses the internet a
the primary means of communication. Leersiag is often organised through a vitual learning
‘environment (VLE). This provides discussion areas and links 10 readings and oshor resources
as well as Iring students submit assignments®clecronically and take qaizzes online. Online
‘outs are often collaborative? with students posting messages fer cach other to read and
Working together to concernct knowledge? As a res tucens in vital? classrooms develop
2 sense of being par of an online community and fel much less isolated ches they might,

Gn traditional distance course’. The teacher's role i 10 ser appropriate tasks, ro moderate?
discussions and to provide feedback’. Teachers may alse conduct online tutorial,

Y fan hat allows staff and ruts to ja (e. WebCT or Blackboard hand in
says or es week inves working cher Y making a conto o a0 online
discusion * ball up undestanduas of he tops * gal 7 cœur mer the det acudo ar
ome using seaterial sem by the academic institution * gend control, by asking questions and
acoutagıng leszurs 10 make connections * commen on students” work" teaching sessions for
individuals or stall groupe vÉstacezss

Key terms

E) eng [werd combinations
Fybridbiended | a course dur comes bouton andere | enrol on abraded
course fee (RD rang and lena

‘aide a britikned course
‘oat message Wake

a (emailing) list | online discuss group maraged ehrough

à are program = ach message ar suc to at
«orisauon le gcntto à common em han | unsubsrihe tom a 16
forwarded ro 21 members

[scuvion forum | area of webs orVAE where pos an posta | arta ko pereins|
ina for cer parte o rend and raphy e | discusion fru

Er {oer of our name the roar roger and | ae your crane
20a ya go brs enn o eu serie)
De] an ordered ro at comm ar nen deed
forum on a peche opie contar to tes
fol a tweet

Y joa Fist À leave a list ? the ose of upper and lower case lees must exactly wacch what was
entered as the username when seiing mp the aecoust Jupper case = capital rer]

Netiquette [rules for elective online communication}
Read your mesuge before biting send.
+ Use an appropriate ubice header.

+ in a malliog list Tuck before you leap ie observe the conve
joining.a discussion yoursel.

(Obey the KISS principle (Keep ie Short and Simple)
+ Dont Hasse ether postes, Ibe very ru

ions others use before

to other members of an online groupl

‘Could you do wal es an ori sudor Read he prfle ofa vr student: 3
menreakndene omihenlproük en). Now ary ane yeeaulry here

82 codec Engl in Use

54. Exercises

22.1 Look at A and fl in the gaps in this email from a student on an online course
555
His.

"gene courses brillant. use Moodle whichis VLE sofware that means [1]
Isarningemiranmant. You gett kre he other student well even shough the weds auraniy

(a) 0 communication excl eal mpartof an amine (3) salsa
seat 35 you dont have goto the rang a the masings ans other A] sreortine
andre re 5) ‘other in Mond Jus lick an youre gs them We warkln
gyoups— the teacher sets various colaborativo (6) andıhen proves

ei - omaurwork Wehove 1 Ke (8) very wock bar Ws ust ases
of ensy multiple chico questions. At he and ofthe course we have to (9) abs
_signment Anna roll fu.
Ello.

122.2 Match the first part of che expresion fram the let-hand box with the second parton dhe right.

comme post ‘rom a mating ite new then
coro sere insdscusenm koowledge
‘snr subscribe the send born mages

me ta por 0 alg ho your vsemane
Modern umubrenbe dessin ‘on a Ivrea

22.3 Now choose word combinations from 22.2 to complete these sentences. Change the verb
form where necessary.
1 When you log on you will be asked to, amd password.
2 A Jong time ago 1 for marine cagineers. I don't want co recerve
messages from it any more but now I can't remember how o.
3 Tecally enjoy for language teachers aad yesterday I
about teaching grammar online.
4 Vdecidadto "7 as [thought it wordd he good to experience a contre
its bor online and face-to-face elements.
5 You will save yourself a lor of embarrassment if you get into the habit of always
rereading wht you've written before and a
$ Online instructors must he good at so students can work together to

22.4 Answer these questions,
fl ike that?

1 How would you feel if someone flamed you? Why would y
2 Are your compurcr uscenames and passwords case senti
3 Why do you think the KISS principle is important for online posts?

4 Is lacking online a good or à bad thing? Why?

$ Why is ie ieaportant ro cboose subject headers carefully?

6 Mayo you any experience of being in a vital elaserogm? What was it ke?

Use an online search engine (sch as Googe or Yahoo!) eo do a search on onze counes + che
“subj: you are eerste nick on ono ofthe Ie né. Note any tering vocabuhuy
Felting tonne sy that yeu Anden dc so

eater Moby in Use 53

55. Sources

Referring to source materials

Look ae dhese exacts where che syiters are talking aboar their sources. Although these waters

‘ccasionally use Y, many academic departments advise againe cing ths im sing sf passible.
‘his paper begins th a review of the literature on! patient communication. The medical
Iiterature suggests that pater wi serous linasses tend to communicate poor, espectaly #

‘he disesse i nat consiered by tra pale tobe paricularly threaten.

La summary and evaluation of al she important works

à on a particule sul

‘This estay drave its data for the aos! important primary source” af information on
ranulactusing in Nigeria: the Central Bank of Nigeria, L shall make reference! to this

source throughout this essay. Several recent secondary somrces* were also consulted.

sts giving infoemnatiog about subject ? lightly more
cles about «subject, not original documents

2 an orginal document or set of uu
formal altersaive o refer to * hooks

| For eis project, 1 ennsuited the county archivos in on attempt to explain why there

| mere so many deaths in 1846 and 1847. These praved a valuable resource. alza

| surveyed the literature on? scucara production ducing the 18105. However, en
dire ete? those works ich de Parculary relevant I the present study.

A A A

3 à colcion of documents of hxsial importance searched for ll he imporane works,

summaried and eralnted them ? refer to for latin m pron

An extensive hody of terature! exists on the effets offres. Wileires have burned.
Across the western United Seats for centuries, bat thelr effects are not fully known or
documented % The present study drows pelmariiy on?! the work of Gordon (2836).

STE e en LL

* als tbody of kuowiedge' note bow ir combines with extnsiw and eis? rex staring

naturally, ot caused by human action wr about "uses information mainly fr

[As noted? in a recent report, Australia has been atthe forefront uf developments in

eesrring. This success is often atirbuted Lo! Austria's gaagraphical positon, bx

tg fectors catglogued in tha report reveel à mare complex picture,

1% ven special menriom people fc say har is is the cause recorded, sed

More ways of referring to sources
Teeching' seminal? work laid the foundations? for the Feld of functional aa
Keynes's ideas were set am? in his book, fhe General Dosory of Employment, Interest and
Monay, pablshed in 1936, This work changed the way we look at how economie fonction.
Elsewheret, Keynes claimed ro be developing classical economic they.

Design of compact hea exchangers i dealt with in Appendix A of the report meat?
separately from the main body of the report

"important and original work Seems which other works grow * created the frst ideas from
which à major se af idese are 3 gave all che deruls of his ideas, or explained ehem deaely
(especially sed abo writing) in another work by him * une formal version of deu wich
Othe main pace

54 Acme Un

56. 23.1

232

23.4

Exercises

Mitch the beginning of each sentence with the most appropriste ending.

1 The letets proved co be a valuable study, which focuses on metals only.

2, Am extensive hady of literature body of the hook; they are in the appendix
3 Newspapers are a good primary the ferssure on incelectval property rights
4 The data are not gven in the main exiris og human to animal commiaaicacon.
$ Plasics are noe dealt with in the present sovmee for the period 1980-1985,

6 The thesis begins with a review of resource for the study of the poet’ life.

Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets.

1 The article refers to the work of Hindler and Swart (1988). (Axes)

2 Schunker's book was a useful critique for understanding the pre-war period. False
‘consulted original government papers. (SECONDARY)

3 Tanaka's book uses data from several Japanese articles on galaxy formation. (54139)

4 In a different paper, Kalen reports on his research into cancer rates among farm workers.

(aser)
5 Tran consulted she documents of hisorieal importance in the Vienna Moscum. (Akcnuves)
‘Complete che tebe, Use a dictionary if ncesary. Do nor fill inthe shaded boxes.
eur ve [ese ES
serbe ——s
EN 1
corn +=
MET
legen
‘econ =
gr er)
or

[Lock ar this advice abom plagiacism (pronounced "plerdg’tr’ms, the serious offence of
sing other peoples work while thot elcary acknowledging
the source of that information] given to students hy an American universiey. Underline
‘words and phrases which me:
Y Expreing the sme mesa in dire words

1 known by everyone
5 Ray ey Deo seated oi lero nad arch
4 Direc operon of bat someone has weiten cr
5 Scating that you have benefited from somecues work.

How can students avoid plagiarism?

Jo ari plgiaam, you mus give eal by acknowledging your source wherever you use

> anchar passons idee, opinion, or trary:

> amy fach, aies, graphs, drowings ~ any pieces of information = het are no commen
bnowladge

> quotations of anchar person's ciel spoken or weiten words; or

a poraphiese ofanalter person spoken or writen words

ES

57. 4 Facts, evidence and data
—

Ha

Mic

"eng able wo use the vocabulury in tis unit well will help yon avoid repeiion in yous ring,

‘Countable or uncountable nouns

Fact ie a countable noun and evidence is uncountable - you can zefec to une piece of evidence
‘orto the body of evidence [large amount of evidence].

Some people consider data as a plnral noun — these data show an unexpected trend - while
others consider ic as uncountable ~ his data differs from last year's, This is a particularly
interesting pieceitem of data. The readency is inereasingly vo use data as an uncounrable
‘noun but you will see both forms and may use it whichever way you prefer yourself

Words often used with facts, evidence and data
Researchers try to establish the facts. They hope thatthe Facts will bear out or support their
hypothesis. Most carchlly check thet facts before presenting them to others although there
axe, of cours, dishonest people prepaced co distor! the facts in order o claim that thei faces
are interesting, elevan, nodenisble or lle known.

* conf ? change *comecicd to the topic being dscwoed

Notice how fact is also ofen used in sentences like the following:

Te is hard to account for the fact that share prices rose aves this period,

‘he problem sms from the face han“ there isa basic conflict of interest.

‘The lecture drew attention tothe fact hat the economy was stat to improve,

* explain why has rien because * emphasised that

Researchers may look fr, collect, examine and consider evidence. he evidence they collect
may point to or suggest a conclusion. Ifthe evidence is growing or widespread it may serve
to support a theory. In writing up thei research they aim to provide or uftcr sufficient
evidence co support thei theories. They ae happy ifthe evidence they find i convincing or
powerful and ate les happy ifthe evidence s flimsy” or cunfiting. They ace pleased if new
evidence cumes to gh oc emerges and if they Srl abundant” evidence. They may tlk
shout finding hard eviden

7 noc strong * comtradiciy * becomes kaown, ses Unit 9 Y plenty of evidence whieh ix
reliable an cam be proven, used mainly in spoken in English

rele, bi sugar
comprehensive”. organi reflects
The data is accurate You analyse data, Data indicnes someching.
‘empirical, interpret, shows
secos demonseates

% can be trusted" fall, complete "* based on observation rather tan theory

Giving examples
‘You often need to give or provide an example to rate the fact you'r presenting, À
od example can be desebed a slim, ca, vivi, illuminating or tg, Sonttimes,
partcalzly in werten Fish, the word instance is used am altenative 10 example. There
feat wriking instance of the authors wae of metaphor in the ina oom. We shal now analyse
One specific instance ofthis problem. Say can be used in ieformal English insad of for
example. try and finish wring the report by, Say. nest Friday.

There are many vers m Ei whch can be spa eher che or see depending on mba

he write sg Bi Ea or Ana Enis pling Sor Reference 4

56 Ader celte m Use

58. 24.1

242

243

Exercises

Fill the gaps i ls extract rom a university seminar an forest conservation. Some students
are anestioning aspecs ofa presentation giver by Sandra, one of the group. The fit leer
‘of each missing word is given wa help yom

enjoyed your prisentaion. and you've e some interesting act about
the loss of forests yeas on yeas and isu. that wopical forests ar im
angee But thik the evidence yoo à foe your claim chat sustainzble
fares exploitation i ling is very £ and not very € sual
We need tae lor more data Right now thers alot of
evden, so we ean say for certain tha tb nor working.

Sandra: Ifyou want ho evidence, ust look at the International Tropical
‘Timber Organisation, und rcad their latest report Their evidence 4.
that only three pec cent of tropical forests are being managed properly

Para: Well, I've read the [TO report, and actually std attention o the fact
«hat their previous report had found any «ree per cent of forest. wese properly
managed, so you may bed the facts a lle by just looking 25 one
year. And also, there's lot of) k wor’ being dane wich
local people co encourage chem w conserve the forest, so you could say there's
E evidence char things are getting better.

Dr Lit Hmm, I dos think we're going to agree on this. I think, a nal,
how you i____.__ she data. Thanks, anyway, for your

‘The sentences below are correct. Vary them by substitnting the words in bold for words or
expressions with similar meaning

à question of
mation, Sandra.

1 The data show thar the drag education project has been successful

2 The data in she latest study‘ are more complete then in che ea

3 This isthe most interesting, piece of data in the whale thes

4 What a dear example vai of the power of the human midi

5 Untorrunacely, the facts do nor bear out the hypothesis.

6 We cannot explain the fact thar asetudes ars more negative now than Sve years ago.

7 The problem arises from the fact that the software was pooudy designed

$ The ice gives examples of diferent methods which have bn we en th ca
‘evidence has emerged thas the cabiner was nor informed of the Ministers decision,

ie mnt mu

11 The evidence suggesting that sanctions do not work is plentiful ad very strong,

12 A considerable amont of evidence now exists, but we always toy to get mo:

13 We have a lor of observed cata which supgese the problem is on the inc

14 “This is ¢ clear example af how conservation com benefit local people.

One word in cach sentence does m

1 Thorsen’ aim was to establish / check / hear out À present the fact.
2 The evidence suggests / points 20 / sppuris Y emerges a different
3 Lopes collected / reflected obtained recorded some feecinating dave,

Lock at on x rom your die and sce what words are ued with ot, eta and evidence
‘Are thy the ses the ones i hg un Note any serene one

Academic ea ise 57

59. Numbers

Types of numbers
‘Numbers ina group together may be called a vr or set of numbers W che order ia which
they occur spnihcant thea they may be cad a sequence of numbers. 1.4, 9,16, 25 5a
sequence of um, far oxupke- i zepreeits Ube numbers 110 5 sqnared.

453,557 a = odd mumbers; 2,4, 6,8. = even mombers, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11... = prime mumbers
Vie highest momber da a group is the maximum and the lowest i Ihe minimum. The rom
als à mai uf 50 and we want un the clas wiht a minimum of 12 students.

An approximate suber is one which is roughy correct bor is wot the precise at exact
number. Hack at the figures and work aut in sour head what the approximate answer i
likely u be. Then use a caleudotor 10 find she exact number.

‘An aggregate ds a number seached by rolling a set of numbers = the total. The average
snark achieved bt the exam is cateulated by taking the aggregate uf al the marks ond
dividing by he muraher of exam entries

A discrete number or unit is something which is separare and cannot be divided into smaller
nombers or unis of the scene ching. Ihe opposite of discrete is continuous. À bag uf apples,
for example, ol be considered as consisting ul disereie ems whereas apple sauce could be
considered — by machemariciaus, at least ~ as continuous,

A constant number or quantit is one that dees nor change. F the experiment ve waried
[changed] the amont of water in the beaker but Rept the amount of sale added constant.
A rason aumber is one chosea by chance he, ie I nor prechetable

Working with numbers

“The word figure is often used to refer to the symbol used for a number. Write the total
number m words and figures,

Verbs that are frequently used with the word nmmber include calcular [work out] a number,
‘estimate! à number, round a number up/down?, total (add up) a set of muunbers. Numbers
scan also tal. Aly figures don’t seem tu tally with yours, You can also deduct [tae awayı
Subtract one number From another number.

! make a cough guess at ? make a fracion, es À où 0.78 inca the nase whole number
match, agree

Values and variables are also useíol teers when working with numbers, Values ate individual
numihers in set of data, The graph shows Ihe temperature values fur diferent montbs of the
sear. Variables ave chrenuterneics that cau take on diferent values or different members of a
group or ses being aradied. in mvesnigting foe standards yom musı take key masiables such
de soria provision amd cost of living ato acc

The 2 of something rofers to how frequendy it occurs. The incidence of teins inthe
Population ts grow. Whea talking about numbers, magritnde simply refers to the size of
Something, vuhcrcas in other contexts i indiates lange size ar importance. Write down: the
numbers in onder of magritule, beginning with the smallest.

‘When making calculatioas in, say, an exam, it [soften a good idea 10 make an estimate” first
of wa che answer is likely to be, Then you will ee if your final answer isin the right arca
‘or nor. Exam candidate are also often advise to show their workings so that the mazker
‘can see hour they arrived at cheir answer and they muy ger evi for their method even f the
Foal answer ds incorrect.

sul guess * appecaisately che some * leave all their calculaions u the page

58 Aste occblayn re

60. 25.1

252

253

25.4

Exercises

Answer these questions.
1 What is five sare
2 What isthe near prime number afte 1
3 Tow ig this secuence of numbers created 3, 5, 27, 81

4 What i che aggregate of this set of est marks? 6, 8, 9 5,6, 7

$ LE sou round up 6.66, whar number do yox have?

6 Band & which is à whole mamber and which is a fraction?

7 In your couarey is tax automaticaly deducted from employees earnings?

# Is an accounsant pleased or displessd if figuces thar helshe is checking rally?

Dr Syalis advising one of his disercatian stndents who is interested in pollution in road
raundls, Complete the conversation. Yos are sometimes given the frst letter to help yor.

Dr Syal: You could e 2 total number of private cars that use the tunnel exch

‘week, based on the day-terday gares and get an à pure for how
much carbon they're all cari.

y Howp. would thar figure bave to be?
Oh, it docen’t have to be exact, you fost need 20 € more of less what

the total pollation will be. Then you can check to see if those Figures +
swith the figures that have already been published for simils: tunnels. And the
figure won't he fof cours; tell po upand down dependirg on lets of
factors sich as weather conditions, average speed, ct.

x Bos can we say ifthe Figures will he rue forthe fssure too?

‘Well, we do now char the trafic growth bas been e ver the past

years thas down, o | think yeu can make some useful p
+ Should I present each daily sual as d item or can 1 jus pur them all
together inco one Égore for each week?
‘weekly toral fae, and you can emp or tothe

nearest 100,
Melisca: Right, OK. ‘Thanks so much for your kelp.

write these spoken sentences so that they are more appropriate for writing, using the

word in italics in an appropriate fur.

1 le wave fewer car accidents last year. incidence

2 We made 9 rough guess at what the nel figure might be. estimate

3 The graph shows the results from the lowest o the highest. magnitude

4. À computer program helped us week our the significance of the different variables. caledate

5 Taringa away from y will help you arrive atthe correct answer. subtract

$ "Te results From the fest experiment were not the same as those we got from the repeat
experimen. cally

Fill in the gaps in this advice a moths lecturer is giving her students.

In che exam, don’ forget to show all your (1) as we want to see how you

ai at your results. Make your (3) very carefully = you'd be amazed
st how many people subt answers that are hardly even in che sight (8) — And
please write legibly — we mos be able to disiageish li your (5). ! When doing
graphs, loc your (6) ‘carefully and 4 asked to describe an experiment don
fogger to rake all sinitcant (7) imo account. Good luck!

E nd core sans of ee ue of numbers in your own subject aros Note down some

coda nike 59

61. | Statistics
EE

MZA Basic seatistical terms
[Notice the ley vocabulary in diese three set xs abo ta.

grs dive by so, THe mode he most freuen.
19158 The median i 9.5 the halfway point
ete he wo extremes ofthe range

| Sitstne ect conceined th working sue
| cometaiznaS- ce extent io hs, loteo

À cometes uth incligance Thoy must ensure tot ny

| orate coasts valid thatitismassuring wnat

| histo mensure al he subie ys sum’ meat be
st emo uy | REPENI ard accra resell ahaa,

‘ten be necessary

shih Savia

and to caste the
deviation

{orexape The figures must also bo reas, a.

"dies Ye everage 3 average dffecence from the nurm Y connections, alten as coute and
fect the sabjcs of the experiment vr group represent the tat population seasoned
Sehesame 7 neniceably

M6 À probability’ problem
‘Notice the vocabulary inthis problem from 2 srt textbook

Sue pe a curd at random’ from ao onlinary pack of 32 ceeds. the card is a ina, se
stops. nor, she caminos to pick cards at random, without seplacig heat, wn either
à king is picked ce six cards nave been picked. The random variable, G6 the total
mare of cards picked Construc: « diagram to faste che possble outcomes of the:
expeaiment, and use suo calculate toe probability Wistedbution? of C.

"Tiklihgod of something happeaing * by chance number os elemene of à srvation char can
change 4 result * assessment of probs iis or exch possible valuc of C

MEC Other useful nouns for talking about statistics
ina hs of À women and 4 men, what proportign’ are male? Answer: ene cl
Inthe same lass what the female co male ratio?? Answer: 2:1
“Tye Baez shore a tend towards hele eating bio
“The study invesials the increase inthe volume of trafic th road,
Y quer compared with another number 2 celatonship berween mo numbers chawing how
much Digger ame is * change ina paricolar dicción * mount, panty

NÉ Wes 10 per cent (NOT the-0-porcant or 1-percentage o Auen got an A for
ft hat am ce percentage of sees achodng an A hs Inrenund.

(60 Academic cab in Use

62. 26.1

26.

Exercises

Complete the sentences,
1 The sx subjects who cook the tse scored 24, 22, 16, 16, 16, and 14 points ou ot 30. The
en en score wat 19 andthe... score was 18,
2 The "fall donations te de charity in 2003 was $3,938. The smallest donation
was $10 and the largest was $130. Most were around the
3 Fach questionnaire tem asked respondents to choose one of a
wirt the two. being very disatisied inde’ and “completely satisfied,

.2 Use the correct form of the words in the box to complete this text

Alban mind gnaw, probado Om cordon outcome var

26.3 Answer the questions.

1 Where ace 12 male des and 6 female students nthe clase, What st aia of males
to females? And what propor oft clans male?

2 [Lam collecting data on course choices amuog second-year undergraduates and my

sample is too small, what exactly do I need to do?

iting dita show har den Rave a cmd to cons the rp of thing hr

fies choot, does it mean th bey alwayı often or carly coute ia ose?

4 I repeat the san experimen tee esa she els ae ar cmt, 5
method reliable?

51720 ou of 200 students ul an exam, wnt proportion in pecentage ter led?

8 Le average score na te 56, and Warinra acres by how many pods hs se
deviated rom the nom?

7 Ihe volume of court cates increase, what change: the pe of cae the sizeof ach
cave the coral mb of exes?

$ Whar does standard deviation tell us? {a} What the standard of something ts, {b] what
amarme) wha de arta diferen ron Uns et

9 Ia general survey of teenaye cating habits asks questions about what teenagers cat for
breakfast and Jah is che survey key co be valde

10 Here ix graph showing ow man à
stirs rs in AO mark
band in a biology test, Ave the scores “
Sey ed wee A |)
the graph called?

Ws kinds of sel eats ane thay to be
dscused your spre! Fd a relent

are graph or ae and write about us, d
ome em rom hund |

Aendenicechlary i Use 61

63. Graphs and diagrams

=
MA Types of diagrams

Diagrams are visual ways of presenting data concisely. They ace often aso called

figures, Im an academic article they are usually labeled Fig. (Figure 1, Figs 2, ec.

A pie chase i a ice divided ino segments from she mile (ike lies of cake) o

‘how haw che oral is divided up. A key 0: legend shows wir each segment represents.
arm in which different amounts arc represented by thin vertkal or

Horivontal ars wich have ce same width but vary iu heigh or length. histopra ss

a kind of bar chart but the bar wide alo vaties to indicate different values.

A mubles à grid witk columns and rows of numbers.

A erosesecion is something, or a model of something, ext across the midale so that you

can sc the inside. A cross-section of the earth's crust, for example, shows the different

CH

1] layers thar make it up. A label gives the name of each part ofthe cros-section. Cross-

Rowehart

serien can alo he ned to ea a small group hat is representative fall he ferent
{pes within the tal group (eg de survey looked at cross section of society)
‘Aflowehart sa diagram which indiete che stages 0£ process

A graph

“The graph presents data lating co cenagers and pocket

‚money A random sample of 1,000 teenagers were

surveyed srl che average pocket money recived at

‘ach age as been pleted onthe graph. Ihe x axis ot

horioatal axis indicate age and th y ais or vecical

ais shows th ammount ol money received poe weck. The

graph shows that] year reese twice as much pocket money 26 13peacolds. From
the graph we can se thatthe amount recived reaches peak ar the age of 18 and then
sears to decline. This decline can perhaps be explained by the fact that mary teenagers tar
cueing and stop receiving pocket money at he age of 18.

Graphs are drawn by ploting points on them aad then deawing a ic 0 join adjacent
points. Tf there ae exo lines om a graph = separate lines, for example, to indicate boys and
ds pocket money = then th ins would probably cross or interact at various points, Lines
{hat un parallel to one another never intere,

Graphs show how numbers increase or decrease. The nouns increase and Jeeease have she
stress theft syllable, bu the vers have the stews onthe second syllable. Numbers can
also be said co rie or grow and Gall, drop or deine. The nouns tse, growth, fl, deop and
cine, ike increase an decrease are followed by in (o explain whet is din) oF of to
‘expla the sizeof the change) rte of 10% inthe number of ers, ee verbs sed
about growth include double, sua, multiply? apreciar and exceed

" gow co ree se opposite «halve? Gamat won] rapid movement upwards opposite
= planet? geo casi ro aver large number wd about the vale of something, cr.

2 aiming or Ear opposite = deprcät yo ex express a number in relacion ta ander

64. 27.1

273

27.4

Exercises

Look at the chart. Complete the commentary with words from the opposite page.

Fe cha ___thenumivr of cars entering the coman ara
‘of West City each iy veran aha period (years 1-8. The totals
at lec on ra a Que te answer), while the years
fated om a" as Que troanamen). To tho ri of
graph we ose Mba, —
‘var the pod Nh total ao era ow yea a a
——— Mya § ltr whieh te numbers saeta _ —
= ha neu mass ant
iron thon

Answer the questions.
1 Draw examples of a pie chart and a bar chant

2 What would b
Grand Canyon’

3 Ana rable, what isthe difference berween columns and rows?

4 What would be the hest type of diagram co present the different st
projexs you did?

5 How many segments are bere ic che pie chart opposite?

$ TE you look ar ewe adjacent columns in a table, are they next u cach other or separated?

7 What is gaucher name fora legend a diagram?

8 What ype of data collection are you doing if yor survey the Fret SO peop you come across?

9 Waar de two Ines on a graph do {a} they intersece and (9) they ran parallel ro each other?

Ihe best type of diagram to.

rt layers of rack in the

sin a research

Make tte rather informal words in bold sound more precise and academic.

1 The differen bits of the pie chart show the numbers of people in each age group.
2 She kep a record by markiog the midday temperature on a graph fur a mom.

3 People's salaries msually coach their highest poin when they are in thir late 405.
3 This flowchact shows the different bits of our project over the next Five yeas,

$ The twa lines om the graph cross each other at point A.

$ Draw a line connecting the points that are next o each other

7 The government's popular in the opinion polls is beginning to fall

8 If yor Louk along the top Tine of he cable you can see the figntes or the 19504

Change the sentences w

1 Populations of some bird species in South Asia have crashed by 97% in recent years
"Tac number of cases o death hy poisoning has increased sharply.

2 In 2007 the child mortality rate wes lower than 60 death per 1,000,

3 The average any cae in the UK goes down in value by 20% per year. This means its
value as sen by more han half arer just ree years

4 A apical piece of land on the edge of the city will go up in value by 15% per yeas, and
house prices have gone up rapidly in the last six months

5 Business courses have increased great in number while science programmes have gone dawn.

6 Yhe temperutare was higher than 45°C in some pares of the country during the heacwave.

7 Between 1983 and 2006, he nuraber of chs species of condor” went up from 22 pairs to
273. Other bied populations have gone up by wa times in the same period.

$ The numbers of old soldiees attending regimental reunions are becoming smaller each yeas

res ds om Sora Ancien

1g words wich the same meanings as the words iz bold.

Aeodomiceesbuoryn Use 63

65. e Money and education
—

Financing your studies in the UK

+ Sanchicnding—ar gel ra report?
* Budget saoner= oe your esr pendre nor costo your use

von fees" iam 2008/7 one cent wl ave te py ton rs afore ot ing thet
mars nad, students eae to defer payer by ekg ut use han wer y wll
oh sut repay once sey ha ole

Grams: From Setembre 2006, now folle udn oon aera havea wl
asp for arontepayask maintenance gan ofupt £200 [sprung 6 $5,400] aye Gras
are gayle inh insta mars”, o th tr ane or

Bonk accus Stunt bank cn aa eimar omorma amet scout they alo Fase
sion bets suchas nares nal.

‘Studer oan Suet oan are vane wo lp wou meat uring costs whi stung. halons
ef ats ew incest rt. 2 pat con of e masimur loans arte toa scene gare
«tha income far you nee" has ban assess th information pesado ie Ser
{ue Corpa ha lat ry penis and min SEE

Managing det Since sto grants wre ae in 195, most students ruge tomake ends

roe Suert deb has soared” and mary one accuse” nto ove N
Costofiving London ste nest spent see to sty ite UK, Asp sten n London
‘recive grins ta compensa o e neresescots, Aeris ARDENNE
ant par va entiere expensive rss,

Fo you meer te regunements * money

lable for students o get (ey. by doing well
in an exam or by fulfilling serein requirements
> spending (Am: expendaures) * whot
sides pay for being taught arrange to pay
Tater € money to live on which does nor need

Lo be poid Beck? pares "amount that can
be horcawed from the bank without paying
any interese charges Ÿ money you receive
(oom work oc parents, for example how
much you can be given" manage financially
13 rien dearanically À build up

Conference Grants for graduate students in the US

Conference Grants caver upto 60% of an applicant's accountable expenses! The

‘maximum Conference Grat pr applicent $
allecatcn, even if documented with original

‘Transportation (by the most aconomical? menns avait)

700. Ars spent in excess of 2
recaipte?, cannot ce reimbursed.

N

Jedging® (excluding tod),

registration fees’, and experses related to presenting a paper (ahotocopying, et.) are all
‘ecountable. Restaurant bills and costs related to personal advancement, such as Copy ng
nd distribution of résumés, are not aceountabie expenses.

"pending money that an be calmer back
* nor pharacapies ? pieces of paper proving
money was paid * paid back (after money

tas lead been spent) pen

86 casete toca inthe

money as possible (ef. economic «relaxing to
the economy) * UrE: accommodation ? money
paid to register for a conference ® promo.
Frezument BE: CV, prunenmerd Asie via

66. 28.1

28.2

283

28.4

Exercises

Use the words rom the box to ill the gaps in the ex

sem comen the cost of lng ition fees eb
earning ake onés met repay kaum _ coraMderable erpnckure

10 help them tu aro many... while
ey are at university. This bean they ave to pay. They also cannot
mi. on everatdy If, Tri is particular hard for students in London
here. is higher than cure inthe eauntry Studis ving In Landon ae
allowed Lo have bigger ans tofelp for. Students donot acd to stat

Few students get

16... 00 thee loan unl they are = a reasonable salary rt
starting varina fe with a large ~ as much harder for youna people to
fever once they lar air

Rewrite these sentences using the word io brackets,
1 Answer these questions 10 find out whether you have the gl ro apply for a seadene
ar. FLE)

2 Pee opened a bank account chat Tcan take money out of at any timo. (CURRENT)

3 Most people see to be finding it hacde: to find enough money for their everyday living
‘coms. (Mr)

Incteasing aumbers of students leave college owing a lot of money. (ACCUMULATE)

Yarents often help their children financially while they are at univers. (SUPPORT as à

oun)

$ The amount of tax that people pay depends on how much money they receive from,
eatnings or other sources. (COME)

7 Teis possible tu pay back your lan Jater bur yeu may well end op paying more ıban you
would have done if you had repaid ic sconer. (DEFER)

$ You pay for your hotel Frst and we pay you back later. (REMMI)

Correct the two vocabnlary errors in each of these sentences,

1 The cost of lifes so high here that sundents have to live in the most economic way shey ca

2 As studeer debes have soured over the las: few years, far more students now leave
coniversity wich a huge overdrawm.

3 Our Student Loans Officer will let you know: if you have any entitle to a loan and, if so,
will help you to organise raking one off

4 Yeu muse have original recipes if yor want to claim your expense.

$ I you run out of money belore the next installation of your grant is due you can get an
interest les los

Answer these questions about srudeot Snance,

1 Do students have to pay tuition fees for higher education in your country?

2 Should all students ger a non repayable maimenance grant to study? Why (aod?
3 Whar kinds of scholacships and other mes are available in pone country?

4 Do you think all students should be eligible for ree loans? Why (not)?

Finds wei ekeng co ancl arangement for stents sr unver you knaw or ae
yersstd Which ofthe werd and expressions from hs unit eo yeu see share! Make anota
of anyother ust secar you ew here

‘Aeedereceatary in Use 6S

67. Time

MA Periods of time
A century = 100 years A decad

10 years. An annual conference is one thas happens every
ere À quarterly al is one that coses our four times a yeas. An eta I a particular period
‘af time thas is marked by special events oe developments, eg, the poct-wae era, an ena of
raphl social cha

A phase is any stage in a series of events or process of development. A phase ot stage can
be initial [beginning], intermediate [middle or final. Le may also be described as preceding,
happening before now, current [happening now, critical |partkulachy important] or
transitional [ix he process of change]

HB Adjectives relating to time

age | example een 7
Lester | There were comeurent iss in sera northern towns octurrigae des sane Une
contampory | Tauded ad contemporary acon" fe Bele] Cr en te sae prod
coe md est now
recen contemporary nu Pa,
our. Tre eventual cor f ro It GR Ippon or eng ch
| €10 millon after cor or problems
[Foro | Py arn wi be perico ese of | appaing oon
| the Non Sr
Fang ln in marta of ongoing Pe TT
O IS
Abnagent |The Boor ne ha wa and e subsequent rungen upper asoma
in ose de
ARS | Sue prenne WONG arpa | tapo rn oer
“ a | sentia
A foun ah ee ” | meters long peer
permanent

How times change

In recent nes = partcully dh last 20 peurs = socia hax pone
through a period of considerable change, {rior to the 1990 very

few penple had acvess so home compares, Nowadsys! the majority
‘of homes have atleast one computer, This expansion in home
computing has coincided with! the emerpence of intere: technology
AA he moment we are a a stage where the sation i il exigé.
Subsequent generations wil ive in a very dferene worldalhough wi
do not kaow exacdy how chings will develop aver the next few years,
in the cor fore, or, least of al, im ine dis fur

" ac che presen cime (used to compare with the past, particubely in spoken English or more
informal writing) * happened ot the some eine as anpenrance nd changing >
rime whieh is wor fr away * far away in he future

Some tne words ng early ste, dally can be both acer and acts. af) ar
Fado» mota we ma salsa But nowadays 1 only an weer We tak about
y presconipresensdeplcuen prblems NOT amvetapr probo.

66 nm teens to ee

68. Exercises

29.1 Read there emails sen out to saff and postgraduate students from their universi
‘Complete the time expressions. You are given the fist letters.

3

Tet mn] orto Piazse report by 29 July 2007 a publications
corsinueton of bw new sporis eats wl ag on for thee academie year, Inducing

A March From thal date um completion ofthe 0 apor and bows (wth the

ores, ne Wiest Gar Park we ed. A fexpacted Gate of nubkeatun). These are needed
à car park wi be ala during a for the University’s gor or 2007.

Paro at Carpas Eas and ne m Trace any puta rom 6 =
‘ar park wl De opened vb the! year (2008) wich wer mt poned ot hat roe
Sage ol constriction othe cae complete but which as se opaenred.

erry Home problems omais | +] Tw Lndaraey mon cetratos ae =
wich age attachments may ot be accepted by the | | of esearch 100 years ago the month, the
university seme. This ely te continue during | | Cente tor Medical Research wes ofc perd.
thet eos while à ew cee An ire st alone. ve mer ma

esearch cartres rave opened, a record for a
Tanger period Wa lock forward o cha are
arma ‘of arch ovar the

5 fi years.

being installed. this will wach ac
stage new week, hen grabs ray be greatest.
‘We apologise forte inconvenience.

29.2 Choose the correct words in italics 10 complete these sentences.
les £ Atıhe moment, Pax writing up my thesis. 1 hope refinish In the moar / next future
Our esearch is. 20 / ba intermediate Fosgonig stage — we now seed to analyse our dats
‘The emergency / emergence of internet technology has transformed the travel industry.
‘The univessicy has gore / got through a period of grear change in che latest last desde.
In the far distant Suture, sentis may he able Lo cure almost all common diseases.
Antisocial behaviour is a nowadays problem /a problems nowadays in many bg cities.
A series serial of events occurred in 1986 which changed the political cómate in the
country. In comsoquent/ subsequent years, two nese panies were formed which became
engaged ln concurrent # eventual atenipts to win over votets.
8 Paur of 720 2001, the industry was uncegulaced. In recent / rhe das years, however, the
government has introduced new roguletions
9 ln 1968, a monetary crisi coincided with /10 a huge badger det
contemporary À temporery political commentaross warned tbat the
cost to the nativn would be enormous,

and most
sal! forthcoming

29.3 Fill in the missing forms. Do not fill the shaded boxes, Use a dictionary if mecessory.

De Te Tem en
= = =>

_ernargence ae
—- —

Wa fe sarncas relevar co your ds ung form ro he abe

eater ocabtey in Use 67

69. 30 Cause and effect
=

Mach academic study is concerned with establishing cause and effect or he relationship
that exists between events, objeus, variables or states of aff, Cause an effect i often
described using conjanctions like Because, prepositions like due 10 and because of and
adverbs like there ‘consequent. In his uni, however, we focas on nouns and vecbe
relating 10 cause and effect. Pay pacikuler attention to che prepositions they are used wich.

MZA vers relating to cause and effect
‘You are probably already familiar with these verbs relating to cause and effect: make, cause,
create, do, produce, force, Here ace sone other useful verbs.

Mer grandmother infuenced / had 2 considerable influence on Sarah's choice of career
Parental atciudo bargely determines how well a child adapts to school. lis the main factor
affecting]

‘The teacher motivated them o work
‘The flow of trat through the town is Facilitated by the one-way system. [made easier]
“The spesch provoked an angry response. (caused, usually something negacive]

‘The explosion was criggeced by the hes. frated, usually something sudden and negative]
‘The titing of the carch on ics axis accounts for the change in the seasons. [explains]

Sid' determination springs/tems from his desire to improve the world. (i che rest of]
‘The countey’s victory gave rise 10 a new mood in society.

‘The mobile phone contributed to the information revolution. [was one factor i

. (made them want o do somet

The child was given drugs 10 stimulate growth, [cause something co develop ar funcio
‘The exibition generared a lat of interes. [aroused, caused to exit]
‘The drugs may induce nausea, [cawse, often use in a medical context)

‘The teachers presence inhibited the teenagers” discussion. [preven
it might acherwise have been]
A number of benefits can be derived from this situation. [gained as a csi]

ME Nouns relating to cause and effect

lit from being as fece as

pon example

‘iam recia | The moderne chain action which aan" er of eed ern in which |
sal en on cases the mer om _

censequires | The war fad major consequences. resus

Toter impact | The efectimpact cf fim on che odie war fee
srry pom.

wee Docs the end july te mem? ee ow ond hae en

eus The seine vas de ovighvtoures TR | beghninger cues
problem

core [We hope lors postie outcome 49 Ur dicas: | rand or fen ofan aden

precede | There re ever precedents for aling cha | someting thax aac
ducs. upper and provides à

roster doing sesame |

mon as the reason for hie succass Fw he | noce how russe ie fan

succeeded? Le ‘lowed by fr or why

ls affect. He ater piers affected her deci Her fathers problem hed @profuurrd
‘effect en hee Now che formal ane inbesquane vero off [= achieve}, many teed the
phrase to effect change. (Ben abo Une 5)

68 cee iaa Use

Y ‘While cause can be both & noun ara ver effect i tay a nour The acute ec

70. 30.1

30.2

30.3

30.4

30.5

Exercises

Replace dre underlined words with a more precise verb of cause or effect. Note that all the
sentences below are appropriate for essays apart perhaps from 6 with is se of ‘Gor
Researchers arc investigating why chocolate causes headaches in cernin people
Wilsou’s most cecent paper has caused a grcat deal oF interest among sociologists

The drug caused headaches and dizziness among a number of subjects in the test.
Having an end-ofterm prize helps students to do well in cheir class tesis.

Intensive farming has been a sienifican factor in the decline of bird populations.

The missle ret gor an immediate and very strong response from adjacent governments
and {ro the United Nations.

7 Astrologists believe chat peoples lives are Jargehaffezc by the planets and ars

5 The barrer akfacs the flew of water into the rea to prevent loading inthe rainy season,
E

o

A lak in the tank explained 40% uf che ful los, and evaporation took away another 5%,
‘The renovated college buildings have wider doors and corridor to make the use of
‚srheelchairs cases

11 The Minister cut taxes In an attempt to act the economy, which was performing poorly.

12 Teitain has rsccized many economic benefits from membership of the European Union.

March the beginning of cack sentence with the most appropriate ending.

1 The article explores the os major consequences for larger families
2 One small explosion seroffa chain precedemts for his decision,

3 The confusion probably stormed rie to a widespread sense of disilusionment.
4 The proposed new tax could have of the concept of democracy.

5 The cisastrous events of 2003 gave reaction, cansing massive damage

$ The judge explained that those were froma Lack af communication.

Choose the correct word in al vo complete these sentenes.

1 De Rous work inthe 3970s iflenced on /10/= the devclopment of compres scenes

2 The acid seemed so have no affet effect whatever os he piste.

3 Everyone hoped fora postive cutcome apon fof 10 the meeting Derween the wo
Far

4 he season or / 49 / ofthe failure ofthe projet was lack of funding

$ The impacto lab warming ar ln 0 de pelar ka cap now undeerood more ch

6 The journalist wondered what particular ending / end the government had in mind when
sr decided to build a national enn academy.

‘What are the nouns from the sanıe root as dese verbs? Use a dictionary if necessary,

more ace nfuence provhe iger contribute simdre nice Corto

Now rewrite chese sentences using a noun instead of the verb.
1 Byron pocicy influenced Romantic poets in a number of other European countries.
2 Tree pollen can tiger hay foverartacks in vulnerable people.

3 In obsteric the drop, can be used to help induce labour.

A The new economic measures were introduced to stimulate the faltering economy:

5 Tomoko is studying what motivates world-class arhletes,

Find on deserbing a major event or series of cons (a accion warn socal change)
Ed 22 note athe vert and nous intra o causas an eects or real Wi your can
EM servie none wig chess word

Academic oan in Une 69

71. Talking about ideas

BEER Postmodernism
Look at che useful lenguaje for talking about ideas

the description af ane idea helo

Posmoxerrilr dasenioas a movement! cactus though? whe pur hada major impact
na nuraerofacadomio dlecipines cinco the ato 203 century, Porhans e best way o
Undersland poatoderiom aa reaction” o madorism, Madera emphasises way,
honesty ans loa! Fu, for aarp, en an ri tere o expres he ae of à whole
ua with a dinge Ine. In contras, postmedemism asserts tha experience l personal and
cannot be generalised? and that meaningk cy forthe individual to experiance, not fr somaona
‘ae lo deiale. Mus, poetmedam ste mantis tat the person who, ar example, dre à

fainting or roads a Dos I toe to intorpretits meaning, and thal diferent poopie wll come to
ver dire, but essay wail’, conclusions o what that moaning a.

À group of people sharing am lick roving in ehe opposite direction Fée mos
2 inking genes! subjects “ process of import quality or character * presented
change stimulated by something ese often as something dt always ove? appropriate

‘Aunt of words du are ula fr cling about dese hae regula” parts —eriterion!
criteria phenomereniphenomena, hypothesidhppothesen, analysisfanalses. thevstheses
hoy a oran tom arco Grose Para is sean Pol Yu ame them Thre
a sel free hypotheses winch dom o lan ic phenomen and y ha der thesis
Kan frs on analysts of och hypothesis ccoo win gora st ferien.

Some useful nouns relating to ideas

word meaning ‘example
EE ‘The concept af honssy 6 undasocd
| foren In ren cares

Pare working on an nab

frame ro hp peep desgn and

kate te cours

model “ope desertion well for disesting eas | The writer wes a Moraine model a ce
Bus fr hi decos of he cen

Se doen agree withthe notion dat

boys nd gle hou tae copra

framework | rien of rule. bb
Bat lr comen

[TETE

ES FR

perespion "| batas, by mor people ‘The novel v's pont art on
propios perception ofthe war.
stance y af ining, oten public sed “The government hs mede da stare on
oa Be borne des
‘iewpoint | opinion way long aan ne “The ar proud 3 GE viewpoine
cn ts dak opi

In adm ring e bes to uch Mm opio and to se los parsora expression
lige can be argued that... or Most (people) would agree that
es de an den or ature beu 2 80 but NOT dee botes.

70. AcodenieYocebtary in Use

72. 31.1

312

Exercises

1 Many educators believe thac different learning siyles ase equally acceptable.

2 In the UK a university faculty à a unit where similar subjects ace grouped together

3 The French impressionists were a key group with shared aims in Baropeas art.

4 Ihe most important quality of international faw is the application ofa single standard for
strong and weak nations alike.

$ Resenschers spend much of thei ime ine co understand che meaning. of ir dar

6 Same 17! cenvyry aruse sples were a direct response to the ugliness of industralisation

7 Harvey (2003) stress thar the findings of the study cannot be sei to be always true, as
only a small amount of data was used.

Sn de Lace 20% century, intellectual ways uf thinking were greatly influenced by ideas of
gender and race.

‘Change the words in bold from singular to plural or vice versa, as instructed. Make any
her necessary changes to cach sentence.

1 There an interesting PRD thesis un water resources in the library. (make plural

2 Whar were your main criteria ia designing your survey? (make singular)

3 She was imerestod in strange phenomena connected with comers. (make singular)

4 The hypothesis was never proved, asthe data were incomplete. [make plural)

Marek the begioning of each sentence with the most appropriate ending.

1 We must never accept the nation om the role of the United Nations in times of war.
2 The task of choosing am soalytical m gender and langaage use very clear

3 ‘le book expresses his viewpnin of dark matter 10 explain certain abservadons.

4 Tannen has ahenys made her stance thar intelligence is connected o race:

5 Consumers have different perceptions of family healthcare which changes everything.

6 ‘the tepore laid outa new model fac low price and high quality mean.

7 Physicists developed the concept framework is an important stage in any research.

‘Read the text and then answer the questions. Use a dictionary if necessary.

1 Whi

noun means ‘independence / the right 1 think in ones own way"?
means tie opposite of the sciences"?
3 Which adjective means "Tel or experienced very steongly ar in an extreme way"?
4 What ate the noun forms of dhink and uraerstand uscd in his text?
5 Which adjective in the ex: means “relating 19 standards of good or bad behaviows, what
is right and wrong, et.
6 Which moun in she text means the same as Foundation oasis"?

“Choon fve words ee you parte wane to lear rom uni and were sentences ing
cm in elton to your om dacpine

ker ara in Ur TI

73. 4 Reporting what others say

Reporting verbs

Reporting what others say Isa key aspoct of academic English and you need a range of verbs
o do this in an appropriate and varied way. Note the stmeutes used with each ver

An her late aticle Morton explains how information technology is changing socie
Schmid describes the process of language change.

Kan snes tae ll poets are strong influenced by their childhood. (says indirec or
tentatively

Lee states tha peobleass arose cari than was previously thought. [says direct]

‘Weatow claimsfosserts/contceus/maintains/declares that the causes af the zevalution can be
traced back to the 18% century [ays something s eros directly and firmly, often used when.
‘others disoeree]

Van Ek implies cha other historians have misintepreted che periad. [suggests indiccly]
Patel orgues that governments should cominue to ford space research. [use ofthis verb
sugges he gives reasons for his view]

‘Greesheng emphasivesftighlights/streses the importance of taking
particular importance to]

Levack observes/notes/comments/poins wut that tere ace contradictions in Day
interpretation of the poem. [saze but does not develop at length]

Kim demonstrates/shovs how Raehs music draws considerably on eles composers’ work.
Stay proves these i a link between obesity and genes. shows thar something must ruc]
In the book Dena mentions some sew research the Feld Ice 1 brie]

Melutosh pinpoints the key fcarores ofthe period in question. [focuses in Ga]

Ver odvancos/puts forward/proposes a new theory, [used with idea, ehcory, hyporhesisl
Davidson casts doubt on previous research in he Geld. [suggest it inne

Gerhard questions previous iterpetatioas of the play [expeestes doubts about]

iberal approach. [gives

Reporting nouns
Academie writing also frequently uses nouns eather than vorbs vo report others" ideas (see Unit
1). Notio the corresponding nouns for some verbs in A. Note how chese nous often head
Jong phrases (underlined below) wi eat be ether the subject or the object of the vero.

Morton provides ging weder.

Schmid gives a deerinion ofthe ences af eguage change

Kou’ suggestion that oct are inllncnce thee cildhood uncontroversial.

Tes statement chat ocobles aros cal han quest thong has been challenged.

{rato e ain/asmin/connion te caes of he ecos can he rad Lach ur
18" south worth considering in some depth

Yan BR pissin ta he suns Jaco ere the period hs cause some
over suggest indica

Patel’ agument that governments should continu: fund space search à convincing,

Greenberzs emabasis/tess an the exponer of aking a liberal approach à not new.

Levack' observar thet there ace contradictions in Day intégrale of hc pacos has

ben supported by a number of ather señala

Kim demonstration ofthc was in shih Rae's musi dene on she work of clio

composers is fascina

Gray's proof of the link between obesity and genes is of considercble interest

‘According to is wed when reporung other! vewports rather tan cre own. For
fA. angie according to Cocos ond is. but in my opinion … NOT ecard de me.

TR AecdeneYoccbuay in ee

74. 321

32.2

323

324

Exercises

Fl in the missing verbs and nouns.

em ET mon vr
Fe dación
[ are Genen:
VENTO E
seen rn
ES anne

[Rewrite the sentences using nouns insiead of the verbs in bold and beginning as shown.
1 Harkov contends that contizned population growth will be a more serious problem than
global warming, buc this se not accepced by many scientists. (Harkov's
2 "Global symmetry states chat the laws of physics take the same form when expressed in
cers of distiner variables. (‘Global symmetry’ is.)
3 The report implies that na individual government will ever be able to control the
scaner. (The report makes ..)
4 Ducas demonstrates how dangerous generic modificacion might be. (Dudas provides
$ Groot emphasises the role of schools in preventing teenage drug abuse. (Groot puts .
$ Lenard observes that women use expressions such as ‘you know" in English more than
en buc this was Inter proved to he inaccarıte. (Lenard...)
7 Plana explained the possible orgias of the pyramids in Gucleogs bur his has been
disputed by Ruiz, (Plana! ..
8 Wilson describes the ancien: alphabet of the Guelcoga people. (Wilsoa gives...)
9 Wo angues thar daylight-saving time shonkl be extended chroughom the year. (Wu puts...)
10 The President asserts that he cares shout fighting poverty. (The President meskes...)

‘each sentence exo of the op

ions in ais are possible and one is not. Which sno

1 The author noves obser / pinpuints thor commodity pices change depending on the

2 Grey puts forward 1 proves / advances a contcoversial theory to explain climate change.

3 Phúlisun coins / questions / challenges the accuracy of Malwac hiures

3 Trakcov stress 7 emphasis lasers the importance of pit testing before carying out a
sine,

Ripoll advances / demonstrates hows how large-scale urban planning can go wrong.

Tampon assertion contention À description teat no mernber of the commite war

informed ofthe diectors plan incest,

7 rans declred cast doubt / avoid thee was ne causa ink beeen the evens

There is one mistake in each of th nees. Find and correct i.

1 According to me, coucses in academic writing should be compulsary fo all new students.
2 It hos mot yet bee proof that che virus can jump from species to species

3 Richardson emphasises on a number of weaknesses in the theory

4 Taylor mentions wo several studies wbich have looked at ıhe problem in he past.

5 Pratt's suggest char the poet may have sufíered from depression is an interesting one.

6 Our latest results east doubt to cur original hypotbesís

E) Fed sors examples ofreporeng what obs ny in an adm ar or extbook your
Om Hild Ge they ute langue fom the in? Copy okay iterating apes.

Sendo m Ure 73

75. Mic

Analysis of results

Analysis in academic texts

3 s the analysis oF data wnat
political ase, the weiter may ured to come to wach a conclusion abr the
“advantages and disadvantages of a particular course of action’. The writer may. for
instance, conclado that the benefits outweigh? tho drawbacks! or view versa. An analysis
nay be matter of weighing up! both ides of an argument, taking into acenunt al
he rolevant aspects ofthese and discussing Al dhe poli raed y e researc.
When srialysing the results ola sciuplifie experiment, the weiter ts likely to need to take
seoount ofa rango of variable”. ei anales scientist ry (0 deduce" as much as
hoy can frum their dista, draveiny conclusions thie aro soanAls* based on (hair results.

* way of dom someting * are of mare importance than 3 disadvantages * think ewelnly
shout & (af problem or situaron) pare, Aarores * idea, opinion or pl of information that
x heen prosa im relation to Be tape 7 number, amount oF aspect of uan wich can
sage Y teach an answer by hina cuco abou the known fete * complete mi

Weighing up results
Tn the text in À did you novice
se of language — che image of weighing np ideas and of
considering whether advantages outweigh disadvantapest
‘Arguments are, as it were, placed on each side of the
scales and the judge or jury then have te cone down on
fone side or the other À particularly strony argumen amy
ip the scales in favour of ane side,

you brow Mala a not cl um eramos dt you coma across and u cand ete eramales of

Nothing how ianguage ca be used merapharal may help you o extend the use of te word
Hangar based round te same metaphor

Sentences relating to analyses
‘The survey provided some useful insights inte the problem, [poines that help us to
understand moze clearly]

‘The results point to an intersting trend. [shows indicate]

‘On the basis uf one dara we would predict continuing social waves. say something will
happen in the future]

‘We found thar women constante 40% of dhe workfore. [account for

We began wirt a civical review of he Urerarure in the fl ing opinions)

Mose of our respondents were eritical of che new law. [not pleased with, negative about]
We are reaching a eitical period in terms of global climate change. [very imiportaat]
The patient isin a erical condicion. [serious]

deeply critical = very negative absolutely critical

= extremely important

error how Englsh words often have seerl dsnet means Note examples you mest
dem.

74 ender Yor in Use

76. 334

332

333

Exercises

Complete the expressions with a ward wh

* > 3

ca E ee In

free” EL. me
ose ac

h cen combine with the words given.

Now complete the sentences with a word from 33.1.

1 Youshould writes, review of the literature al rhe starr af your dissertation.
2 Les diffcule 10 rench 2 thon a lot mere data.

3 À good essay prevents both of an argument and evaluates chem propery,

Complete these extracts using, ward from the opposite page. You are given the frst letters
of the missing words to help you.

Y encinar menghebeercun cam? | 7 | when cone erg conenan,

Host loge am ets sep ots | ve rasero

stusyles and longer? Aer | secre enous ao aur
Lo upihreidereescenliis || pow do we rene 2 panic
lance tte || © __dlaskmmaitsanumedru
advantages of geting wore deep | sample, thing tom nen a Pas insaad
Ua See olka ihe var quo la casos
seach has posed ‘more pci. You o de lo
ma te nk between sep one memory "sad of ving in crt med ekg fo
development seggstng that cp ‘nfo, Mat en vd ‘for.
set fr remo Du hem sre mary | te cine? De ow nel ies

y Wi. OS

OF le and meman rare, sacas | gotel de ne an » ha
sing, poses of ep and pts of dinate unge wi ce buthow much
menores Dreanse abut «personal haze ate he big pira?
Zu of La schau p, DOL | coul my che to buy seconde tp
rar plu commecten Les. ané cause a hal

herscen memory devclepment ans
onsércaing loc tims

What does critical ~ ar one ofits related forms = mean in cach sentence?

1 ‘ke hospital announced that dhe President remains crea ill

2 Dixon was aseed ro write a entical review (or critique) of contemporary trish poets

3 The weiter was imprisoned for his open evticisin oF the yoseensremt

3 le absolutely: critical al measurements ate recorded every hour.

Look at these ventences and underline any metaphor

your awn wards. Use a dictionary if necessary.

1 A recent survey has uncarthed some interesting facts about coming hal

2 In prediring trends in inflation, economists often Iook ar which deci
winds are dlowing,

3 Marti published a ground-breaking study of the formation of galaxies.

4 Ry digging into the archives, Professor Robinson was able to shed importan new fight en
the history of the period.

uses of language. Explain hem in

the pol

Academica ln os 75

77. Talking about meaning

The importance of meaning

fy DIO: nat quis praia
provide oglossary?of et
oo to-requerty, wherever the mean
Jercare subtle distinctions® belwenn tt

Glen ard the way in wie used in

2 be sito distingueh betwee

en wring an wsszy 0 an articles d

ds felatiog te Ihe tone If tis not don

may misinterpret? txt neste,

"words or expressions used in relat
toe specie context * of words with
explanerions ef he meanings ? special wands

to canine small dilferences * meanings
7 esplsining the meaning of $ having more
cham oc pnsihic weaning * understand in he

on exprestions med in relacion to a specific

‘wrong way € carefaly organised and making,
subject "lea ofen ard when ef

The power of words

‘Writes may ose words to express fleas or to convey a message or 10
evoke? an atmosphere! In scientific discourse’ if words are not used
precisely, then is hard fo the reader co compreliend? what the winter

fs trying to say In Feersure, expecially in porte, che connotations hat
‘words have a, be a east as portant i not more important than
€: those words dena, The reader han La infe? he pat meaning
mesrimg and te

ity to se dings {rom che poets perspective!

mul idea log ina borde or film) Amabe associations mean ® form an opinion
someone feel somerisug À feeling o wad un the basi o indirect evidence 7 smal
rite or spoken teat * underscan Uiferenees in mem > point of wes

Use p ‘to be ark 0 marin
o bes cope
cerpreation ir ar ud mao Ir
ee

76. dear cautery Use

78. 341

343

Exercises

Dr Babaya is advising Tomok: ls stndents who is about 10 sar: writing up her
dissertation. Complete thcir conversation with words From the opposite page.

Dr Babayan: In the firs: chapter, you need a section where you d your

Tumor Tn sorry, wat docs tha involve exact

Dr Babayan: You explain your = Mes;
going, to uve and what precise me
\ sand.

à word or phrase.

‘omoko: Toes it have ro bein the frat chapter?

Dr Babayan: Well, usmall, yes though an shernative way uf doing is 0 provide an
alphabetcal à ar the back of the dissertation where readers can
look up the meaning, And remember, if you're using diferen a of
the same word you mus explain each u

Yomoko: ‘Thar my probleza. | sometimes find benween the
differen meanings. There are so many s a between
words and between the different mea

Dr Babayanı Yes, know, but all languages are like that; à uso
yore ows language. Look, a disetacion is ll

+. Af you use words which are a

technical words or phesses you're
ve so that you ext is
ery reader knows exactly what you mean when you use

your ideas

na clear, c 5
your readers might m your text, So it always import
€ ‘what you imend to say.

lomoko: Hmm. Oh wel, try.

‘Add negative prefixes o the words in bold, using a dictionary if necessary.

1 The sign had been tsamslaed, so no one could understand what it means,

2 1. understood one of the exam questions and wrote about the wrong subject

3 The text was quite atmbiguous, so there was oaly one way of interptetin ic.
4 Some of the rotals had evidently be calculated, o the ecsults were untelisbke

$ The essay was quite _ _ eoherent, so it was slmosc impasible to follow the argument

5 Sandra is quod at French but _ promounees 5 lot of words.

‘Tse the weeds rom the box in an appropriate form co complete the text:

denote perspective expres comprehend evoke mance decourse come afer como

= Dyan s
asomuscian He. _ ... bis pital ideas through fok songs in his erty
Period. His melodies mora ce simple but bises Complex
messages, often with sub... In one ef his songs he speeke ol a
"hard rain‘ wlch wi fair nuclear war, On une vole words à

real, radioactive ral, but the, _.__ ofthe wares are many fe wil be hard,
perhaps Impnssile. Perhaps the consequences wil fall hard on the poilicions
‘whe stand the war teo. There are many things wo can fem these
or. The sens partol the palal_ —— - __ ofthe Cola War fine 1960s. It
_ am almasphere of tear and hopelessness. Seen fem the
the post Cold War ea, it may seem dieu to = Sunh far, but a the
time, that ear was very eal,

“Academe Vena Use 77

79. Research and study aims

Expressing aims

xem comment
‘We wok dr deliberate decision we aap ew | = intentionahs olen wurd for
study sal romain rap |
EJ ave somethings a goal achive your goal | we den ul sd your goa)
Genes | with the incenion ofa have no intention | verb = Freno folowad by de ne
ote
‘mate | motive for ag [nc]
she | moat achieve objectives what you pa 10 © or achieve
riety top priority take priority over ples alo mpora sings
‘purpose | Our purpose was o es eur don ‘on purpose mars deliberately
sueur | The strategy was 0 proceed or tas pa for success
[ager "| Peaehiachievelattin a target level or vation you hope vo achieve

Ue also talk shout meeting criteria

An example of a mission statement
Look at this web page for the Centre of Research into Cecation in che Perfar
how the aims are expressed through the infinicivo and in formal language.

290 BEN
AL EAS E me
| MISSION STATEMENT
Resten exists to further? the understanding of hew artists research and develop now
processes and forms, by working with professional artists and others

AMS
To establish? ne understandings‘ of creative methods and thelr application in practice»
as-resnarch, extending knowledge bases in these arezs
‘To expire ard challenge’ traitors! hypothesis-based and crtcal-analitcal esearch
‘methodologies estabished within the univers
‘To estabsh a critical mass’ a aristreesercners, meeting regutry, to nstigate! and

fe work cross disciplines
Te provide an Infrastructure"? for practice-led and artstinformed postgraduate tidy
thin he university
Ta ture develop critari!! forthe definition and evaluation of creative practice-as-
rusoareh, as part of the wider national debate
‘To contribute to the development af à nalnam infrastructure supporting prectice-as-
research, at the Interface” »etwoen academic and ether centres D art-meking and Re study

" shoe: writen statement of the aime of ? infec number * iitiare, cause to
an organisation * move forward, ad sar provide knowledge cho can influence
7 encourage people ro accept "understanding "9 basic systems and suppuut services

can be used ssa countable noun in his "standards; singular = evterion Y place
content $ the basic knowledge shared by where two things come together and ade
‘everyone working inthe areas question each other

78 code acia in Use

80. 35.1

353

Exercises

Rewe the sentences using words and expressions frum the upposite page and beginning as

shown

1 Protecting the privacy of ane subjecas must take priority over absolacey everything else
(Ne must give.)

Our intention in designing the questionnaire was Lo make it as simple as possible eo

answer, (We designed the questionnaire with |

3 We aimed to define and evaluate a new approach to urban planning. (We had as our yes
the.)

1éid not intend to become a scien

when 1 began my studies (T had no)
5 A methodology based on a hypothesis does not work in some cases. (A hypothesis: ..)
6 Our projec is located in the arca where sociology and psychology meet. [Out project

‘of their research by academics and then answer the questions, Use a
dictionary for any unknown words.
De Jancja (in a leer
expansion of the universe ls aecolarating’
De Tinsrcin (in an imeroduction wo an aile}: Que research questioned the neon that Ta
cod long after Be dinosawrs had died out.
carefully restricted air samp

Prof Li fina ect
the te

Nef. Simons (in à lecture} We wanted to build on existing research and offer new osights
into the effects of stress”

De Andreas (in a conference presentation): We really wanted to put into practice
one of tha research on s-lcarning to ieprove our present systen”

Prof. ur [in um article: We were hoping to instigate a now typo of investigation.”

Dr Tacens in a conference presentation} We had no detal plan a the set: things
developed as we went along?

1 Whose team took a deliberate decision wo do something?

2 Whose team wanted tu further he understanding of something?
3 Whose team did not have a strategy for tbeir research?

4 Who wanted to art something that had mor existed before?

5 Wise team was interested in the application of something?

$ Whose purpose war it to establish a season for something?

7 Whose rescatch challenges! an exiting idea?

Answer the qnestions about the vocabulary in this anit,

1 What ward can we use co ser tothe basic support services and systems uf vanty?
2 What phrase can we une if everyone ia country seems to be discussing an sue?
3 What is another word for academie subjects?
rase means the basic knowledge of an academic held?

id the phesse the piace chere thurmy weh practice he eworded?
bs are tspially used with a) objective and 1) rarget?
7 Moher are ene two nou farms comnceted with Ihe vec motte
8 Whac isthe opposite of theur el esearch?

EH] Go 10 0 eto or coran or A ou are arena What does ta on ts
E 4 ane Nowe ny cero razo tee.

Render octal Le. 79

81. 36 Talking about points of view
=,

Commenting on others’ views

Noone can he completely objective! in their point of view. Inevitably, we all sec things

10 some extent subjective Tris impossible to be ey imparta. We tend to he biased
ia favour of things we're familiar with and prejudical against things we have litle

EGS Ota at pas ine E ye or Do,

"nt infuence by personal tieso, ites based only on fact incas by personal
belies or aides * urinfueneed by personal beliefs or arce * showing an unreasonable
liking for someting based on persons! beis or opinions: opposite = biased against * showing,
an aueeasonable dislike for, based on personal blicts ox opinions fsvonger and mire pi
than biaedh, opposite = prjudiced in favour of * hase only on seasons opposite = rational

Peoples views tend o change as they grow older and bain looking at We row à
difeent tandpcin. Young people ate more key tobe radical bucthe become more
29 reactionary or sonscrsaivl with age, considering the younger opinions immature’

7 ser of principes of Beliefs an the bass of which opinions are formed heieving that thece
should be extreme political ar moe! change * (disapproving) opposed to political ce socal
Change or new ideas "not inclined to trust change, especially it is sudden " (disapprasing)
Jacking in experience; opposite = mare

An adeology tsa cosy or wt of Bell or principles particularly one on which a polices
system or organisation is based. It often has slighty negative associations in English,

ying something that igid and restricting. A philosophy, on the ocher hand, suggests
a set of beliefs that's mach morc thoughlal and serous.

Word combinations relating to points of view

‘ward amanavon | example

‘ahold ewe | My grander holds some Spring progresse views

‘a sde a | lle porns tat the unvarcio nou adopt a plc

ance stance towards research, a

te changeit Le wae tly tly opened ee Whe Hes Bezieher | changed har pom of

your posa st shifted her position. = Wen alle

have edheal | Incas ruber of people have ethical Objections to | dalle for reses

cbjecicnaro | the wan rec co mary

‘he prncplee | “Tent ome ns jou veu dw tobe ea a price | base oa yng behind
| underhing euch religous ach,

ro ancounter | Aone ofthe fw female cen of oe 19205 my ee]

price mdrr encountered à certain ameun cl prejudice. urmasonahle regi

behaviour
especias Jain dons not stare ii ters deep-rooted prejudices | strong unesco
predica spin worn. pai a

Point of view un means fem thr paral wy e oc o sam rather tan ir
that persons opis. Fram the language teachar'sPolnt of va, good ba of cher

Y You can sy in roy opinion bu: NOT try potreros can sy from (someone's)
ere es a rap language se

80 Academia in ine

82. 36.1

362

36.3

36.4

Exercises

‘Changs the words in bold ro words which wean the opposite.
1 The views she expressed were totally ea
2 The committee seemed to be biased
3 The book is an objective account of life in a small town iv che 19205,

4 The club rules were prejudiced in favour of children.

$ The Presidents doughter was quite mature for her see.

6 He has rather radical views about marriage.

7 Her views on education are rather radial. (use a different word from 6}
3 Supreme Court judges always actin a biased way.

‘Use the words in the box in an appropriate form 10 complete the sentences.

root shit ado encouncer’ underhe pilsopty hold ei

1 The, .priuciplesof Asian and European are very similar.

2 People tend a more conservative stance as they get older

3 She bas avs the view thac primary education should not start before the
age af sven.

4 Many people have — objections 10 investing in companies which sapport
‘corrupt regimes.

5 Some employers still have a deep prefudie ayinst employing elder people,
and many older people 7 sich prejudiee when they apply for jobs

6 The government seems to have _ ts position recently.

Answer the questions.

1 Whar verb could be used instead of shifted in exercise 36.22

2 Whar verb could be used instead of adopt in exercise 36.2?

3 Which is incorrect (a) my point of view, () im my opinion, fc) from my pone of view?

4 In what way does calling Something an ideology make sou slightly more nogaiv
tha calling ita philosophy?

$ ae single novas formed rom the noun point and the verb stand?

Vary these sentercss by rewriting them using tne word in brackets

1 The people ofthe area have some sal views about aacure. (1010)

2 Mast yaung people sea nos to ke che proposals on sde ses. (CONS)

3 Examiners tel to prefer candidatos with clear hanówtitirg,[masto)

4 Girls look: a cei career in a ditfeent way kom these mothers. (ra DROIT)

$ Let us now discuss te principles behind this appronch. (UNDERLIING)

Read this host text and underline any words and phrases connected vi

“opinions and ideas. Look them up in a dictionary
vecabulary book.

int of vi
necessary and note them in your

‘ead Vcoouaryn Use 81

83. 3 7 Degrees of certainty
—

This unit looks a the ways writes express how cerro they are about the facts or opinions
they ace presenting, This unit deals with some vecabnlary which will halp you to handle
certain in academic writing appropriaely

Being tentative
It's a coramon mistake for students o present something as ¢ proven fact when itis actually
Ta serious piece of academic writing you should a, fur example, write Girls

Learning languages than boys you could writ, instead, There is some evidence

A suggest tat girls may be Getter at ler languages than boe or Tec be argued that

ails are beter learn languages than boys.

¡Here ace sore ather expressions that are nscfol when presenting ideas that may be tue but

ate nok proven foes

De smay not be the case that gels are naturally heiter at foreign languages.

Te would seemappear that girls are more interested in languages than boys.

We can presume that all uans have the abiliy co learn a second Ionzunge. [believe

something to be tue because i cer very Iihelyl

There appears/scers co be some evidence linking diet with Iscoguag abi

“Thete i some evidence that previous studies are unreliable

We can draw the tentative conclosion that early language skills determine how successful a
1d will be at school. {posible not ye cet}

leis, of conte, essential vo check data carefully. [shows ke we
Iris evident that girs and boys develop at slightly different cates. (obvious, clear]
‘The best age for language learning is, apparently, the teenage year
Pronunciation of unfamilis: sounds presumably comes more easily te young children.
‘The rescarch is likely o lead ra some intereting results. = The research will pichably lead to
some interesting tesuls.

Boys rend to have better practical skills than pels. [oc likely ro]

There is a tendency for buys to be more enthusiastic about team sports than girls [it often
the case that]

These is every likelihood thas the research will he completed by June. [ir is probable]

The sation is Hable to change. [may change, is lily co change)

iter sees this as obvions]

The writer is unsure

“the seseorch has allegedly come ro some very significant conclusions. fc is claimed; the use
Of this adverb suggests that the weiter does mot believe the claims are tve)

Boya are considered to be more inclined to take risks than girk: [peopl think that — 4
‘plication is thar che writer may sot agree]

“The perecption of boys as poor langnage learners can be shown to be false [common view,
(ofen one which the writer fees is inappropriate in some way]

‘The article is reportedly an excellent piece of work [its reported that; the use of che adver
makes it clear the writer has not seen the aise]

Im the absence of evidence to the contrary we can assume that Laing is correct. fa there is no
evidence to sugges: the opposite]

82 Academe Vocale Ure

84. 37.1

372

374

37.5

Exercises

“Match the beginning af cach sentence with the most appropeiate ending.

1 We may assume that the exchange rate will continue co fluctuate

2 Te would sees not co be the cave that all the questions were answered honestly.
3 Ofcourse ar to appear from all ehe Bindings chat she test reliable.

4 Ve can certainly well discover thatthe problem was caused by ovecheatix.

$ Ik may well ren out argued chat confie was inevitable after the everns oF recent year
6 Ar could be is ve thar no all faccorcs cause huge amours of pollution

set adverbs based on the words

ali in suitable places iu the sentence.
1 Rosso was a morsber of a teeroist organisation, bm ic was never proved. allege
2 As that time, the popularion af riers was widespread in the region. 2epurt

3 The collapse nf the ton caused a sprinkler system pipe wo burst. appear

4 Ta get a better job is a main motivacion for going vn co higher education. presume
5 We may canclude thas water shortagcs ar likely to increase rather han decrease.

ds were yucasing some of the answers instead of sing their koowledge of the

y if necessact Do nor fill the

‘oun ved ect [osreb
—S =
i e = T
= E i
eras

Change these semtences. Use different forms of the wards in bald, as

1 There is lite fkelhoad that everyone wil fail the cest. I

2 Students tend to leave preparation for exams il the Last mi

À We saw evidence that sone students bad copied each other's answers. (ae the adjective)

4 Peuple coramonly perceive chat older people caanot Jearn musical instramenrs ro a
professional standard. (use che nov)

5 The melting of the polar ice caps seems to be inevitable. (ase the adver)

Make the sentences more formal hy replacing the undediaed words or phrases.

1 Leone generally thin that rats are carrirs of diseases

2 There je much evidence to support the opinion that diesel cars cause more pollution
than perrol cars.

3 leis extreme likely tac rail passenger members will continue to decline,

4 In the absence of acher evidence, we must cosclude that right handedness is nat linked to
intelligence in any way. Ñ

5 Of-cours, ic tue thar engineering graduases are à

66 The arca ncar the river alten flonds in winter.

increasing demand.

amples ef tre td of guage sed in hs ue in RE Nove down any samples ha ou

Look ar recent are resorte on soma research in your ew dicate. Can you find my
Fed

Rendering mie 83

85. |

Presenting an argument

Developing an argument: what it is about
Read these extracts from the opening paragraphs of student essays. Nove the prepositions.

‘This essay is based ox findings fro recent research into cold fusion.
‘The arguments J shall pat forward are relevant 10 our understanding of Newtons laws.
Far the purposes ofthis essay, two opposing cores will be scrutinised, 1 ball refer to
Ashhaeb's and Linus work, respectively.

Many aniels have been published on the subject of generic modification of crop.

‘The political arguments concerning population control are beyond the scope of this essay.
‘The firs section reviews recent terature, with reference Lo the arguments concerning
economic policy.

‘Adding points to an argument

Bad diet and high sess levels as well as lack of enerese, ace hey factors in causing heart
diseases on top of which ere is smoking, which is one of the most damaging factors.

In addition ta the questionnaite, we also conducted interviews with same of the subjects,

4 further orgue in support of rating the retirement ays that hfe expectancy à
increasing. Moreover/Furchermore', many people enjoy working; for example / for instance’,
in a reeeat survey, 68% of people sud they would like to work vil hey were at last 70.

! moreover i much more freqventy used academic ele than furhermare ? for example is
much more frequently wed in academic style than for instance

Qualifying: limiting and specifying an argument
Dr O'Malley is leading a clas discussion on human rights.

ley: OK. "Human rights ace sights which you possess simply because vou ace human."
To what extent can we say thet? What a the pros and cons! ofthis view?

Anna: Well, I think h's too simplistic. in the sense that it goes the sights of vi
and everyone elses gl xo Lie. So, provided chat we cersember this, den we con
sive people basi rights, albcie wich limirarions.

Küsten that's al very well, but“ if you say human righes depend on, say, goveroment
decisions about uationel security, then thev"re 90 longer rights, are hey? They
come privileges. Having sad thar’, is a complex issue wirk no sale answer.

Even so, Lal think we mast be careful nat ca give our rights away.

(O'Malley: OK. Fine, Apart from viens rights. are there other arguments for resricting
gs? J mean we could Jook at protecting property ending a chronically sick.

persons Hite, aud a0 an / and so Forth", Leu alk about the depree/cxtent ta

which these ae relevant,

‘Bvery sick person has che right to life, bun atthe same rime we should be fre to

decide when we want ta dic.

Well, lo of sick peuple can't make that dosisioa for themselves, despite the face

thee we may respect che right to 9 dignified des.

Hmm. Nevertheles/Noncahclese’,Trhik i key xu.

Ricardo:
O'Malley:

Ricardos

! aighety Informal) advantages and
disadrantnges * used co explain peecicly
spat hos just been said? formal) alud
* Unfomal, typical of spoken ecntexts)
indicates a partial agreement, followed by a
Sisagrcemient * typical ot spuken comets)
ud when you wih to add a point which

84 Acedera in Use

onteasts with what has jus, heen suid
5 faypica of spoken contest] can be used
separar or together (amd sn um and su

for}; can also beet eaters (more common ia
ling = etc) ? however; neverihelssi more
Frcquenrán academic syle chan nonerbelece

86. 38.1

39.2

383

38.4

Exercises

Fil in the propositions in his text about the fist wife of Henry VIII of England (1491-1547)

‘This essay oxamines the early ifs uf Catherine of Argon (LARS- 1536), focusing particular
=the period of her brief mariage ta Prince Arto, his death athe age of 15 and her
Sent mua. — hin ahr As Hany ar éme King Hey VILO
ths parpeses. this essa, al pay ttle atenting

Tater pari of her life. Her events] divorce from Kim Heney is. hus.

Thesexpe Gi essaye Much owe hos altem been writen... the subject this
Inter period of her life. The eur. refereme —— the pened is extensive bn ny
essay largely based. a couple of key sources, which ae particular o any

Oscussion of this period, and sal efer… the og

Which word comes next i these phrases?

1 the pros and, 5 that’s all very well
2 athe same 5 the extent to

3 and sv on and so 7 in addition

4 having said _ 8 as well

Use phrases from the box to replace phesses from he paragraph with che same weaning,

reset the degree alas prod
danes anddesdunages — foemenca derma

There are a number of pros ar cons to take Into account when consider the purchase
of yor gasoine-lcctri) car Such cars ara, for tampa, rdoubtecy bette for the
ermironment inthe sense thes thy cause less ar polución. Moree, the ente to which
they rey cn ol a natural resource which rapid becurring depleted, is much lass than is the
case with conventional cas. Nonatheless, hybrid cas are not without thai problems, Cost
may be an sue and also the tachnkal compiesity of ts relatvey new type of engine. As long,
as you tate these factor Into account, there 1 o reason not to buy a hybrid ca.

Choose the cocrecz word ar phrase to complete each sentent

1 She wore an excellent essay. wit certain amonnt of help
À even so à albeit despite the fact

2 à. point mus also now be ande against a change i
À thermes 1 respective

3 He is great poet _. „his work has had a great influence an other writers
‘Ai the wage that Bon top of which provided tha

4 Let us now discuss the influence ofthe revolution on the rich and the poor
A say B respectively © moreover

5 The ri resulted in much damage. —— — y we should not ignore the fac dh the
disorder brought bene co some
AAS well as B Wih reference vo Having sa that

$ Ban there is negative side to new technology. the advantages we aso need to
consider a number of dsadvantones.
Ahetharasitmay À Apart fr The al very wel but

ceder cabo Use 85

87. Openings

Organising your writing

Look at these openings from students’ weiren work, and note che items in bold.

This assignment will address the problem of socio-economic data in health studies.
‘This dissertauon is concerned with individual differences in the ability 10 connect thoughts

and emotions.

“The wim of this paper is to explore constan acceleration formula

alo a slope.

with a focus on mation

‘The purpose of sis essay is co investigare the use of focus group imecviews
‘This thesis consists of four pares. Each part describes a difleent st of experiments which

«contribute 10 the Anal results
This assignment
of world trade.

Organising the main points

divided into these sections, with each section devored to a diferent aspect

“wif wie | ee Sram
working | «fai cad Final) eve nok atten ade pion
Sais | Smee Ui mor oma hn Fa
Pen are de ue fur resarce
ores Fray ns con res tons pone
sion
‘changing copies | e we naw lacs turn to | We new turn to the question of which meds =
Pme | Sas pe proie ba coin à de eng
teres | Itc pent Ele ora ota e a
im e be We sale Bonn door hz nen mjor
farine | Satie mex scion | re lower on the pago ud pro]
oe Stow Later ul tc or porte rere di
E foto Ta lowing same come om Hin (518
Teering back | above “The have figures naar 3 nine decenio
Stoning | 2 ine pec Tee hyper ware Bad he preceding etn [be
cree secon nmi beer is oe)
| à das) we sam have seen | noted earlier tar fe of ash water vas à serous problem,
ms [Are ala soon 2 tin comple ope
men fon For the comple rls en Ayer À pa 9
1 coer Center pve Itch how cargo om 976
Gop ig |» she erin, | Taf example Seder wire ain ws
= À nb son pdas can be soon Fre 2
cero Gros and cd of enr nd Ve paral
Tear to reach ihe goma was Heels wo.) 8
| rene pss | > de aur ‘as ar)
pres Raman Krom or do groben. Tr former

‘wrote à book the latter publshed awe pagers [ih rat and
then the second person or thing mantoned)

x

Dont conse ft with at fr. At ft means he begining! and refers 10 sr
ih change A fist ee wos rate ht erctue but, emporte ve
95°C See Un 0 forthe diferenen betunen ot and ra
Say an con be seen m Figure [NOT os cn Been na

See Unics 16 and $0 for more useful expressions for organising your writing.

86 Academe Yocablay in Use

88. 39.1

39.2

393

39.4

Exercises

Choose a word from A 10 Él in the missing words in this introduction ro a naner.
Thea) ofthis paper to cons der the nature of moral educsten in Soie
children’ Inerature. it Is particularly (2) —_____ with the moral values presented in books
published with the (3) — of teading reading at primary school. The these.

| 9 =. offeurpants. the frst part attemots10.(5) _ ._ _... anumberof general

| question relating to chilörens Merature from any histaricl peviod Parts 2, 3 and 4 ate
6 — speficaly to Ue Soviet example. Pat 2 is) — — into three main

sections, the frst of which discusses the nature ofthe Soviet value system with particular
6 onthe work ethic

Read the sentences and answer the questions about them.

1 Tolstoy's most amos novels are War ene Peace and Anna Karenina, the former being ist
published beswean 1865 and 1869 and the ater between 1675 and 1977.
‘Which of Tolcoy’s novels was published inthe 18505?
2 Move presse ata can be found In Table 3 belo.
Does Table 3 appear before or after this sentence?
3 Let us noe tur 1a the question of the county economic situaron.
Hos the weiter already begun discussing the country’s ecoaomi situation or not?
4 The brothers, Olaf and Erk would go on to become provessors of archaeology and Greek,
respecively.
Which brother taught archacology
5 The preceding example is taken from Atakano (1991).
Does te example come before or ar this sentence?

Choose the correct word in italics to complete sach sentence.

1 Take / Put / Look for example he ease of Megginson which was described in Chapter 2

2 Ar fist Firstly would ike te discuss the mature of 16° century English and then the
impact that this had on the works of Shakespeace

3 The ari concerns devotes address the is ofthe eelasionship berween religion
and polis in the modem world.

4 Look at Figure 3 under / below} boneatb for more detailed information.

5 In the following pracading section we shall desl with this ae in race det

6 For more detailed information see / ga turn Appendix B

7 Le us now deal se / consider Figure 2.1.

8 This aspect of he problem wil be eisesse late ter / sry in this aril,

Rewrite the parts ia bold using a phrase wi les tho word in brackets.

1 As Table V shows there has been an increase in che numbers of students in higher
éducation. (sen)

2 In Section 3 we take up again some of the animent from Section 2. (PRECEDING)

3 Now lee us rem our atrezrion co developments in Constantinople. (PONT)

41 The coaniry consists of six peovines. (EDEN)

3 Le us now consider the ise ofthe reunifeaton of Germany: UN)

inch

der Vaio in Lie 87

89. “o Making a presentation
—

The language of presentations often contains ls formal vocabolay than that of academic
writing, o ak cae not o use the es formal expressions in yor writen work.

MZA introcucing the presenter

oe ‘Now Fd like w call on Mo ro make/give
Tats welcome Carmen Gregori who's ells
Decor ee her presentation, Mieka, thank you,

subject af Heslihcare in Paraguay

OR, thank you L L_ (Fake ro introduce
ererybody. Nov, Dr le De Li Meju, who's
Hanse is going to present ‘ong to address the

| hee esearch ou. topic of “Preventive
medicine",

Y rather formal; we can also say ormally speak to the topic of X, o, less formally cal about X

MB Getting started

eration ke to focus on recent developments i biomasse. speak foc
hour 45 minutes, to allow time for questions and comments. Fee fre 20 iterrup if you
have any questions or want to make a comment.”

“Vita FD give a brief overview ofthe current situation with egacd o intellectual property
right, then I'd like co rane a fw ines concerning the tert. ty o leave? time for
¿question atthe end

“Ti lke to begin by looking at some previous studies of ocean emperatres, These a
handout going round. and there are some spare" copies hee you want then”

“Un this tall prevent the results of srody Lei for my disertación. Tl try not 10 go over
time and kesp 60 20 mines”

mal way oF giving persion À less formal than oso — see 2a more formal vers
Which de bing dimbured extra 3 on more formal carried od} eunducied

Mc During the presentation - and closing ie

would

[ Now ies turn to he proble of mori sess. Tag te arise or aout
Moving on. Hon o cok dhe questionnaire retin | gong on wo the next pol
more detail des formal than rete deal

Hal ann aan Da Pop a dann RO |
| cone bach ea

eo go back te a pho Pre
App eig back ru ote pti of | pg ac I a um
Te on Tec

The ers ver recy de RER SE Er de
tc egress word :

Tal te excl a nv ia Cunning) shark. ip rl re et Tome
“To sum vp, en rb UM a reci rah TRES | ar o move Gm kk mal card
a have o ay hark you loreto ” | inne “
WELT) top Ge un out of ma Thank jeu | he no me UE

Or Welch wl now eae que Arc tre any | rather ra = asp andar?
questions or comments” cun

88 AcedemeVcobulo i te

90. 40.1

40,2

40.3

40.4

Exercises

ll in the missing words

1 Dr Anwar Musat will now his research om soil erosion in Malays

2 Ya now like. en our next speaker, Eva Karison,to —
answers) her presentation.

3 Ladies and gentlemen, lets ‘oue next speaker, Professor Pradromou Fromm the
“University of Athens.

4 Thanks, everybody So, Masanori is going 10 talk 10 us now —
subject “Mental healch issues in Japan.

$ Vd like co today’s speaker, De Krishnan Guptas, who is going to a
the topic of ma fatigue in ail tracks.

in these introductions to presentations.

eva these sentences by changing the words in bold so they are les formal. Remember
that bath format and informal styles may be correct, bin that it may not always be
appropriate to be infornval,
1 We need to consider family income too, bur Til return to that later
2 So, to proceed to the next paint, PI amit item 4 on the handout and instead talk about
number $ in greater detail.
3 Vl ty to Sash by 3.30, but dont feel you need to ask permission co leave if you have a
class or other appointment to yo ro.
There is a kandout being distributed and I have some further copies too if anyone wm
them,
TA finish there as my time has come to an end.
‘We didn't wane to make people uncomfortable by having a camera in the coo,
Nevertheless, we did want 10 video as many of the sessions as possible.
Te Tike co rennt to a point I made earlier abour sivee management.
So, I believe our experiments have been suecesthul I shall end here. Thank you.
Ta return to the problem of large clas sires, Id like to look at a study cueried out i
Australi in 2002.
10 Fl try mot co exceed my time, so PI! speak for 30 minutes, to allow time for questions at

Fill in the missing prepositions

1 TM like te focus. ‘waterborne diseases in this presentation.

2 Thestustion regard expos has been very good in recent years.

3 Pd now like zo cara à diferent problem.

4 Talways find i diffcal vo keep, fast 20 minunes, so please tell me when Ihave
five mines Ich.

$ Ld like to begin asking yon all ro do a small sk.

Weite six sentences you might hear during a presentation using appropriate combinations of
the words in boxes A and B. You may use words in box A more than ance.

Bra | wien le ne me gre

Gore | tse poser eu are common pedo

sets ecures and other presas which can be bor owed IF you are abe 10 co ci. ek à

BE Stege ac «river iras ana deparemenss often have audio or val recording ol tao,
EM ote of any tl wores os cspresons he speaker uses

oder ibn m Le 89

91. Describing research methods

e
MZA Useful word combinations

‘We may carry ox a procedure or an experiment or a pilot smdy. [preliminary study
Wense ex, mote formally, employ a method oe a technique oe an approach or an instrument
or a device Ion object or merhad used for a special parpuse] You can alo une or emplay any
particular eype of research methodology.

Apparatus [equipment fora lab experiment] e assembled and checked. Apparatus is en
tuncountable noun but you can talk about a piece of apparatus

Ban types of research method
reco method" what We rect does | Wan arene

experimental xy manipulates! avaro | cone nse hy ered sai oF
Eng ane under | Be abortory meen conde re
all controlled conditions o | artificial ad my noc reflect what
reed proie [eso | happan nab ninety more cor pat
an ts seven paie] | ot erde cen 29

les ‘erable replicate? sf exp

‘orrclational tudy | acsrpts to determine de | ony sows domo arabes are rated
relationship Between two | ina systematic way. br doesnot prove
for more variables, rg or dhpronet ena ne recorte
mathematical techniques fr | cause-and-effect relationship,

natural ‘observes and records seme | canbe very time-consuming as

(empirical, behaviour or phenomenon, researcher may ows ro wa for oc to

obrervatien(ako | often over rolorged perked | 1 abrerve be bout or phencmenon

ow a ld sty) | mis natural seting wrhour of cere dic 10 ohseree hair
Interfering wit the subjeces | without earupting” k

a Interior deco poor meroror
msundarsundng of dre quen an.
ananas comte to inaccuracies in che data
‘ase study Lee indep" deserve ten moine ony a aigle val asthe
records an ouside observer, subject of ve sudy ards person may
ban indi! or group ner he representative” fe gerer |
cep or population |
| makes changes so ? not natural doin seen, felt casted, te, Sahering 7 raking it
exactly he same way “shew seething is change ® eames to conclucions on the b

nor cue * something that exists end can be * deities ypial

JC Remember that phenomenon is dr singular und phenamene ste plural The seme apples
¿A rente enced by whieh ou ge. decido bout or ei th someting)
See 0 Unt 312

90 Acdemiocabuary in Use

92. alt

412

413

ara

Exercises

Complete the sentences in these two texts wich words from the opposite page.

Sciemists disarer as to whether clé fusen, the controlled power al the hydragem Bomb in te
laboratory ls posible in the pas, some believed that e s under
er ing palladium and platinum electrodes could i act cause heavy
Ihren atoms to Tse inte helium ard release every, a th sun des, In carellly controló
xpedrents researchers belived trey could ma _ thee avisa from the
complet ofthe electrodes ang other exuipment sed. In such co — so

they argued, cold fusion was possible. However, attempts tor seme ofthe
experiments which claimed to be successful fad, and many now believe Lra cold futon I In
fact theoretical impossbi

Some linguists believe tha we can Dest how languages processed by
laboratory experiments However, laboratory experiments are by defuition a

andmaynete Whathappenain the real worl Other Ing believe, thersfore,
üatem 8 Iber an prefertocarryeutt ads
ande tes of ndividals mn se tn this way,

ls -d ._ datacanbee._ y observers without i
“wit she process ovary way even thongl this may hes more +
‘nethor However, individual an die in mal ulations may natbe r ‘ofthe
general ‘of second langvage Jearmers. E short, hath approsehes have heir

Auhagen and dscns

Use the words in the box to complete dhe diagrams. Add 0/0 and anything else needed to
complete the phrase.

check methodology plot sudy procedure asumble technique experiment danos piece

Now complete the sentences using phrases from 41.2.

Uewaranew. Ofapparacas so we ic fs and hen ie

before vsing ie

2 The team cactied on a = before conduct the main

to see if the they were using was reliable

3 The team needed ro employ a different for measuring the pressure, so they
ued anew. —— Which they manufactured in their own laboratory.

Correct the eight spelling and other vocabulary misakes in these sentences,

1 Te was very ditficolt eo make reliable interferences from the data as we had so litle.

2 A correlational study is a good way of seeing if one phenomens is related o another in a
System way.

3 The experiment either proved nor deproved Jessop's theory.

4 We hed to explain the unusual scores of five of the sabjets in the sample, wha all had
‘totals well below the norm. It was possible there were unaccucacis la the data.

5 An exterior observer can often unintentionally crupt the behaviour ofthe subjects they
are observing,

ceder cela i Use 91

93. Classifying

Classifying means dividing thing into groups according to cheir type
Useful nouns when classifying

word‘ example meaning

cp | eh of oor eden ak eo one oF tee | group al shares come agian
categories | hares

compare | Mik isan css €omporent of any | à pare which combines with omer ars fo

| young hi de. ruta soc gor

ue | Tre existence of rimar de | the fic atom or someone is or
‘active use of meraphor sa feature of thw | yplal part or qunly An
| postage |

Hurars can be described a beng a he top | aer which poz or tinge are

‘of hierarchy wih amocias en the bona arranged according Lo her mportace or

he | pews Bi

mue | The nature offer work means decae | ps or mai chere of main
under ale ef sme

cara | Ie Uae unt we sal be leaking the
seracture of the pere

‘ope “The hor ls one type of large cat,

‘ison ofa large se

One example of a classification system
“There is an enormous yaiey/äivorsit of living thing (or organs). To help sy cher,
Biologie have devised! ways of naming and closing them according tothe simiorii
and differences, The system mor cents se pus each living thing into seven groups
omanssed fom most general to mos: specific, Therefore, cach species belongs o? a geaus,
cach genus belongs to a fail, each family belongs o an order, etc. Species ace che smallest

groups, A species consists o all the animals af the same type Who are able to breed and
produce young ofthe same kind cach speci à

allocate al} organiams to a posi
E hougbr of invented 3 part of
* place also assign)

distinct from’ all ocher species. Biologists
nn this system

includes, is made up of *signifcandy different from

‘When cataperiing peop it is often necessary 10 take as gender! socal las, occupation
marta status and ethnic background? into account. lt may also be appropriate o consider
che urban cucal dimension", Age, for example important i that different generations
rend to have diferent atérudes and other characterises, Social css can be described in
rent venga the tem bie collar ay be ie! nıcan working class while white collar
denote? middle class, Tie categories of student, homemaker (Le. houscwsfe/househusband),
and senior citizen, as well as types of employment ace subsumed? under sh heading® of
‘ecupation or occupational backeround/ status.

Y sex, male gr female? rail background 3 iy versos commupaide À aspect, way o considering
somthing mans À paid work. included a pat of larger group * se suming up a
Pas

32. creme coton 2 Use

94. 421

423

424

Exercises

‘Choose the words ro complete these exteacs from (1) Jecrare and (2) a lass.

Y bug cagar cemponcrts conser dsinet dwersiy Al fau suveure ope

a -
reed aut i. Thos: languages ae

ol imperante languages i oad sen

ih farghaces suon as onan and OO

ae Unegragar mc en
| a camarista O

on a to ines ma ey am ae
a te fase of human lenguages, x
pilot uo gra ri

ive clr ds derke engloyment cine gander ganeraucre honersiers osaipadons!

Sr project you mus cory aut
let Vos! need to —

on Ez)
Now choose a word from 42.2 10 complete dhese sentences.

1 Lei hard o herween diese two plants. They hardly _ arall
2 The professor persuaded the university to. more resources to his department.
3 There are some magnificent, —_ — passages is the writer ater novel.

4 In your essay comment on che and the erween the nwo pocms.

Vary the sentence by using words of

1 fe o emegorie hum emorons as we know litle about chair asie characterises.

2 Sensation and accion cas hath be included under the tem behaviour

3 Linguine allocate a Iguayes no a place in he system of language Lars, based on
thei reims and other key aspect.

4 The eanoepbere of he slant const of diferen gases.

$ Git and country people ofen iter their poll attades, Whether ane is marcied or

we is lao a elevate fa

odres in Use 99

95. Making connections

Connecting data and evidence
Read how a scientist used 14 cameras to study his baby son learning language.

In a chiles fe the progresión ura Just making ns o using or mani sa 1
at completely understood. So an American scent has callas 23,000 hours al deu,
¡complemente! y 33,000 hours of audi, of is baby son. The scientist hopes computes wi
reveal nis! beten the ci’ activities ari is seing of lenaage. He his divided each
‘roam nto sections such a sin, tale ige and siove. Te computer pies ut curbimations
of maser betwocn these sections which are repeated, Researchers then pese together? how
these fegments coreate wich“ speci activi such as making coffee or ding the dishes.
Frentualy the comparer wil being al the information together aná pride statics on hat

| often the ttl sens an activity afore fall producing a related werd.

video better oc more useful * show carsnecions war ca before ty o

discover the euch about something by collating different pieces of information and considering them

" lich as made 1

at de same time À

DS Expressing links and connections between people and things
he term “hacker is synonymous with! criminal who attacks computer

rally the word referred 10° à skilled programmer, and only later did it Become
associated with" malicious attacks.

see coaneered with, offen in a way in which one of them inflaences the ater

In homass and in chimpanzces, hand movements accempanied by speech or vocal sounds are
made more often with the sight hand chan the left hand. Taken together, she dara suggest“
that this phenomenon may date hack as far us 5 million years ago,

La the 1980s, the wages of less killed US workers fll relative to? those of more-skilled
workers. The mptval infuence of he iallow of less killed manigranuz and the yr

import s alo important.

Setentsts have found evidence of am animal thar cap shrink and then grow again. Galapagos
sine Iguanas sccm to change size, growing smaller oc larger, posshy rflesting

the food supply.

‘he hook examines the development of the bond” berween children and their parents, The
relationship between individual developmen: and the suengh of the bond varies berwcen
sons and daughters.

In questionnaire A, zero correspands te dissgree strongly" and $ indicates “apres strong In
questionnaice B, the reverse is tue, in that is equivalent to ‘disagree strongly".

in US

* che tas choely cnmmested that one suggests te cher * raved to connected in peoples
mins À show an ide witht seating ie deci or giving proof 5 if souething relaie to
gerrerhig ese, are secoedang tothe spel or leva of dhe her hing * inlneneing each other
? dose common *upponie * used bere giving an explanation fr same

Ihe prefix

or indicares a link or relationship berween things (see Reference 5).

Interaction" between learner and learning material is à defining characteristic of education
He scudied the interrelated" fleur of familia and poe en African American youths.
‘he arice is concerned with the insesploy" berween etnotions and logical thinking.

"© communication wi or ceuctiv
in or depends on the other the ei

* connected in such a way that each thing has an effect
{Geo or more thing have om cach other

94 Arte cat Use

96. 43.1

43.2

43.3

43.4

Exercises

Match the begining of each sentence with the most appropriate ending, and add the
missing prepositions.

1 ‘the stody found like grade curves and sharp angles
2 fills thoroughaess is complemented scholars from all over the world.

3 Musical talent corcclares information from a range of sources
A The seulptare isan uncsual combi 2 his previous research.

$ The conferenez has brought a compucee programmer

6 The zesearcher is aying co piece use af the deu and heart problems.
her eo-eseurcher’s orginal.
mathematical ability.

(Correct the errors in there ventenees

À here is usually a very strong bind between a mother and her child

2 Salaries have fallen over the las few years nor in real terms but ecíacing to infauion.

3 In te UK black cars ac assoeiing with good luck.

4 Tn tie experiment, proup A performed best on the manual dexterity test and least well on
the caemory test whereas for group B the cevessal was the case.

5 ‘Malicious’ is more or less synonyom with ‘nasty’

6 The problems discussed above are all closely intexelatiooahip

7 Took cogether, the studies by Johnson and Mahesh provide very strong evidence that
previous theories on the nature of this disease were flawed

8 The search is original in chi it approaches the topic from à completly Fresh angle.

8 The painter loved to explore the interplaying heineen light and shade.

Choose words from the bux co fill in the missing words in this text.

suoceed comeondt equal evidence met
mean mal mes reveals

_ .._ within a chimpanzee community is the theme of Guvros's fascinating

ne book Indeseribesthe various different. Letweon the wanes, and
how an adividnali bahnen is ar her positon an ihe

showing low the older females tn particular offer euch over —

support. The book also provides. to — hat chips use
‘sounds in systematic ways to communicate with each other One particular sound, for

| example, clearly to Ute human cry of ‘Watch out while another would
seem tobe the _ of Help! Ceriain zestares also seem ta be. un
specific meanings,

Flere are some more examples of words beginning with inter Use your knowlelge of what
this prefix means 10 help you explain what th wards mean,

1 Alf won a prize la an iateruniversity chess competition.

2 Interstar highways in the USA are usually wide and well

3 Our economic interdependence means that recession

3 Interanacrige throughout the cemtarie had meant char most .acopcan monarehs a the
beginning of the rwenricth ecenury were quite elasely related.

5 The internet has enormously facilitated the interchange of information between scholars
worldwide,

6 The design was a complicated construccion of intercom

p parts
oder Vaio i Uke 95

97. 7 Comparing and contrasting

Ma

Prepositional expressions

Note th items in bold in thes iles of journal acti

and also nove the propositions.

Epson

obiens pun memes compurbon

A comparison of ddrent methods and
approaches un hemesehoning

Tarn ur when so ARE ding ern bang |
«compared. Oi ase wren dierent examples of he
‘amma thing ae being compases

Toby Ein comparison with te US
Tre ese of ik on pico mitm
compared with cher derogar

An exploration of he average dhs spend
compared to der stoy and delia A

Wi adi are bath sed nomads with ima
roaring tere expressions American Egin
general pros compared wi

Racuced rie of eae apres HIT
inécuon as compared Lo HIV.

Some payoro pia analogies between
Speech and must

"Thr apra Pacs dat tere Bind
ference between de dinge MAR ar compared

~CemparconeBesween ringe whieh fave xr

features: ln used o ha expla princi or es

Differences and simfarkies between mothers
and echoes Informam 09 ks hair

fd orale maragrs mth ce real

| Ditferences in avia sondas becneen male |

Beim sed wih Aer when ore groups
‘ef people er things are compared In i used when
foret apoco one thing are compared (hee
“bial perception).

héros undersunäng ofthe distinción
| betwen ral and apparent emotion

dan a ree Ban oe ear Gigs

leal vay rey diferen Fam
tale a hundred years al

Ehren mia um ELEC EE bo |
cert fe uc more Tagan. frre hans
Stan fund io US Engl

Useful linking expressions for comparison and contrast

44% of the male subjects respondi
they had never voted in any cection.

gris.
ükewise would also be used here)

larly, 44% of she female subjects said

‘There is a contrast between fiction and reality
Oléer teenagers were found to be more likely than yourger teenagers to purchase music CD»,
Conversely, younger teenagers purchased more video games. in an opposite way]

Unlike Seutland, Irish snortaliy rate were relatively low

such a poor country.

Verb endiage in some languages can show present, past or futare tens, whereas in English,

verb end

28 can only shove present or past.

Fruto could also be used betes note the comına]

A recent study suggested that building a network of good friends, rather chan ssaintaining

is peopl live longer into okl age

Om the onc hand, cris accuse che police of not protesting the public from exime. On the
other band, people also complainod thar the police were 160 oppressive. [used o compare

ing above a situation|

Ti the moet, the rains ae plonsfal. Inthe south the reverse is true and drought is common.

Remember cosy the same on. NOT dresser csm ho Say salar 0. NOT

ps

A

Dont eontuse on the ether hand {ie abore) within contrast la corts: empreses
a marked opposiion between two des. Chen stay csr o love moves o

entra, HE dep. Pong so them a a amempr 1 rate pco sa

95 acera este Use

98. 441

442

443

Exercises

Complete these sentences about comparing and contrasting.
1 The study Jooked atthe diferent life chances of working-class children
te those of middle-class children.
2 The results showed a marked. ihrer possible answers) between the two
groups of planes being tested
3 The cie of her paper was: “Retail price differences in large sopermarkers: orgamıe foods
10 non-acganic foods"

cc the fare 20

A My project was 3 ‘of different syle of industriel echec
century,

5 The result af the second experiment was very fret — hac of the fre

$ Ie would be ines to do a Berween the musical Ss of teenage pls
and those of teenage boys

7 The physicis drew an __berween the big bang and throwing a stone into a
pond,

8 Gronsky believes cold fusion will soon be achieved in the laboratory.
+ his coleague Ladrass believes cold fusion is simply theoretically impossible

write the sentences using an expression which includes the ward in brackets instead of

the underlined words.

$ The two groups were not uhe same as cach other. (DIFFERNT)

2 The two gmups of children were different. (cowmast aoun)

3 The dhresliquiés had many things is common with one another. (LAR)

4 The data revealed shat te ifonnants respanses were different. (DIFFERENCES)

5 The tile of her paper was: ‘A comparison of male attitudes towards prison sentencing
«aad female actitudes” (COMPARED)

6 Ina similac way to the manner in which the economy of the noti is booming, the south

is also enjoying an economie uprure. (SIMILAR)

Use linking expressions based on the word(s) in brackets to rewrite these pais of sentences

25 ome sentence. Mak: any other changes necessary.

1 “The south af he country has lite in che way of forests. The north of the country is
covered with thick forests. (UNCIEE}

2 A qvestionnai is good. In his case, facesto-face interviews are bett. (RATHER)

3 Asian languages such as Vieenasreze are quite difficult (or learıccs whose first language is
a Faropean one, The opposite i also ese, (CONVERSELY)

4 Oilis pleaciul at the present rine. Ie will un out one day. (HAN)

5 Boys tend to prefer aggressive solutions to problems, Gids, on the ocher hand, prefer
more indicest approaches. (HER A5)

6 Im the post-war period, public ransportacion enjoyed « boom. Nowadays,
(rs

‘Are these statements true or false? Gircle T or E Use a dictionary if necessary. JE the
statement is fale, explain why.

1 If two things are mutually exclusive, one makes the other impossible. TF

2 H ro methods of doing something are compatible, they cancor both be used, TF
3 Lf ro chings ace equated, they are said 10 be similar or the same. TP

4 Ishere are parallels berween run phenomens, chew are very diff

5 there is an overlap between two thing, they share so

le used,

Tr

99. 45 Describing problems
==

Introducing a problem
Note the way words are combined in these extract from academic articles.

‘As the minlag operations became deeper and deeper, the problem of looking arose!
In recent sorvey, 34% of customers experienced difficulties with online buying.

5 paper discases the cantroversy®surtounding privatisation of health seevices,
Conservation deiven by market forces seems to be a contradiction in term?

The wpic is inadequately treated, and several errors are apparent in the analysis.
Integrating the new member states pases a challenge to the European Union.

"The oseacch aise® che issue of rainfocests and the people who live in tem.

The patient had dificult in cero
Most theories ef the origin ef she universe contain inconsistencies.
“The cesultscevealed shortcomings inthe design of the questionnaire.

ering very recent events,

Y question/issuclifcatyicontroversy also olten combine with rise À à lt of diyzeement ot
ngoment about something, > combinaron o? words which s unsenie because some of the
‘woud suggest ehe opposite of some of te others * can be seen * threafproblenstdanger lso
are often used with pose; the verb pret can also be used with he nouss *questinnrabienn
so are often used with rase 7 fa reason, idea, opinion etc his inconsistencies, dicen pats
fa do aot agree ® fakes oc a failure 1 reach a pauicalaestandacd

Responding to a problem

CC [example Ed
ra read Te vas a study of how small frie react 60 the | act Ina pardeuiar way as 2 direce
rien _ | pot starten. pe

respond | response | The Meisters response to the problem of | hier reaction vo what has
inion vo panes pris fur. Fappenad or bom si or one

CL Tew leu wang our deal with Be | ele aan one ave
ts oler nn are mate | protien

ico S| Govern o oc rer vo be sews [ew dal wi
tach the proben cuba cogen E

| address: Sovemments need to address the problem | (formal) give artention to or deal
ef orate om ner power gts, wi

mine | medien | Tre carry eer siempre ‘ok de eo grape The
radiate bacon ine poh and to pops | tory tals em fn à

lean. soler rt probs

Solving a problem
‘The revearchecs solved the problem by increasing the tempe
‘The team came xp with / found a solution to the problens of water damage.
y using video, the researchers overcame the problem of interpreting audio-caly dacs

‘The nwo governments finally esolved* the problem of sharing worer resources. A succcssfal
resolution to the sis came in 1938,

‘answer to the problem lay in changing the design of the experiment.

be book was emitied. "Conflict Resolution. the Management of International Dispurcs

" (more formal) solved or ended ® noun form of che verb

9 Academica ne

100. 45.1

452

454

Exercises

Match the beginning of each sentence with the most appropriate es

1 Students always seem to have difficniey surrouading che President,
2 Ford pointed out that the methodology had apparent.
3 The need 10 find replacemen: fuels poses some Import questions fos the Bor

4 The media continue to focus on the conteeversy many diffceltcs.
5 In the Figures he presented several errors were arate fait recent.
$ On their way across Antarctica they experienced in remembering this formal,
7 The results of the opinion pol raise a number of inconsistencies.
$ Problems caused by pollution in hie area censiderable challenges for scientists.

‘There isa preposition eisch
1 Iris no easy cask mediating unions and managemen

2 du this lecture I plan 10 deal the later novels of Charles Dickens.

3 The answer to mest problems in agriculture lies the soil

4 He though for a long time but was unable 10 come with a solaion.

5 Green tourism may inivally fel like a contradiction terms

6 J wonder whac the professors reaction the article will be.

7 The company has expurienced a number of difficult the computer operating system.
$ Have you found a solution the problem yet?

in cach of these semences. Add itu the right place.

Complece these tables. Use a dictionary 10 help you if nzoesary.

rou mom ws
‘esol
rester spas
man eds

Choose ane of the words from the tables in 45.3 to complete each sentence, You may need

19 change the form ofthe verbs,

1 The profesor was very angry whe the student — bm ao rudely ard so
poble

2 As the saying goes to ie human = we all make makes.

3 Thope someone will eentualiy come up with a othe problem of global
warming,

4 The diplomas are hoping 1. bruce he o sides and so prevent a confit

5 Thelbrary_ any are and beautiful books.

6 1 am sill waiting for che committee 10 ny region for an extension for my
senior,

7 Ac the beginning of the no
swith her assignments,
8 Thelecturer.___ … very angrily when I questioned one of lier conclusions.

academie year Marie to cake much moze effort

Mach academic wor aged on aio questions or rang proble and facing schien to
‘hem id an article rang to jour ow eine which cecusess problem, Nets down try
Imeronng vorab Dur ou And here.

‘Academie Vaan Une 99

101. 46 Describing situations

a
MA Existence and location
Look at these extracts from history leceares, Note the words in bold.

‘The existence of large popeladon of migeant Historians nozed the absence ofa clear politica
‘workers put pressure un the country’s iafrastrucnure'. | | ideology inthe actions ofthe workers.

‘We need so lock at all the ‘Looking at events in their social context
circumstances? surruunding, means taking aif the factors of a person's
the events of 1926.

‘The conditions in which the poorest
sector of the population lived were bad.

| hasic systems and services, uch as transport and power supplies # facts or events thar make
the situation the wey itis” opposite = presence * oficial postin, especialy in a social group

ME Factors affecting situations

(u=vecb (ad) adjective (opp) = opposite
sd an Taten Ir
comal @) | Sense are constrained by the amount cf | bang contolled sad Bred
consist {| fnding they can eben er subject to the | In wha ly can do
_constraints of funda,
esa () | Growch in er ownership could be westrained by | IE the oh or RE
reser (a) | ighar aus of something
igh and prices ara à restraint on the expansion
of the housing the ci.
(Minimum (ia) | The ralnimurnimaxirnum compara was | emalesehrgest amount
(025) maximum | recorded ar each stage, sllowad or possible
nina (2d) | Damage to bung was minimal | very smal i amo
confine (| Major industrial polio is confined to ehebig | Imtes to
ber in eno nartn a te region.
Fete @) | The government tock measures to restrict the — | Tnidng sore and
reiten (> | sao of tobacco preducte zo young people. reducing ae or

“To Man efi congestion the cy imposed a | prevent from Increasing

inva ea)
(pp) xeric cote _|
Inemgat sd) | Users experiences are Integral 0 the way Rec and paren ar

libraries measure tele performance part of a whole

Tate 64) | Os e finite resource: will run out one de | tanga mi or end faut
(opp) ios | There is evidence to suggest the univer I Fang ne Imi or end

IE Infinite. shina
rable fed) | elas sados Came stable encens | magie ke
(opp) unse | Pati stabile ie treat tothe whole rh fod or noe Healy ta
say (@) | region. rove or charge

(pp) sat

100. Academic cat in Ue

102. 46.1

46.3

46.4

Exercises

Choose une of the words in bold

Aco complete each sentence.

1 Lo understand the problem, we need ro look at all the many factors which may influence
development in the childs social and physical _

2 thas been cime thar the „of teaching as a profes
used to be oc as i should be

2 is notas High as it

3 The iniearcd aerial photograph seems to show the of large village around
1,000 years ago.

4 The compunys president died in rather suspicions and his son took over.

$ lathe ‘of any clear instructiaas from above, [think we should éeuide

surselves how to proceed.

6 The country can never become a major economic player unless it improves its

7 Leaa’e tll you whae the word means unless you tll me Fein

# Studeats today live in very lion ___ vompared with students in the past.

Change the words in bold a the opposite meaning.

1 The economy has been stable for several years

2 Stability has been a feature of government in ehe eounsey forthe last decade,
3 The norhem region possesses an apparently nice supply of uranio

4 The presence of cholera in dhe area was noted hy scientists in 1978

5 A minimum temperature of 20 degrees must be maintained at all tie.

[Rewrite che seatences without changing the meaning, using the word in brackets.

1 Inthe 1960s the govcrament restricted the amount of mowey you could take wut of the
country. (RESTRICTION)

2 The problem exists only in the capital ci. (CONrIsED)

3 All fossil fuels will run ot ome day. (RrSOURETS)

4 In the accident there was very Bale damage to the cor. (MA

3 All rescurch is constrained by Funding decisions. (SUBJECT)

The fact char the country is secally unstable deters invests. [SOCIAL]

7 Normally we would not behave in this way. (CIRCUMSTANCES}

8 Mos: small Glen believe shat fines exist. (or TAL)

Choose she best word in italics to cumpletc cach sentence,

1 The government has untroduced legislation w restrict / constrain smoking in public places

2 Leaning from your mistakes is an info /intrnste part of making progress

3 Hee amempt we comfine/restrabe the children from making a noise in she Library met with
Tide success.

4 The professor always insists thas eves the moss junine pesensch astociate is an unstable /
negra! pazt of te team.

5 What arc che minimm /ntixivat requirements for getting place on the cours

€ During the exam period restrictions are posed / imposed on vistors to the college.

7 ‘Uhece were some rather euros circumstances / contexte soeeounding the case

8 The level of taxation in the coumey is à major constrain / restraint on foreign investment
there.

Fed a news arco about a rie dvaloprent and read dhe descripdon of he ann which
led ode (kn te be found in he Introduction) Noto any und general nouns ued cere.

Resten cab in Use 101

103. Processes and procedures

General nouns and verbs
Note the prepositions which follow the naurs in hold.

‘The next stage/step in the process af data collection was ro send ont 100 questionnaires.
"The procedure! for Experiment B was different from that of Experiment A

“The application? of Thorens methou produced some interesting results.

‘They studied the behaviour of large corporations ding periode of economic criss.

“The team cacried out a computer smulation? of climate change over the next 30 years.
‘Twenty-five subjecss were selected from the frst group to take par in the second analysis
She designed a course ro train students to utilise sel motivation strategies.

The arc sets out co unify? some comers in the theory D scone roth,

Personal interviews were conducted to supplement’ the statistical data.

Ue experiments were repeated, in order to verify” the results observed inthe orginal daa,
"carefully controlled sc of actions * using it for a practical purpose ? a model uf a problem oF
‘course of events * formal) use something in an effective way + bring rogerher/combine * add
sormahing 10 something 10 make larger ox better ? make cert that they are correct

Social/political/economic processes

‘expe with neon ‘ivan verb El

“The emergence ofraden nes | Nation sates emerged indie | proces ol appeana or

hanged Esrope inthe 18th contar | 15th cenar: suring te et

“Tho papers study of water Mis ol lares of beaded water | proces of un ue, ewer

consumption ln Bas! dig 2001. | are now comme, Soo.

Ratification ofthe wade agreement | The agreement was rated in — | proces of malaga

took pce in 2004, ES rot oi

Security of upply Etre mon | Me new pala wil secure gm | forma) proces pire

import prono che qu industry. | supe Kor he peon. | someting

Before de advent of compurors, | Belore comparers were arial of am mention (Fe

he ans was a io process | devalopodimentel amiss | asın bas no verb form)
took lng ere

‘Technological processes and procedures
Look at these questions on a college website dealing wich computer problems.

ee Coe
el there any wey ta autamate! the process of converting a large numer of test fies cn POF format?
Kc ip fern values ante sami bar ns bar gre?

we How cen | export? data from my REFS softwere 19 a list ef references in my dissertation?

so ere a face ey put quest recut to a daabese?

‘= Hon can inert era nto my pap?

‘= How can | seve the numerical outpat® from the BIGSTATS program as a ret fle?

make a process be operstcd hy machines or computers, std of hy humane + arrange
something or a collection of things so hat they can be seea À copy large amours oF i either
toa differeat part of the computer storage space or ta sue form of storage * put ther into
the computers system * add € results produced by the programme

102. Acosta cabal mühe

104. Exercises

47.1 Choose the best word im italics co complete each seutence.

1 Iris sensible ro mmify/ select / verify your results before publishing then.

2 Mip replacement is usually a simple medical application 7 procedure ! behuviour.

3 Many students supplant / urls /vorfy their scholarships by doing some partie sear

4 A computer stage / procedure} simulation shows whac will hsppen ifthe ocean current
‘does indecá change direcion and start Howiug from the Arcık 10 the West Indi

5 As the next step / behaviour / application: our stady we plan to carry ot

6 Her aim isto form / design / function a caically different type of electzic engine.

views

47.2. Rewrite cach sentence, replacing the underlined word with a word from B or C opposite.
Both the waderlined words and the replacement words are correct in academic Finglsh; the
diffecence is that the replacement words are more formal
1 Ie is hardly sorprising that people use far mute electricity than they did an years ago.
2 The arrival ofthe mobile phone has transformed the way young peuple manage their

social lives,
3 The software allows you to presen your data im a range of different types of char.
4 A number of talented new designers have appuaced ths year.
5 You've missed our e lees here ~ you need to add a y between the a and the &
$ He spent mary paro crying to create 2 machine that would automaticaly soy large
nn bers of coins
7 The rescarch assistants had to putin a huge amounc of daca te run the experiment.
8 The political parry managed to yain more support than was anticipated.

AT. Complete these tables and add she greposiion which usually follows the verb or noun
JB “ho von 69, Use dicas fer pepsi noc given on the prose pag

ws EN = sam
a a O
tor a an ()
sms | ía a
© EMO @
=O E]
[72 T a iu
m mern as TE
47.4 Chwose a wurd from the tables in 47.319 complete each sentence.
1 The asii ences the of Kecea as a major economic force
2 Becatne of the droughr everyone las been asked to ande their water
3 Link would bea good idea to — some tables into the fst part of your see
He took considerable nepoiaaons Before all pasties weve prepared to the eat,
5 This course will fos onthe DOF theory to practice.
$ le took mea ong ime to no the computer all the data from he survey
7 Mos: psychology students choose to do a conne on animal
8 My inscuctoryave some veto advice how co 2 new group of experiments

EE ves ac oonesy to End sre pial word conbiraton for co word ~ process race
EB sed sage Then wiv e eemonece about spect of your own irc ug a of word
comen.

Academic in Us 103

105. Describing change

Historical changes and their effects

"change om one form fo another she uation as it was at tha mc 3 ef for ever * change
in portion or direction * change co suit different conditions become mere falar with à
sew situation’ ation sen 1 achieve something "in a very basic way ? not allowing them
to charge ® more and more removal of " changed completely so char they are better
1 increase in size or extent 1 improved che quality of 1% powerful effect that something,
‘specially someching me, has on a skuation ™ changed (usually slightly) 7 causing lithe or no
damage to che environment and therefore able o continue for a long time

More verbs for describing change

‘The exchange rare between the curo and the dollar has actuated recezly. [changed or
aed, especialy continuous and between one level and another]

The technicians modified che flow of ol though the engine. changed it slighdy co improve i]
‘The company’s lawyers amended the contract o take account of the new situation. [changed
the words ofa text, ypially a law or 3 legal document)

Seven power plants were converted fom oi to gas. [caused to change inform or characte]
After 20 years of trading in the US, the firm ransfered thir operations to Brazil. [moved]
The economy recovered after thre years of depression. [returned to saisfactoy condition)
Oil supplis ae diminishing rapidly. Acquiring new suppbes is vital for many countries
[becoming es; (formal) obtaining, getting]

‘We need to refine our analysis to obtain more accurate results, [improve i, especially by
emoving unwanted material]

‘The government relaxed controls on imports in 1997. [make les ste or severe]

Plans have been drawn up to restore $0,000 acres of wetland to (hir former sate. [res
something or someone 10 an ealier good condition or position)

Adjectives which often describe change

‘There was a gradual change in atorudos in the 1980 slow, over a long period of time]
A sudden change in the temperatuce of the liquid occurred after some minutes.
‘There is a marked change in how people perceive antisocial behaviour. [very noticeable}
‘There was no perceprible change in he learning outcomes between Time 1 and Time 2.
[which could be perceived, Le. noticed or seen]

x A change Im ad à charge of ae rer À chnge ln

comparte aan"

a. gets à process where something bas became edfram (04,
smaller more radica) À change of cthnggoreramemtappeec, ee. mea the complete
substation of ene ding for ante

104 Acofemic tar in Use

106. 48.1

482

483

484

Exercises

Fi in the missing words in ench sentence with a word formed from the same zoo: ns the
word in brackets. You may need a dictionary 10 help you with items 7 to 10.

1 There has been an enormous in aviseion in recent yeas. [EXTANN)

2 Economists are incressingly concerned chat development should be +

change in the patients coneition.(rexceave)
3 The survey found that most people fel that modern life is becoming
difficult. Imenense)
5 Indoscial has, of course, transformed people's working lives. (pto)
6 The groups aims include the ‘oF famine and poverty (EUMENKTE)
7 The apparatus worked well after we had made some toi. (MOOI)
incesing unempleymens may peopl ave bod oak co ther
(anys
9 Many linguists have studied fist language „or howe people leur theic
mother congue. (ACQUIRE)
10 There is unlikely co be any... ‘of controls in the rear Future. (RECA)

Answer these questions about the language in his unit,

1 IF prices fluctwate what do they do?

2 Ifa disease i eliminated how much of ie remains?

3 Winterest in something is diminishing is it hecoraing less or

‘$f chore is a marked change in someone's behaviour 1 ica big or a small change?

$ If most people feel thar mobile phones enhance ther Hives, de they feel that their lives
we Become better or worse?

6 lf controls on imports ate relaxed do they become more or les strict?

italics to complete each sentence.

Choose the best wori

1 The economy now seems to be recavering / amending.

2 Many people now are converting / transforming to using solar power.

3 Our survey did noe succced in getting all the information we zed and so we shall have to
Auninish Y refine ou questions ile

4 Why do some people abanden / shift their families and disappear without a word?

5 I takes most people some time to aber adjust to living ina new country.

$ In recent years most societies have seen a major change in the ranstion / satus quo.

7 Ic is increasingly hard co adapr / maintat traditions in che ace of progress.

8 There have been some arempts © restore alter dhe environment ro its original state

‘Which preposition is needed to complete cach phrase?

1 a change the climate
2 10 transfer money à Swiss bank account

3 ashi the eoumteyside towards the towns
4 10 have an impo the cost of living

5 to relax controls immigration

ed ee

7 the trans ‘one period eo the next

8 to adape anew way of life

Academicas in Une 108,

107. Evaluation and emphasis

Adjectives for evaluating: opening sentences from science articles

“The first comprehensive! survey of coral re i bo

Fandarental? problems exist in current theories of the universe, a physicist claims.

A ground breaking? discovery has been made in research into ageing and death.

Important ew information about she planets has beer gained from the Orbis space probe.
15 hours have increased and pressures at work have become mace intense in the UK.

A coucial stage in global warming coald be reached within cen years, sciences say.

“The search for a unie theory gf he human mind ig misguided cays a psychologtis.

“The discovery of a dinusaurdike bone fossil in Af que, according to scientists.

ln 1997, Irkan published a significant piece of research en open stracteres in bridges.

Current responses ro the global energy crisis are adequate, a sciomist has warned

Y complete, including everything that is necessary? banc, from which everything ese o

3 way new and a big change * based on bad Judgement or on wrong infor

Teachers’ evaluations of student assignments
+ Good! ‘The only criticism I have is that ther isa notable! lack of key refee
before 1990, You should have given credit tu? entier work by Wilson and Teale
«Cam concemed thon the valides of some of your analysis, and 22 resul, some of your
conclusions may be invali icantly, you had problems in Serón C.
+ Ldon'rahink the nwo different ralyses you did are eompauble Its not surprisin,
matching the two results, which could he viewed as almos: coatradicrory.
+ There are some solid? argument in Section A, but rhirk your conclusion in Bis mistaken
ar lacks hare evidenee. Your data arc” rather limited. [*may also sometimes be is)

Y importscz and deserving aremion À seated the imporcance of 3 bassin much or reason * able
ro ein succesfully topetier * of a good standacd; giving contdence or suppon *cleay, able eo
be prenen

Other evaluative expressions

nis noteworthy that Holikev (1996) also had difficulty explaeing the phenewenon.

At is worth recalling that three previous studies failed to Brida ink tween the two ever,
We should vecognisefacknowlkdge how difficult it ist Interpret these data

These veslts are borne out by! cur other studies: Hermann (1998) and Wilson (2001).
in his seminal? work, Abaka challenges? current exhmiques, eveeling Mla? in date
ineerprerarin.

E confirma, shown ty he rue * contining important new ideas, very inflaetis) * questions

y are correc: “fouls mistakes or weakmenug we can aay a method i awed (ad
Emphasising
‘The research underlined nghlighrd the need foe a new social policy Kor childcare

+ When used at the beginning of a sentence far extra emphasis, negative expressions ate
followed by inversion of the subject and verb. A form of do is used when there 3 no

y or modal verd.

instances / On no account jsi right o video people without consent.

Seldom/Never (hefore\Rarely inthe history of Furape bas then: heen such a cria.

Im no way {By no means dues this nevi suidy invalidere existing studie

‘Only in 1985 did the govermnent socepe that something, needed to be done urgently.

106 Aeodemc itary m Use

108. 49.1

49.2

49.3

49.4

Exercises

Lock at A and answer the fellowing questions abom the adjectives there

1 Which uo adjetivos have negative associations?

2 Which adjective sounds most positive and exciting?

3 Which wo words can be quite close synonym and conld be used, for example, in the
phrase 2 play an) role nthe development off

4 Which wurd has a similer meaning te the adjetivos in 3 but i song or mare extreme?

$ Which word means the only ome oft pe?

Choose the best words from the box to complete cack of these sentences,

wcdnowledged om dhulemué red eral
arden Med Am round breaking
lined mer mm Aly ied

1 Nierinek gave __ to the input of her research associetes and hae
they had played a = role inthe project,

2 Unfortunately, these results are not ‘out by other work in the Bld and you
are 0 claim chat there ig hard to suppoer your theory. Ihere
ae in some of your calculations, and they need redoing,

3 Herbert —— Evensson on the of his conclesions elaiming that his
dota were and were 100 “to be reliable.

4 This superb arricle can be asa piece of work which has made

= discoveries about the nature of cancerous celts.
Reweite these sentences beginning in dbe way indicated
1 ás by no means cectain that all de students will pass their Final exam.
BY NO e 2" 4 es
2 Never before had he taught such an outstanding student
He
3 The country has rarely wimessed such a display of public feeling
RO a Be
4 In no way will we be able to halt the process of global warmins.
We R pa
5 Sradents will not be allowed to defer the complenon af thelr thesis longer chan one
month under any eircamstances.
Under no circumstances a
6 We will only know the answer when we gather a lot more dats.
Only when we

Rearrange the lerters 10 make the word that fs the sentence.

1 The study — — — — the necd for more research, sento
2 1 dont find yonr arguments eher —., — or convincing, bows
3 Unforrumarely, the pco studies came up with reses which were not

that his work was initially exiticised for being,
ROW FLLARIGNEC / ATE
—— the importance of lteeacy and numeracy skills in

Academic Vado a use 107

109. 50 Summary and conclusion
—

Conclusions and summaries: typical paragraph starters,

1g concerned with expressing the most importan: Facts or ideas about somethi
ne a short and clear form.

‘Concluding is concerned with (a) stating yoar position or opinion after considering all the
information about something, or (b) stating that you have come ro the end of something.
Recapiculating is concerned with briefly epeating your main point.

Read these openings ofthe final paragraphs of academic aer

5. Note the useful expressions.
‘As we have seen, the data ae consisten across the thie separate tests.
‘Yo conclude / In conclusion it seems that women's eater risk of depression ia
consequence of gender differences in socal ele.
Tu recapiolace the ndings of the present experiments: suothers speech o young chilien
than this normal speech
catsparisons we may draw the following conclusions. As was expected, thor are
Late differences between Russia andthe two Nordic countries (Finland and Sweden,
np To summarise / ln summary, inthe case of high achever 0 all professions,

al comperence is wie s importas as purely mental abies. In shor, emotional
rence isthe key.
To bring the paper to a close, summarise the main pons’ here slings influence
development of bebas and problems among siblings are liked ro other problems.
1 à tes formal atemetive isthe short form 10 recap * mae formal an alo be sum used
before descbing something in as few wos ondas dicen ux posse or bring to an end
summarise te key points

ME other useful words and expressions for summarising and concluding
We may summarise the fiding in a kw word: coservng weland isan vent
Te final point ro secs is hat pay ls ac ee only facto ainda diste, To put
biel 7 State rich, complex mses contribute to ses fool is mote formal then. st
Praditsc (1996) provide/ive a (ane summary of Avan economic cooperation.
Inthe abnacı of the acl, e ators clam to have made a breakthrangh in cancer
resect shortene form ofan atck, book, ec giving only the most important facts or
argumenta, sally printed at the beginning ofthe book ur erie
‘The government oly pulche à pré of te report, nor he fll zen. Wp
focm fs tex which bil somme ce important part]
In this say T have stented to review eumchsy the argument 0 favour of necia!
gropery eights im vaio tote interne. fin academsi srl itis common ro say tha you
have atenpred/id 10 ange or demonsate something mad af deu saying yo did
one means ia short and cles way; without unnecesary word]
On balance, the overall tur seems o be ha he polie) climate infuenees corporate
carre. ae thinking about the diferent fats o opinions general ates cha in
parte
Inthe nait nass, the only af edition i che be fus e Ike 0 be very ferent
tom he presen. sid when king about whats mo importa or eri Sun]

points berg vase, nd ssl co fc, Ara fr to womesing which Imp
ther people have en ali or or alone timo.

Remember coral doe: NOT mesn perhaps emesns In ehe and expecially air alone
mora lot of flere problems. et!

de Dont cantar oy and tor Ln refers tothe na pole or kam Ina ne ra serios of

08 Academic Vocabulary tee

110. 50.4

502

50.3

50.5

Exercises

Took at A. Rewste cach sentence, using the word in brackets,

1 To conclude, he tests suggest the drug bas ne dangerous side effects. (CONCLUSION)

2 In short, losing the war was a humiliating defess for the country on a number of different
levels, (Susstazase)

3 To sui up, itis impossible to blame the disaster on one person alone. (SUMMARY)

4 Tom the survey we can conclude that advertising has a steonges effect on teenage gile
than on orher groups of the population. (vna / Cone give five answers)

5 ‘lo recap, there were a number of different ceasons why the experiment was les
successful than fad beca hoped. (arcaerunA)

Choose a word from the box to complete each sentence,
cest amaba leo de evenly pois provide pur words

102 stem that more people are auainst che

2 Authors subir an article for the journal ace requested to provide a beet _
‘outlining the contents of their article.

3 To brief General Pacbai’s atempts to manipulate the situation to bis
‘own advaniage — Ted to his own downfall.

4 Mast theses a summary of the iteranure in the field in their opening chute.

5 In the nal ro one can be completely certain as ro what caused the crash.

& To summarise the problem in a exe "manufacturing in the country has
Acclived drastically in the last ten yeas.

2 Lec us now eecap che main Lin the argument

8 Before bringing this paper 10 à 3 T shoul like ro suggest some arcos.
sequiting further veseucch

Choose either Lastly or ut fast co complete each of these sentences.

1 After several months of negoriations, the two sides have reached agreement

2 First, we shall consider the causes of che war, then we shall lock at the events of the war
ond, + We shall discuss che consequences of the war.

3 She decided nor eo apply to Melboume University. First and foreemast, her marks were
not likely ve be goud enough but also her parents did net want her to apply chere.

nome of her Itends were cozsiderina going there.
4 My brother was very elicucd when, 1 Re Rnisheel weiting his dissrtación.
5 Many congratulations en having reached the final uni of this book.

‘What can you learn about the difference between the expressions in the end and at the end
from these two senteners? Use a dictionary iF necessary.

1 Tathe end, the government realise that the tox low had been a mistake and abolished it
2 At he end of the book, ‘Tao stets char privatisation of public services is the solucion.

Correct the six creves in this paragraph.

“ius pangeaph a preise of Academic Vocabulary in Use. Yo sum, the book provides

30 units covering key aspects of academic vocabulary Sad bese cach nnit has cempred

(6 present and practise the words chac a students need, The overs ar ofthe book

“to help students not only to understand but also to use academe vocabulary beings
‘the book tos clomuee, we hope we fare lisiped yon and wish you success in your fue

cadmio studies

Bean ect im 109.

111. um Reading and vocabulary I

=n
‘This section will give you further practice in the kinds of vocabulary you have studied in
this book and will help you to become more aware of academic vocabulary as you read.
‘The vexis will be useful for you whatever discipline you are studying,

Read the text. Use a dicrionary if necessary but note that itis not essential 10 understand
every wurd. Then answer the ques

Good friends

Payet ve ing known tal vg a to her std companons ll mental web. In
on, a econ suc by Auiralan investors concluded hat our Hands even al Le prog cur ves
"aaa analyzed Gata fm decada soy cal re Aslan Lenin Sly 3 Ag,
which was ad in 192.1 conca onthe social emdronment, general noth, Hesse tet age
oath ef 77 porens ce on 70 yor. Su patata wero Asked how much persona) an oephone
contact they Pad wih Yer, clon lates and accuaance.

ases te upton ar nal end nc i space oa reer st th,
say, rauen crac wih nen an or sales Ths benef held tue even er has ess ac moved
try to ana oy ana wan ndepundn al ato UE a ocres: it, hath and ay oe

Wt ra undies th ac logs? Aaron ie ai post ll no mer te rust
ui aprte Na occue among aus Mat men ant ta a spor gen ae
recur by lens your end pleura ae not A tere oa sera cay of comento in
Contato ur ow ois, un an 1 Capon ur end

Accordog lo We Auton sense o abil o lave elsionshipo ih people to whom ores
ingen na a postveotecton pica and menta! han Soe cha ee or depa m6
caduca, an Beavers tal re dan 1 aah, nach as amoung an ring, cc eae eau. The
Investigator socuae that mes 01 ca Par, our support networks can as ou 000% nd
feige fa un or ad gs or dang wih M'A persona change.

1 Which words and expressions in the fiat paragraph conld the following substiente for?
1 friends one loves and cares for 3 extend 5 focused
2 exereaely important 4 began 6 subjects

2 Findin the text a word which:
1 means ‘people’ (more formal) 3. would be spel different io British Faglsh, How?
2 means is the hidden cause of 4 means a serious accident or very bad event

3 Use words from the text ro complete this table.

ft = Te ogee
H — aoe. |
[3 — ie |
oo — [esse |

Ta pee = j

Once you have end he content ol text look over a and chac chat you now dhe rent
‘ors of porta words In as the be above.

MO. Academe oh in Use

112. Reading and vocabulary 2

‘Read the txt. Use dictionary if necessary but note that itis not essential to understand

every ward, Then answer the questions

i Australia

Orth seven conminens, Austral the Bates,
rales, and excesa for Autorin, the meet ch
Toco o nat sl of Tsai, tae
sica eouincut i roughly equal ata co the United
States. excl Alaska and Hawall Mine af years
rca bee fom ler lanes secu
for Ausuali’s augue ania species, oral arene
Marana ke the kagaroo, Jay mara We:
the plazos, an Le ies en bre. cto
file steseiues (areas warped by grologí forces)
long Australi east coast, natches ofthe sonora
case andthe realise ha ean! a Doa, he
continents molly ey lese and intra.

Teposraphy and evisin ef Australia
sta as oon ese acts by mie and
een (mount bldg ores dun ee
Comenta dng e ps 00 sl years. ACU
seta (curva) cui pese int easter
md weten ghana rm su the
‘a corten e recent gle pas, Eh

ed nene ofthe masivo ipheavale reposo
or ult the And Soul Amen ih wea

1 Truc or fale? Write T or F afer 0

non Avia ur the Europeu Alps. Instead Australia's
tepageay % the end result of gradnal rangos owe
non af ges. Australia ia at dulden combinen,
corr mincemtpion ring trom Ihe continents
fat, seousingly unchanged expance. Goologica!y its
La same ago ste Americas, Asia, Aie Europe sad
Antaretca. Pu Auras crust nas escaped strong
ear forece o recent geological history accounting
for ts relatively uniform agp. Asa re, the
«continent serves asa window 10 carl geles ages.

Splitting ef Australia from Anlareliea

Ao 5 mie yea ago, exon forces (mavements

dees ofthe ean: ons pM Ala

fom Antarcic and epocas ot

‘Gonna Geologea estate Dar Ue coins is

agneau leche

¿23 co por sear Ty thew ll sul clea war

media Antartica tve Antros esa Fila

Las lag Commonweith Ra: Oma pd of
io year ag, asas

bon years, benny I

fare Anal ote om rares.

se statements. If dhey are fe, say why:

1 Australia i the driest continent in the word

2 Australia has 01
3 These animals cu
4 “there is no 5

‘animals which no other continent has.
tw Ausırala when it was sll joined to other landmass.

‚mie activity nowadays in Australia

5 The genceal geological appearance of

xy different in its different regions.

2 Undeeline in the text word combinations which mean:

4 approsimarely che same
2 age changes

3 Which word in she sex

4 a ron idea which many people believe is trae
5 hich appareotly has remain the same
rest of a series of events or a Tong process

1 having a lot of green, healthy plans, geass andl trues

2 no suitable for humans 10 live in

3 à metaphor that means ‘something that enables you to see and lesen about a situation’
4& develop a ser of ideas to explain something,

Fin general geogreshy text bou your ov cour oe ragen writen in Elah and make à
ora of any ‚hl werd combinados you And tere.

Rosa end acota 11

113. Reading and vocabulary 3

Read the text. Use a dictionary if necessary but note cha itis not essential to understand
every word. Then answer the questions.

The Worid Wide Web

Uns the appearance ofthe Wald Wide We WA] the remet was mainly used by peape who had same computer
opens Fi wansfe protocol FTP] wa th stondord method by which data couk be stored on cr remove
froma server. andi» document that had been uanamite had references to the: documents thenit was nat
svlghtorwardt access them, in others, FTP does netlink separate documents together
In 1862, Im Bomers Les, working at Europe's igh-enengy ahyscsrescach contre ln Switzerland, meo the st
| browse: program which useda protocol cated pere anster proto) [HTTP Mis operates s fs
| When a cont request a Wb server to senda documen the requests sent using HTTP (rather than FTP). Me Web
server finds he docurrent ints mernoryand ansmis halang wih extra informatio. ts tis extraaformaton that
disingushes aie sever rom an Internet seves The extrainfomaton transmitted composed of to main parts
control codes, using hypertext markup language (HTML, by hich the lent computer screen can display the
acumen, the lago, headings baring, ete Images can be tansmítedas Separate files a incorporated
onthe visible page by HT code
+ links to other documents. These inks are spectc words or phases in he tax afthe transmitted document thet
vil low related documen tobe acces,
en the mouse ger fe cen: comput is moved aver te documar on tho ssren, the arc changes hand
with pointing finger whenavert falls ca ay para. Heuser chs ons ink the browser il uta set
pei dioss and request the appropiate Vas server transit sw dacu ment oth ci. Wren this naw
document rives its displayed on ve screen
‘Nbrowsar,thorafre, ia program, stored inthe cies computer thats abe to ead hype, While he Imsmet
is boga collection af computer networks and databases connects by backbone able and opi ve, the WA
is essen a browsing and searching system allows users with viral no expertise to access he information
tra at cetsinsites on he Inmet

1 From memory if you can, Ain the m

sing prepositions

1 until the appesrance … die World Wide Web
2 the method which data could be stored

3 the data could be stored on or removed — a server

4 ceferences _. other documents

$ he server transmis che document __ ‘ext information
$ the information is composed two parts

7 che exits information provides links, other documents

2 Use words and phrases from the text to rewrite che words in bold.
1 Accessing web pages is easy and simple, and people with almost no e
2 The browser contacts she right server 10 transit the document.
3 The WWW is in its basic character a search system.
4 The information added to dosuments makes web servers diferent from Interne servers.
5 Years ago, the Internos was mostly used by experts

tive use the web.

Search an online encyclopedia for & text on other how the mob one tttem works or
en hey de stale cha paskiosngsyscen (GPS) works. Read the tex and mala a ore of
y weil noun + preposivon or verb + preposcon combinations.

132. cede aba in Use

114. Reading and vocabulary 4

Read the text. Use a dictionary if necessary
‘every word. Then enter the questions.

The human brain

“The brain Is the most complex organ i the huraan body. It produces our every thought, action, memory,
nd experience of the world. This ely lke mass ftiscue, weighing arcund 1. llograms, contains

a staggering one Hundred lien nerve cel, ot neurons, Fach neuron can mate contact with tene of
‘thousand ofothors, vs thy structzes called syncs, Our brains forma millon new connections for
avr second of our lives. The pattern and strength af the conneerioas is constantly changing nd no
‘wa brains are alk It isin these changing connections that memories are stored, habits earned and
personalities shaped, Ly reinforcing certain pattems of brain scsi and lasing others.

‘while people often speak of tact grey matter, e brain also contains white mater The grey matter
isthe ei bodies ofthe neurons, while the white mater is he beanching neowerk af thread ke tendrils
~ called dendrites and axons ~ that spread out from the eel bodies 1a connect to other neurons. The brain
also has ancther, more numerous expe of cll, called glal eels. These outnumber neurons ten times ovr.
Once though tbe supper cells, they are mov known to amplify neural signals and to be as important as
nncuransin mental cakulations, Thexe are many diferent types of neuron, only one of whichis unique te
humersand the othcr great apes, he so-called spindle cells

Brain structure is formed partall by genes, bat largely by experience. Only elatlveiy recently it was:
discovered that new brain cel are being born throughout our lies process called neuzogenesis The
"rata has bursts of growth and then periods af consolidatcn, when excess connections are pruned. The
Amas! notable bursts are in the first io or hree yeas fli, during puberty, aná also a fra burs in young
dulihood. How a brain ages so depends on genes and feste 100. Exerleing the rain and giving the
‘gt let can be just as important as ts for 1e est ofthe body.

‘The neurons in our brains coramunicat I avarleryofways Signals pass between them by the relense
and captare of newotrensmitter and neuromodulator chemicals, Some neurschemlcals work: the
‘synapse, passing speciic messages for release sites to colection sitos, cala receptor. Others lso
spread theirinfluence more widely. lie radio signal, making whole brain reins mote or les sensitivo.

ote that i is not essential to understand

1 Choose the correct word to complete each sentence, Look for words that che underlined
words cocabine with in the article
1 The skin is the largest organ in the. body.
2 Paychologists disagree as 10 how exactly memories are in the brain

3 Homans stare almos al oftheir ges withthe eier. nce auch an gorilas
3 Aschildeen become young adult hey have —

5 Hs importe hat animas in api ae given de — det
4 People have approached the problem in varity of — :

2 Find wurde im the text which have an opposite mea

2
1 simple (para 1) 4 are fewer than (pars 2) 7 initial (para 3)
2 converge {paca 2) 5 diminich (para 2) 8 general (paca 4}
3 searce (para 2) 6 wholly (para 3) 9 réstrict para 4)

3 These words foe the text can be used in mursber of different ways, White senences
‘exemplifying three

acer past formed calle

4 Highlight six words or phrases that might he used in your discipline, Weite sentences
nn Reodng and oct 113

115. Reading and vocabulary 5
——

Read the text. Use a dictionary if necessary but note char its 6
every word. Then answer the questions.

essential co understand

| Manotechnology

1 | Nororacinclogy e science and engineering at the scale of atoms and molecules. luis the

‘manipulation and use of matarials and devices so Uny that nothing can be Lu ery seller,
Neromsterais are ppicaily between 0.1 and 100 ranometres [nan In size = sh 1 nm being
equivalent one billanth af a metre (108 ml.

2 | This ic tre ecale at which the basic functions of Une bologios! warkd operate = and materials of his
28 display unucual physical and chemical properties, These profoundly diferent properties ere due
to an increace in curteca area compared to volume as particles get salle - and ao wre grip of
werd quarturn effects at the atomic scala

3 Unwtting’y pegalo hava mace use of same unusual propres of mate's atthe narosoale for
¡cemtures. Try particles of god far example, can appear red or green = à propery thet hes oeen use
to colour stained glass windows for over 1,000 years,

4 | Exparimental nanctachnaiagy did nat come mo Rs own uni 1991, when IGM scientists in Zurich
‘Swvtzerlond, buit the frst scanning wunnating microscope (STH). This alows us to see. single noms
by scanning a tiny probe over the surface af a slicon orystel. In 1990, IBM esienters diesoverac hw
to use an STM ta move single senon atoms around DA a nicko! surface.

5 | Engineering at the nanaseala i no simple fest, end scientists ere having to como up wth
‘completely cftarent solutans ta bulk from the ‘scram’ rather than using tracional iap-cower
manufacturing techriques. Some nenomsterials, such ss nenonires anc other simple devices neve
been shown to essembie themselves ghen the right cantor, and other experiments at arger
cales era serving to dermonsus.e the principles of selsccerrtiy Micro #ectronic devices mg be
persuaded to grow from the ground up, ener Ike trece,

5 Inthe short term, the graates: advances through nenctechnolegy wil come in the form of revel
medical covices and processes, new catahsts or Industry and smaller componarts for computers,
In mediins, for exampa, wa are ready seeing resssrch on: new ways to delvar drugs wen contact
lances: the directing of drugs to sumouns with tiny ‘smart bombs; gold neno-bulas! that saa and
astray turnaurs; etarving Concer with nanoparticer; dagrceing dese such a5 Alzheimer,
‘meritaring heakh and rg sicknass vith tiny probes, and grawing new organs fram scrate

1 Answer these questions abost the word combinations used in the text.
3 fa che Best paragraph which adjective is used wich device?
2 In the second paragraph which verb is used with propa
3 Inthe third paragraph which noun is wsce with make?
4 In che fourth paragraph which adjective is used with nonntechnology?
$ In she Sfth pacagraph which advech is uced with differen:
6 In she sch paragraph which adjective is used with advances?

2 What orhe words ofthe same part of speech as in exercise 1 could be used with dei,
properties, make, nanotechnology, differen and advances? Suggen at Teast two ches
3 What da chu adverbial expressions ws inthe ext mean?
2 uma (para 3) 2 intheshostierm (para S) 3. from scratch (para 6)
EE] 2 sac cree onthe wb aed acre accreting 0 sanctacinalogy + mete

or computing cr ctr, depending on which ere you mest: Make a note ol any new
care new fact nd vocrbubry thet you Bt tere

114 Academic corn Use

116. Reading and vocabulary 6

bor more that ite not essential o understand every

wes the questions.

International law: an overview

Inzematiol aw consiste of les and principles which govem the lations acd dealings of rations with each
Law concerns ise only with questions of rights betwee several natcns cr nations
of other nations. To comrast, Private Inercutional Law deals with comerse
ice. aisig out of sions having sigoticant eationship 10 move
‘an ane nation. Fa recent years the ines between public aod private interomionul law have became mersasingly
‘uncer, isles of private intesnationa) law may also Smpliate issues «pub international lew, and many
raters af ta ew have suhstanial ignifine fo the international comunity of nations
Intcmetional Law includes the basic, elessic concepis of law In national legal systems = sus, propcty,
sbligaion, and ort (or dec), I lc includes subscamive law, procedure, process aná remedies. ternational
[Law's rooted i zoscptance by the nation states which constut the syters, Cetomaty law and vonventional
lave are primary source of intermaronal low Custemsry iutersaconal Jaw results when states Slow écran
practices generally a consistent out o a sense of legal obligation. Receay the customary law was coli
inthe Vienns Cansenston on tee Law of Treaties, Conventional international law derives From iatemational
agreement and may take any form that the comractg pies agree spin. Agreement may be ade in respect
tw any mater except tothe een tna the agrsemest conics with the rls of intemational law incocpocating
basic stancars of intrrationl conductor te ubigations of a member sate under be Chanter ofthe United
(Nations. Intemational agreements create hw forthe panica uf Ihe agreement They may als lead to the
sretion of customary nterations law wen they ar intend for adhenener generally and are infact widely
accepted, Customary law and law made by International sgrecmens have cqual any as international la
may assign higher prior 10 one af the sources by agresment. However, some rules of imersatonal law
are recognized by iternaiooal community as peremptory. permitting mo derogation Such rules can be chunged
or modified only by a subsequent peremptory nerm of internation a

1 Find words or phrase in the frst paragraph which could be substitated by che following:

1 is made up of 4 contrasting 7 divine
2 regulate 5 disagecesnents $ more and more
3 focuses on $ seeming from 9 hringin

2 Parsphrase these words ar phrases from the second paragraph:

3 basic. 4 derives kom 7 conduct
2 cassie $ in respect ta
3 ds rooted in

3 Use a dicto

the following:

1 nation
2 signifiant

Inde any o dhe mate general vocabulary fra is ced? What ober Inerasing words ard

E ras seinen of your own ckioc area or one specie aspect of Wie 1 out Does e
: Eee

ending end orale 118

117. Reference |

Formal and informal academic words and expressions

‘There are many differences between formal, neutral and informal voeabulaey ia English.
Here we lista number of words and expressions that are frequent in academic contents and
‘which may present problens i terms of choosing between formal, weutra and less formal
altematives,

You may often hear some af hs informal words and expressuas during classes, seminars,
«xe, bot be carfıl not to use them where they are nor appropiate, or example in formal
essays or Giseratons. Use a gong dictionary which gives information about formality Y you
ace in da, Where words are informal, we make a special note here Space is provided at
{the end for yon to add further examples of your ov,

(menom Meverb (ada adjective
(ima ewe or formol | example or comment

these idad) E:
a Pe
En tait rm
En anne | es green sep anew
ere pero = Keime -
sdudere ge esate a core
near dE émerge 3 crginedehe ap |
agan pros sd rs See Unk 3

en

PETITE ga

guess wit your iden,
lO this papa amie cur co cating? som
cure amas

BET] See Ue 38
ser “Te gol ae apps fr any armen
dhe sulle on fee
ory ENE
(efor) _ _ ul
me does ‘She age wore ater idshonad area,
beacerpied be | xin or | dore oa unen or eles)
fered place {hope get ne accepted be oferes a place to
dy ng,
Gion T'as trame de | Seo Un 20
some)
ESO EJ eue
craie (ad) | ypied See tine =
| eek 2 through | see Un 6
compo era poemineiomprory
con [en enperimen esr 3 sue See Unk 6
‘conduct (op (fm the soch sense) Such corductibehaviour &
cer el anse.
const of ums ____ Zi

116. Aendenie Weber in o

118. ‘eure fret

‘camp or comment

if here indicated)
come [ako up ENT
cone) ET ETS

See Un 23
conten Sins ap S| cote ae a ee were
ET ‘agement ‘No writen conenvon/agreemem exsted um 1988
Ea Trendy corde restes bebwsen government

Te took hour of lions to area he corres
iron

‘debverigve a aléfeeure |

See Unis Sand 12.

Bee Unit 6

The populcon as dilación
sale

ET

dran of ge vd er ou
Sse Un 23 j

PE = hal ol encence
See Unit 19

have were ongnaly 50 ducing aioe
parures on he ste

DONT

pe]
[eee “The wb was cena ane fa rer
Ea Er
Cra See Une 80
(head ein an ration
DE pou See Unt 6
prope wrong _ proprio recede
in once of ‘ws ngier Wan] See Unt?
rater dea in more cest Ste Unie 42 = =
Lire hun three os ras | See Ui 16
rate Kis concemec he
a8 X ges (forma)
InaumInammary Tinshon.coaamup | Sea Una TE]
mini
carne wswuse nppropraalrsiatie lam of wordt
corea wrong fuero | The et cou 3 are noorecchong
. me an namen)
incur [rent in experience | Soe Unk 21
[ene | too, srt soma, | Sa Uni 35 ae
mer [rect order msructéirectorder somebody co army ou uk

Refence 17

119. ‘tal (or formen

example or comment

mitre dete
Ta oe hr | besa Noam pln
informal.
Pern ws ENE
rae Den. ee Une
make reference to [refer so. ‘See Unie 23
Cros Ts ceptions en gr
never theless T having sid that ‘See Unit 40
observe Tpomox EXITO
== Fam gpl ins oe [on a Oa
een Topas [fra questo Que ac yon
Ra Spa
ans | eS) | srs ec omit Baer
E
ee D nt
= ÉS Esla
Etes _
un en ESO
ee ahi Drews
lr
Fe Suns
= ES ne
er CCE Tis al a rocken man eh
tone ep (toma) — Ti ste rem en de
i Dagon Come.
ES ETA The Presa ripe BER
O PA re a protien ral a BEET
= Bender sen
Em [owe bdd sun
= FR
= lot mega | Setra
Pen pe Ss
el Change ma) | og mari pia
1° Sir
E) 3 ein =
nt PTT So es
ie Lu
as tak clan te Sec ET
fore
RATE The Free ande suede he
Annan
he cae ao
| see E
a Ths ew a
Hotel tron
A mye Re

residence

HS Academic cable m Use

120. foma ‘example ee comment

andar f Sn aan none 0 de oe
ue de 1 resoureatwathod
7 ET
wre of See Unie
Xs not paste net ET]
Yours tal ‘Yous since den | way of endings eer ov era
wis des forme),
best formal

Reference 119

121. Reference 2

Numbers, units of measurement and common symbols

ou know how! to say all the numbers in English. Here we look at how combinations of
numbers are said aload.

BE = British English AmE = North American English
or spelhug differences between Bel and Am, see Reference 4.

Fractions
Tinrios are nocrally spoken sin these examples
i 2 foe ba
i a fore) quarter

three quarts
4 alone) Ale
i dano thirds
Hhilomene a quarter ofa kihmerne
Leeatimetze halfa cenumevo

Complex fractions and expressions of division ace usually sad with oven,

wenty-seven over tvn hunde
Her seven divided by woo bundred

als
Decimals are normally spoken asin these examples

036 nought port three six (BEE) zero point three six (AE)
52 five point zum

Percentages

Percentages are spoken as per cont.

16.3% sixteen point three per cent

Calculations

Calculations are normal cid in the following ways
7+3=10 sev and tree ine ton fnformal)
sever plus three equals ten (more formal)
28622 six from twenty-eight leaves temazo (nkormal)
cent gt mina ix equals teeny tu (more formal)
8x 2=16 eight one are sistecn (informal BEE)
sight times too de sete Ömloemal (the ost common form in
ht In tuo ids sixteen formal)
sight multiplica by too equals sixteen (so formal)
279923 toneeyesoven divided by nine equals three
500 = 5 fie Hundred plas or mime fie
2309 greater shan three bundred
200 Tes chan nov bdr

120 Academic era I Use

122. three squared ishequas nine
the (square) root of sateen is our

three ened legal tery seven

the cube roct of eight is reo

a to the poner of 4 equals sister (Am = so to the fourth power

Units of measurement

Although the menic system iy now common in the UK and other Engi
nocemetri units are sill used in many contexts, especially in the US:

speaking coms,

Unis of lemgel and distance are normally spoken as follows:

Jin, 37 three ches
1 Fin, 2° 7" vo feet seven inches (os very informal, vo foor seven inches)
500 pus five bundrod yards

3m IAE « 3 mi) three miles

500 mm five Fudradrilietres (0, more informally, ie hundred mm)
15cm ‘oe point fue contimeres

Unis of area are normal spoken a follows:

Her leven square fet

Ssqm, So? fée square meres

7250 Seven point tro fe square centimetros

Unis of sign are normally spoken as follows

Bon three tees

51 foe pourds

3008 ire hundred grams

18.75 ig eighteen point seven fie üngrams

as of volume, capacity and temperacare ar normally spoken as follows

300 ce ‘hr hunde cubiccentimetes (ges ford, three red ce)
5m fue pnts

32eal three pone to ellos

Wal seventy five comes

2001 ao kundred tres

20 nent degrees

Common symbols

Se ‘amporvand? — his symbol is ead as ‘and?

+ axerisk

© comyrighe symbol

TU eeaematk symbol

@ registered crademark

# baller point

2 BrE= sick; AE = check

x

4 American English, this symbol is wsed for numbers, e.
428 Am no. 28 BE)

this symbol i read as "or — used in email addresses

co infnig symbol

this sjmbal is read as dit’ = usc in lists ve avoid writing a word if che same word is
written immediately above de

Reference 121

123. Reference 3

British and North American academic vocabulary
‘There are nurnerons différences in vocnbalary between the English of the UK and Ireland,
and the English of she USA and Canada, the two dominant areas which have histocically
English in many other paris of Ure world. However, here i also à great amount
8, and Americans and Canadiany are often familie with British and Irish ages,
and vice versa. So the cable below is for general guidance only. Also, nowadays, thanks to the
media and the interet, American vocabulary is infscrcimg and ing impored into British,
Trish and international English more sad more. la the case of and, this is more noticeable
has in Great Brirain. Other imporcun: vases of Engl, such as Indian, Ausieaian,
African, Caribbean, tc. lso have their own words and pheascs, but have probably for
historical reasons, had ess influence overall on international asage ar academic usage ia
particular.

Te fest column of the table sows words and phrases that arc communly used in North
American Faoglish, but which are not used, ox used to a far lesser exteat, in Betis and Irish
English, and which are lkely uo accur in academic texts or in general college and uaiversity
centests and student life. Be prepared to mect others in eveerday life in English-speaking
See also Units 18 and 19 of this book. Space is provided at che end for you co add further
examples af your oven

For differences betwoen British and American graiminay ee the special chapter
Cambridge Grammar of English (published by Cambridge University Press)

Al = North American Tngish Pf: = British Daglich

orth American EI Tema
apne rope
Formen Boa oma a Par mung m
armen =a
mer
‘ATM otal wer — feria om which on an pe money |
chine eh ome are edn Eng,
vu = oe gs 100 doler Ba SD euro note
ane | soi a common — — —— —
Em)
voy A any om eT
mobile phone =
arret sou. En ee
os
ery aa pn ea a we
block offats 7
Te EDEN
Ted cea ne ARE aer EP

122 Acad Year in Use

124. rc Amar CT arr
cower =
craie eden song
did parent
district attorney ‘public prosecutor nz
ded ny | safran
Prev: ery
CTN eee |
En in pry lay ie
oro Set taa
Cr are LS
Senantary school pesar school Zi
— [3
= ler
i em
ora oe emer
Tie pr ‘pore ar al ev
re ar A powered marier
LT motorway LE
Folie 2 Ten pws pen he ee
chips va pe)
= eon Feng baer
I Tarte nove
‘oma
Ds petrol = fuel for moter vehicles
‘grounded ‘exrthed Serial _
VET
I rin BE ara ony ae nadal
ses pf! sen.
E
hara Era inet patas

Beth orm aa common ln Engl

morra

¡materia
EJ so ‘ceenesion fora telephone nine
Anderen mer ARE Indergenen rer 1 sono! fr Mer
ld rescore he yar or enn
St grade. BE rary ees lo api rooms
(or bates, le unr wool res f0 hol
for brn ages 7-5 ( called pres).

CT 7 F

este ple ano ay | number sate Er

ire Pr

Toca room. ‘angie oem ES

mai post

tral TENA dto
ran inet ab warapore

Puerco 123

125. ‘or Amann CET Tone
mare in
rene a nem
pora ny
perro oom opa ane apa
cu cad pleco connec Tor anal panes = ER
tes poe bie
RE Ha Tina soda
rre wakes Tram te werd Boas er | TRAN,
ponts at) i
EE CET ar | i
parting arr | 1
Perben hon |
enol [ar Depp
ceci al in comer ove athe pound
es E] “olor br = concerning melas tobe
ate soot vat schol | A paient UK y a rat econ
Pe soot enon run the govern a ces
sae se he US pce se ony reas
te chet ts precy omnes 8
pute notamos
PE valley == es
rosa ta [ eat ween aces for che
rerfcom bulroors | tale oo Gone) | esters wed or pate de wena
asso (Car) = Pom cle so ts ma home, |
rand arrives Gr | u
rod wb um rendre ace
amb sore | wanes
"aks dere ap sane
ES VAT (ale a6 | RM ane at ECO
pars
EZ sie i
ES loa adie dps =
rer Sn van |
ES persones eer ee |
‘awe
socal seer na Fil person simone by OG E
Ñ connection with oca anat
ph Tac is
mere step
7 vero | Anar BE an undengoind mear
gray for peces an ro.
talco ES | meals, food
ES | person u seer somera I Ban
taba | a8 un0d zo foca notice 10 a poricaboard—
ons are ere
pus |

124 Aeaserme heu te

126. North Amen

ET

"aS, ras ore
feral)

CS (aan ]

CU ere |

ro week are

San Foi tan used BE vers 10 man de
pers when no teaching ins pl. ln AME,
dy refers 0 a ation) day of observa. for
sample New Years Day.

ue En] Tas leer of the Engl abbot

atar ET vega

ap code USA pou | pescado

po

Reference 125

127. Reference 4

Spelling variations

Some words are spelt differently in different varieties of English. The main contrats

are between UX/rish and US English. Other varieics of Engssh tend to opt for ether

predominantly UK/lish or predeminancly US spellings. The US spelling ends ro be simpler

and a clearer seleccion of the way che werd is pronounced. You cau, oF course, use

swhieliever spelling you geefer bu ic is sensible to be consisten. The main puters of spelling
son are shown below.

Space is provided in the middle columns for you to add further examples of your own.
Word processing and other compuncr programs often have spellcheck features that check che
speling of what you write for you, You can nsvaly ec these ro ether UK, US or Australian
speling. However, remember dar ii not sensible ro rely om the coaster to check and correct

for yon. A spellcheck program will nor pick up che spelling errors in this semence,
1 done mo weather their are 10 many mistakes inn yore righting or knot,

Epa af variation | camp of OK + | examples of US speling | comment

a tra si
words va ue | Ebo hor, Hot hono Banda [I some words UR
| bevavcurendemost, | ndemen mb, | «poll refer ar
front. nme Famer form eg mamans,

tenon meras

Verde onda wath cote Ta, canna an Ur spring cigs

re Smamsonäre.here | comisaria | between mere (100
ma and muta
Eran ce,

A Jones Serene the daa

gel wien thy | conector serve, | comes marvelous, | sing 0 be and

Pe mode mods us tens.

‘ther wereewih | Gaal enmimene | filler anrlimere. | The wrb ec ma an

Sage or accble | CRE seu VA | tales sul MA | Be mc wit ether?
or Din ot UK and US

Engh abc fs mere

‘words ending with) aalogue,clulogwe, | analog eatlog, dialog | The gue ending can also
mo aloe be our in US ets.

126 Aa ct in e

128. Danern of variation | eranples PUR >] exempies of US speling | comment
Irish spelng
‘verbs ending wih | emphacke mate To]
aime and nouns | ghbalke,colenes, | gobaize.colonize, a dsc eg adverse
‘ending wih can! | organse, suandardos, | organico sancaréen | adaceaporen rem
atom dotation, gobsiaeon, comprise compromise.
colontacen, Colonization, orga despise, deve. dogs,
expansion. sandardiión cstranch re, mere,
sandra 7
prose, nce, previa,
reece, supervise, mice,
surprise.
{With other words the
nein endings wil
Alco someomer be found
verbe ening wilt | andre catalyse, ares cojas. pare | The nouns analy,
pete paraa estafas and para ar
sede dre same in bach
Uk and US exe,
Tame words ending | delsnee,efenzs, defense, offense, UK speling ang
in ete pretence precise | prsanse.pracuce (wb | twcween rate and
(verb) conce (nun; | and nour eens (verb | Rance (nurs) and
And noun) prose and Lee
Gehe.
Tora words weh” | amet proecology | wnesihei gynecology | Words in dis or]
wear wein UX | haemorts, homero, orthopedic, | are al of Greek orgie
Engi ertropandi, marsum.esopfagus | and mos: occur in
manoeure, oesophagus mece contes.
miscellaneous Shin, cheque, | abiminum check gay TRUK speling nore the
mrenterd.meud. | rt mol slew program. | sling of computer
Posh (TV recae) | pajares story. cre rom UK sete
programme, mismas, reci sory and e
storey (of bull hve Gin mening:
(an gre from dre herb ste
ardor

Ref 127

129. Reference 5

Word formation

One advantage of English vocabulary is thar many words are formed from the same root.
Asa result, it you know the word friend, k is easy to understand other words from the
saure roo: such as friendly, friendship, unfriendly end Befriend. Learning what prefixes (for
example, un, mis. extra) and anfêxes (ify ship, les) signify can help you 10 extend your
vocabulary in relively efortiess way. When you secta new word, it's a good idea 10
veis it down with other words using che same root + diferent poefses and suffixes. Thus,
you might write down together, for example, amoral, morality, immoral, morally, moralise,
moral, moralistic.

Variations occur ía the use of hyphens, especially in newspapers and popular magazines
For example, he prefix de- may or may nec be followed by a hyphen (decontaminste, de-
centralise, but some prefixes are almost always used with a hyphen (e. ex semi). Tesin
yourself wo he aware of any prefnes which segulorly occur in your academic area and make
a note of how they are usually written. Note thac North American English makes mvch less
use of hyphens after prefixes than British English.

“The following rable includes some of the major prefs and suffixes that are useful as far as
academie vocabulacy is concerned. Fanailiarising yourself with these will nor only help you
to work out what unfamiliar words mean but will alse help you to remember those words
Space is provided for you to add further examples of your our.

(pectic [rene eus Tarr samples of your own |
> rose moral er mers poh
pa open er pes
En Bere ‘antecedent amero
am against, opposing | ann-amablshment anti-bacterial,
Ara peliion
ach [more ecrene | arch-capialst ached
m [er auo-daluno-romte i à
® Ving. bec Demon
circa | round ‘Grcumnavigate, circumvent à =a"
y en arco
ah come | win os combine, comes
cones [armor | conn. reawlonary comacepion, =
une | countermeasure, counter
de prose salon | decenvalae, decis
as os Gagaral dame |
Ue | oppetiteacion | diagres,cprowe dana dsd
orate Aspeeporrontce

128 Academe Mca in Lie

130. puño | meg ETA Tere eae of yr ov
a neral rs main
. theron | earn ebook
wo mor Joue
ef ag dra spin
= prono ETS den
can [wry |emmmensee
won foal curia ra amer
ma [nern too mech | pcia perras
Alim, | noe Wogica Impossible, aisée,
E iras " _
io cemento | ip nt ak import
error
fhe made of
ame
CET OS
_ | comecind
en e AS
Wo thousand Tlograr Klowate a
macro |imeirimooe | mer economies, macro cab
ope Ñ
Cr mala apré
mes eran ake or ETS Ñ si
ape
me | ronal ‘isc undoing
| rene: [en ‘ene cen mananiture u
mi mem mar mer
mo crecen |
mem non-believer non-compete
ce [moretoa PTA :
ester mt a
car | oomuch | everabondinen overead
Sermerked

131. cames

Puta example ef paar own

er T per-oambaton premodern
pre ‘before 7 pre-induserial, prewar

po bed [eco

prendo | fase | preudo-imalecnal pucudo science
Be en at

CIN € redirect rene
Treue. es [ravage cape
E any ‘wemborgani, sembprecions
ECTS Te

Taper | above. bigger

‘Superpower persone

en fes a

fürs [een — Tan

u [Rs Treuen

wre fou A

wi (ce | welded en
_—— | come

130 Aaatemlcteemry m er

132. suff | mooning examples futher examples of your om
able abe de fable, predicable
EN Tvingan efe | cookin, scene
ued forming major | compuerbased based
parc of
+ su or ney | mo cure
ES ¡porn affcered | Interviewee, rales. addresses
by something |
ee [uen esco, pine
hood | state.condidon, | aduktood. motherhood a
period
% med wih | phowographie cite
oes away of genes, electrones
y ‘gre someting a | apio
ely = a
cin ‘elt behaviour | moderna here
= PET optimise
pectic bli or
— | seine
iat,’ "| Bringabout | moderizemadermise,colenief
a sate or colon se
E eras
des | without den meaningless
ie camilo ‘ike, rookie
[ness | ualgy or ate | eisen openness
e | mean
body
oem] personita | rechnaeranarltaerat
ET io Dole geo
| shoot
protec pin, waterpron, proa
Se rom
ie sae or Prosa led
‘experience of
ving a spect
position

Rafrrce

131

133. Reference 6

Abbreviations

Abbreviations are frequently found
common in academic writ

academic contest, Here are some which ere

ae [sten fr Gnome or comment
se Toren fromlatrenet | Many lage mammals cg the Aan esha. the
pus ck hie and ew i
a TENTE] Higher snes om wha won ey
PS |
= and 0 on for Lan E
Es ae. Dad deren ers
‚m Tan Greg (rom nm be) | NB Your ever a the quent GE EE
wen” | E 1 ees when eng bleep reereree en
ration Pts ea (1995)
D FE EE de png, 1 La (O) Fey LE EE
(Boot rom Lain nn) | 208
3 compare (rom Lat. of) LEIS (OS) or eran ran To
> ‘ich ou cance rom Lan a de mar 1 or perc ofa ok
E arte fr ht roman
EE prcaly quoted worky | Porson. 35-4
ho (ron Lac op gu)
inthe arc ered to bte LS
A» came
we ae Soe Mek 198 pp 1119

There are also many abbreviations relating ro academic degrees, deparraents, movements
and osganisrsions, We pive justa few of these as examples below but most of those char yor
vill need wall be specific ro your own field of study and so space islet for you Lo add these
As you come across therm

[entren | stands for

EN Becher ore

mA Par Are porate des nthe ani

= eh seien Ta fr degre ia sen ben

"= Por of Scare À pong au dee In scence AB

PA ~~ | amer of Bus: Ada Ts pomgredane buses quan

mo ‘Dose fine pong naa dagee,one wiih ana he
hater ce de Dr

Beng Bachelor of Engineering fins cape I eng,

us Bac of Lane ceci z

ms Fin ofthe Real Sod member of Wh vl erie organ nce
oe

na PRB sum ‘el an BF me pI

132 Anata ocean Use

134. nan [wan wed bo
Wao [Modena eos haves orphan co rome Fath
UNESCO] Uneed Naco corn Se | Unked tors ogro pene SAGE
and ml Org seance ad alae
DEL | nme Cage London | eof onda mas
SON A | weine eco evan part of Landon
Snes ini
O OIT or of New ere
MT chines dre oro | impor UE reach very bad
À Cambie Macs
CA Univers of California Los Angeles | one of Cullornia’s higher education tractuaons
FRA E | menbar nenn doer? maton
Fant Preto 1
FRG [room oft Ral Got | monte ria actor qa
Surgeons seers
THR | pitan Node Pacos | proiniensamodin ar Aman wer |
AGA | socie of Comme | Brit nuca o leg rare nn whe
vr os 2 ane cas
FE | enc oir Sais Ber | pra seco ont the ar
ses or co and report
pos
AR fan Tene Carag | pti one er ern he
acount x
TANT | Recor nd Frans Auen | erp Kr anal pee in Aal
rela nd Now Zune | and New Zine
TAY [ie of Franca dears | petal body mme Branca tbo m
Rew Zon

Note that IFA ~ like many abbreviations = has different association fr different

coups of people. Ir can also mesa, for example, rah Football Assocation, nai.ze of
Feld Archacalogts, Independent Financial Advisr, astute of Financial Accountants,
Intesasional Fesser Industry Association, and he Inst for Astronomy as wel 32

‘ondoubredly, a number of other things.

Reference 133

135. 12

a

22

23
24

31

Key

Unit 1
1A pose R pose $ Avarre Mareo

2 à focus B focus 7 A character B character

3 Aconfinmed B confimed 8 À turn Bruen

4 A generates —Bgencrares 9 Awrderlines B anderlines

5 A identified 10 A solid mid

2 puimarily

2 Vinually

3 solely

4 Im sum "Yo sum up {or In summary) (Sec also Uni 40.)

$ atiewpred

6 prime

7 charueterisie

# In no way/respec can London be compared to Syduey as a place ro live and work. (Note

the inversion of the subject (London) and verb (can) when a negativo expression is used
at the beginning of the sescmes.)

1 depends heavily, converted easily, produced cheaply

2 celaively easily

3 production, relance, discovery, claim

Unit 2

Vises 3 they model
2 copies 4 heme 6 Principle

ke study shod that local police can play an importan role in cime prevention. lt makes
a stongsas far boning he numbers of eoninanity police oficess although it warae
aginst increasing police presence on the seers 1 an arm decos ls masbecolugs* was
based on a range of arerviewe asking members ofthe publie for their viewn.on how best to
prevent time. Unfortunately how to implement thie recommendation was heyondıhe scone

ff the stedy bur at lea: e serves a useful purpone in causing awarcucss af the sue.
* medical is the adjective form vf the noun methodology
1€ 2D 3B 44 5€ 68 7A vr

1 The study revealed a regular pactera of changes in tesiperanure.

2 "The research focutes on one particular aspect of modeen society

3 The writer makes a powerfal case for restructuring parlisment.

4 The writers rake an original approach co their chere.

5 Until revenely chere was lice awareness of the problem.

6 Think you should broaden the scope of your research.

7 To date there has been lute research into the enviromental effocs of nanoparticles.

R There are many important issucs facing the world today.
Unit 3

affect influence identify — distinguish

attempt = try incinde = involve

calculate - compute investigate = sendy
challenge - question provide — gire
demonsereie = show

134 coder cat in Use

136. 32

33

34

35

41

42

43

1 be see 3 classifying $ showshows 7 to establish

Dacounted — Fropresent 6 todevelop 8 to explain

1 Greig’ ardle supports Pack theoey: this sens that Greigt work backs up that of Pack
in other wards, it comes 19 the same conclusions.
Gtcigs article challenges Park's theory: this means that Greig’ work questions Park's
conclusions.

os: this reg

ts someone simply to say what the new rax

Discuss the new tax regulations: this requires someone to give their opinion with regard
1 the new tax regulations.
xovides new cata: this means that Lodhis work isthe source of some new data.
Tradl considers wew datas this means that Lada discusses new dut, giving his opinion
as to ther implicacions and significance.
4 Títova couciueced four sets of experiments: this means tha
herself,
Titova examined four sets of experiments: this means that Titova considered some
‘experiments which others had carried out.
$ Lee established why sach changes secur: this means that Ice was able to prove why such
changes occuc.
Lee invesigated why such changes occur: his means thas Lec tried to.
‘changes occue but we do not know huye successinl she was in this

itova did che experiments

out why such

6 Okaz assumed that the daca were reliable: this mens Okaz accepred chi without proof
ar question
‘Oka. proved that dhe data were relisble: this means that Okaz did something to show
chat it was ru

ade of the deceleration: thie means show how it work in sume way
‘eg. by drawing s graph o: an illustration of some kind.
snide of the deceleration: his means discover it by doing calculations.
lopment: this means the events made economic
development happen oz brospht i about,
“The events affecid economic development: this means the events had am influence,
(perhaps positive or negative) on esenomic development

1 Erikson’ theory provides an explanation for the fluctuations in the hgures for this period.

2 evan carried out an exploration ofnto the relationship between fly background and
politcal ambicion.

3 ‘The book givesfpravides a descripcion ofthe life aud times of Abraham Lincoln

3 Cheng’ hey puts/piaces emphasis on the importance of exteusive reading in language

15 4 have an effect on (NB keep change in first letter)
2 $ ak ax attempt co (+ verb) fat (+ nom)

3 analysis $ clesifescion

Unit 4

2 aalevaut eo 3 appropriate co [or for) 5 Relative 10
2 typical of 3 character of 6 common to
1 inaccurate 3 precise 5 cones

2 complex 3 an insignificant

‘These arc he mest Hey combinacions although some combinations such as ‘apparent!
principal problem’ or "apparent cause’ are also possible.

1 apparene discrenaucy 3 paincipal cause
2 rigorous methodology 4 portal problem

Key 135

137. 4.4 1 apparent discrepancy 3 rigorous methodology

2 principal cause 4 porcntial problem
45 1 specific 3 potential 5 complex
2 rigorous 4 qualitative
Unie 5
5.11 Heinrich’ experiments were mostly successful: thie means that Heinrichs experiments were

dy siert or succrsfo an the whole. In other words hey were nor tov successal
Heinrich experiments were most sucessful his means that Heintich experiments w
examen success.

2 The reals were somewhat surprising given the circumstances:
rece eather or fly saeprising in view of te crcumstances.
“The results were especially surprising given the circumstances this means chat the results

‘were particulaciy surpeiing in view ofthe drcamstances; 1 other words, the results

the second sentence surprised the writer more than chose ithe frst sentence

Fire year students ae diecty affected by the neve cues relating to tion fe

means thatthe new moles havea direct impact om frst year students as opposed to

‘Students from other yours who may eher be indirect affected or ao: affected at ll.

Firs: year students are psideulany affected by the new roles relating o eition fo: this

sw rules affect fist yea students more than students from other years

4 The stady i primaily conceraed with ban aliaron: this means that uchan alienation
isthe explicit focus ofthe audy.

The sado i cima concerned with urban alienation: this means that urban alienation

was probably not the nl fous of the study but i turned cue i the end to he ir most
jgiscant theme.

“The warm eventelly obtained pmprediced results: ths means that the tears Binal after a

Jong tne spent rying obtained some results which they had ace predicted,

The team fequenily obtained unpeediced ces: this eas char the team ofen

obtained veses which they had not preted.

5.2 What you are sayings essential tu. To pt imply, hc ebay no sica
rence herwenn the wo waters’ theories. However, one of them wie: in simply
nada sel while the her hss posi a more impressive sve than any ether
centemporsy sie

5.31 preeselyiexacdy 3 implicidy
2 Fequentipfoken/regulrly & gerecalliypicaly
3 eventualyfinaly 7 hardly ever
4 epprocimatelyroughlyfahouvacound 8 indivecdy

5.4 Suggested umderlininge

Marine cosservsoniss sre ans Senses have seis discovered that ans
attempting to save the work's coral refs. | can remember bow many steps they have

‘One plan à o liteally glue the damaged reefs | taken. By carefully shortening or lengthening
tock together, using eure asia ised in | the legs of ams, the sam observed that
underwater labs. Reefs are igcreasingly under | short-legged ants apparently became lost and
attack from human activity as well as {rom could not easily find their way home to the
events occrrin macurall, such as hurricane | nest. Similar], arts wt longer legs repay
And canaris. A recent UN repoct wacns cher | wavelled 50% further than they needed o and
30% of the worlds coral secs have been | were als temporaily unable to nd the nest
complets destoye or ae severely damaged. | h sms ant can definitly count thew ps.

136 Aectenie cbr in Ue

138. 6.1

62

63

64

71

12

73

Answers 10 questions

2 similarly 4 inceeasingly
2 arificially— naturals, apparendy — definitely severcly

3 currently / recently $ temporarily

Unit 6

1 carried out 3 goes into 5 pointed out 7 sets out
2 gollook back over 4 puts forward $ go theough 3 make up

1 on Although outs no impossible its css Mel here as snggess that ehe sites ix
coming o à définitive conclusion or solution to a problem, wich is not sppropiate for
such a complex sue as che way children Icar language.)

2 ow 4 ow 6 foward 8 ost

3 up Sup 7 où
1 Feudal society was made up of clearly defined classes of people,

2 Carlson was the fest 10 put forward a convincing theory with regard to chis question.
3 Her results appene 10 go against what she had found in her carr studies

4 The investigation pointed up the flaws Fa the schon!’ testing methods

5 took hum a long time to work aut she solution to the algebra problem.

6 The yeogeaphy book sets ox a let of basic infocmacion about all dhe world's conste

Suggested answers

1 A scientist might carry out zescarch or experiments or study or an investigaron.

2 1 yow ware to study something in more depth, you might go on to do a postgradaate
degree after geting your fis: degree

3 Postgraduare students typically have to weite up a dissertation ar thesis at che end of cheie
studies.

4 Good students regularly lock back over their lecture notes.

5 In ther lectures or articles séholaustypically pue forward ideas, views, opin
hypotheses or plans.

6 tis sensible to go through any maths calculations tac you had to make at part of a
esearch study in ease you made any cazeless mistakes,

5, todos,

Unit 7
1 suprising 4 reasonable 7 total 2 fewer

2 excemive 5 substantial R exceeding 10 significan
3 Considerable 6 excess

Possible answers
(You may be able to suggest osher possibilities that are equelly good)

1 Most / The majority / The larger pact of our work is concerned with carbon emissions

2 We have noticed chat a steadily declining number of students are jinicg the course,

3 Ouc ream spent a signifcant/substantisl amount of rime getting fundir for the rescarch.
4 In occasional / reo os three / a few cases, we could not find any reason for the outbreak,
5
6
1

‘We spent a considerable amount of time on the project.
As you cepeat the experiment, use inereasing'y small amounts of weter cack time.

For some years (now) = i
thtee

2 massive number of Le, an enontious number of

the fist few microseconds of che beginning of the universe, Le. the very starting point of
time.

4 no more than ten microseconds, Le tem microseconds or le

5 more or ess

ter words, we are nor told how many but it must be at least

2
3

Key 137

139. 74

82

83
8.4

9.1

92

93

‘There have been à laze number of studies investigating the impact of email on interpersonal
communications. All of the studies base been small-scale bor they suggest some intresting
‘ends in patter of email use, From one of the more recen studies it seems that fewer and
fewer people send lest than 50 emails daily. Motcover, it appears that a smal number of
senior citizens use email a litle Jess frequesalviofces thax younger people do.

Unit 8

1 £= start work

2 a pet something ready so it can be operated

3 à arrange

4 = become solid

5 € caused ta he in a eeated condition

6 b- established
7 = char muse be studied

Seran.

1 references 4 accommadate

2 occur 5 structure

3 revolutions, revolution 6 contracred

1 points 2 set 3 issue 4 channel

Possible answers

word Tmemigintert eme

conan | como! row

in | say clr en x po lee pro or

monitor — | watch otserse ven

record | stove information ore sounds or pesures #lecaronicly best or mast |
arena (eau)

“eeu happen ES

(rear etd Tr Belg ia namo | seee alton

‘The joke is hased on à couple of meanings of the word charge. The frst meaning, familiar
from genera) English is that of cos, as in "There is a small charge for using the car park.”
However in physis, charge, alu known as electrical change and syeabolised 38), isa
characteristic ofa unit of water that expresses the exter to which ic has more ur fower
clectrors then protans. In atoms, the elecrron earries a negative elemenrary or unis charge;
the peotoa caries a positive charge, À neateon is aid to have no charge.

Unit 9
1 thine 3 light

2 remained, shed 4 shadow

1 [who are) opposed te 4 cescented
2 rszimtain a united front 5 hacrl/acogglefighowas will be lose
3 are bombarded with 6 onslaught

Suggested undertnings

‘The human hain is a remackably complex organic computer, taking in a wide variety of

sensory experiences, procesos and socia information, an recaling and integra

selected bits? ax rue right moments, The destzuctian caused hy Alan‘ disease has been
Dccaed ta the crapure of à hard drive, beginning wirh the most recen: les and workia
backwacé. As the ness progresses, uld ss well as new memories pradually disappear unit
even loved oncs are mo longer recogaized. Unfortunately, the computer analogy brea down:

7 elucidare
$ glaring

138. AcofamcYecabdry m Ute

140. 10.2

10.3

10.4

113

oe common simply robos the human brain and pola les and programs. hc problem
is that Alzheimer’s docs nor only erase information; it destroys the very hardware of
Brain, which is composed of mere than 109 billion nerve els (neurons), seth 100
connections amg thee

“hit here means a une of information on a computer that rust be ciber 0 or

Unie 10

2 constant frequent, mermitent (going from most fréquent o leas: frequent}

2 A sample chosen by chance is a random sample whereas à sample chosen as typical oF che
population asa whole isa representative sample.

an solated phenoieson

‘You might prefer your esats o be conciuiv, br comes reruts can alo be valuable

A toke can alo be pivotal or decisive

cese energy = this suggests that here i extra, heras sofi jase suggests that these

is enough

Mothes lather and brothers play an finis ole ina ch development.

Ustening and venting

same 3 played 5 invalidate
consumes, generate — 4 investigated 6 combicesicombined:

lc ceok the cam s long time to devise a way to solve their problem,
uring ehe war we had 10 break off conser with colleagues abroad

‘There has heen alot of heated debate surrounding the issue of global warming.
lan Harimenn was invited to uke on the sole of project leader.

5 Pore of my role was to collate the resaks of our experiments.

6 The doctor wanted me 10 provide a blood sample for analysis.

7 Scientists all over the world conttibutedl to the debate on orig.

8 A new and unexpected phenomenon seems to be emerging.

9 Using shading helps co differentiate the Key clerents in a graph.

1 taking, random S crucial
2 define $ engaring, bested

3 proper practical 7 publish, interim

4 mansaining 8 dhiscom, convicting

Unit 11

1 amo 4 taajodconsiderableliarge/signiieant

2 particular (or special) 5 nviorsmall

3 impser (ar influcrce/ffect] 6 importan/signfienatinteresting

1 There is widespread opposition among, eudents to the ides af longer semesters,

2 The desteaction of the riverbaak will couse an inevitable decline i the numbers of small

mammal,

School standards are a common {or frequent) concera arvonz parents nowadays,

4 Nowhere in the article docs he author make explicit mention of dhe 20 cases which were
never resolved.

5 There is very litle common ground hetween the two wags of addressing the problem.

6 The paper is 100 general and lacks specific/relvant examples.

adjective noun Ea noun
ane eon — ron
rene pos se En
ur rere mn ‘ee
nun Teaser bread ic

Key 139

141. 114

12.1

122

123

12.4

12.5

13.1

13.2

Possible answers
1 of gresticonsiderable relevance

2 of greavconsiderable value

3 of hugelenormows importance

4 a work of great breacth

5 a work of great/hugelenormoustconsiderable significance
$ of considerable use

7 of greavconsiderable interest

8 of high frequency

Unie 12

1 convincingly demonstrated / demonstrated convincingly
2 observed easlics/ earlier observed

3 specifically refers / refers specifcaly

4 is closely identified

3 bell ciseusses

6 Semnly exablishes

7 loosely based

8 erkically examine

Sugessted answers

1 hypotheses 3 cousesoriginwnature 3 nec
2 rendsichanges 4 issuc/que

Possible answere

1 interpretation, approach, solution, methodo
2 cheat, challenge, problem, question, dilemua, danger, menace, risk, ete.
3 facts, evidence, causes, issues, reasons, ec.

Suggested answers
‘The world is facing a looming water cris. Disputes over allocation have stadity increased
in he list decade, and demand has gro zap. Water is cl to generate the same
legs of comrovensy in the 21° century a il Un che 20% 1 ee eke no action now, new
confits are likey 10 assur pacodicaly round the world. Ac che moment, stead of Seeking
solutions which destin addess moluple aeeds, countries focus à litle woo asc on foes!
issues and tspically apt for expensive and inferior solucins, What is needed are decisions
‘which ca be quickly implamentd and a debate which will serious consider more than the
shore erm needs of individual sacs.

1 directly address

2 consider seriously / seriously consider

3 sicadily ierensing Alchoog® growing rapidly might also he possible here, itis less likely
given the time period in the sentence.)

4 locusestiocused narrowiy/ narrowly foousesfocused

5 quickly implemented / implemented quickly

Unit 13
2 in line with 5 With the exerption of

2 at this seage 6 on the basis of

3 on the one hand, or the ather fund 7 on the whole, in terms of
4 In addition to 8 on behalf of

1 The conclusions are fair in most eespects, though some axe questionable,
2 Dr Cars team got she grass, in spite of being the smallest seam co apply.
3 We had little money to spare; in other words, we were underfunded.

140 Aesdemie Vocabulary in te

142. 133

141

142

143

4 We need people's personal data, in particular their parents’ history of illnesses.
$ We made an important discovery; in some ways
$ This Latest paper is quite short in compar

7 The Indian study was carried out

A bone discovered by change in the 17% century was ehe beginning of the search für
dinassurs, From then on, scientists and che public have been faseinated by these erenrures.
In accordance with beliefs at thar time, the ini discovery was the
a homan gant However, in 1824, a scientist, Will
belonged to a 12-merrc, flesh-eating reptile and named it Megalocanıns, in the process giving
as the frst of the wonderful Ist of exotic names for dinesaurs. The 178 cenrury discovery
had, au, led to a series of furcher finds around that time. All these 10 3 greater or lessee
‘extent confrined Buckland' theories. By far the biggest dinosaur discovered to date was.
probably over 40 metres long, For the most part, dinosaur ranged for the sie of a chicken
6 char of a giraff. In most zespecis, what we know about their habits i still very Dimiced.
‘What we do know is ar east 20 some eaent based on pure speculation.

Follow up

Possible sentences irom Cambridge Advanced Tsamers Dictionary)

On the ane hand Pé ke à job which pays move, dst on he otter hand 1 enjoy the work Im
doing atthe rent.

On behalf of te entre company, I would like to thank yoo for ll your work.

[ike ll kind of films with the exception of hor Ss.

‘The government has fee options except 10 Keep intrest rate high

There is noting co indicate the buildings pas, excep fo) che replace

Posse sentenes relating to economics

On the ene hand, the county gaine a certain prestige from is serions on the ether hand, e
suffered quite seriously from the economic point of view.

‘The econonses profesor accepted the research award on behalf of her whole department.
With the exception of France, most European counties sffeed quí serious effets 3 à
resul ofthe new trade régulations.

‘The Chancellor succeeded in ll bis aims exce in keeping ation how 5%.

ile focuses on the changes in the US economy in the postwar period.

2 The professor commented un a number of inconsistencies in the students essay.

3 The theory is based om a seres of experiments condacee over the lat Ave years.

4 The professor's wod relies eu experiments conducted ly his research assistants

$ Its very important o concentrate on your studies ul your exams are ove

6 The weiter was able to draw on some primary sources which have only recently become
availble.

fer El a [a
eu canine E70 oir
cre Ses ab up
all wee ‘consent proce
search set

for

1 referred us o 6 convince me of

2 account for 7 sescching for

3 associated with 8 provided us with

4 dispase carefally of 9 censonced co

5 benefit cnormovsly from 10 weitesturote very movingly of

143. 14.4 1 The courte leader divided her students imo Gre groups
2 ‘They had to trace everyone who had been exposed o the infection.
3 Arthe moment we have too few nurses attending (0 100 many patient.
4 Excellent teaching enapled with frstelase research have made this a successful college.
$ The covrery emerged from the crisis asa sich stzonger power,
6 Joe gor an interest in politics from his unele who often spoke of his days as a senatox,
7 ‘Whe government called for ar investigation into the explosion ar the nuclear reactor.
8 In your speech dont forget to exaphasise che advantages of studying here. [No preposition
after emphasise]

Unit 15
15.1 1 with
2 on (or possibly about)
3 of lexplorarion may also, occasionally, be ased with inte)
3 forfbchind
6
Ea
15.2 1 Her dissertation produced som interesting insight into how young children develop a
visual sense of tho world and the age at which development is most noticeable
2 The seacon for the unwiliagnese of the people involved in the demonstration 10 be
interviewed was fear of being arrested later.
jestat’s approach to the analysis of solar phenomena is diferent from that of
Donewski. He questioned the assumptions behind much of the previews research,
4 Changes in the rate of growth of the cells were observed over cme.
5 A lack of funding led to the cancellation af che project, and socia] scientists blamed the
negative attitude of che goverment towards {to can also be used} socal science research.
6 Jawils article pots great emphasis on the need for rare research and argues the ease for
greater arteion to the causes of poverty eather thar the symptoms.
15,3

15.4 Suggested answers
“The possible ecological effects of climate change are ofen
whether the pocenbal impact can be predicted. New work om 3 migescory bird, the ped
Ayearcher, cakes things a stage fürhr by showing how a climasc-related population decline
vas actually caused. Timing ie key. Over the past 17 years lycarchers declined strongly in
areas where caterpillar numbers (food for the nestlings) peak carl; but in arcas with à late
food perl there was no decline. ‘The young Dirds arrive too fate sn places where caterpillacs
have already responded to eaely warmub, Mistiming like tis is probably ¢ commen
consequence of climate change, and may be a major facta in tre decline-af many Jong
distance migeavory bird species,

che news, ass she mater of

142 coder erty Use

144. 16.1

162

163

164

165

171

172

173

Unit 16

1 ine variety of ways 3 a wide range of $ imexcess of
2 a great deslof 4 re some extent

asa rule for this reason

ac the same time in general

bbe cha seis may in terms of

for the most pact on the whole

1 by means of which ~ The others all mean generally or for the most part while hy means
of whicts means osing this method.

2 with the exception of X — The others al focus on how X it affeeted by something,
whereas with the exception of X is focusing on other things eather than X.

3 in addition ro ~The others are all concerned with teying to be more spec
are ralking about while Im addition to is adding something extra to what is

1 A For che purposes of
2 © be that ast may

3 B from the point of view of
48 o whar ext
5 C in mote detail

Possible answers

1 Lenjoy watching most sports with he exception of baseball.

2 A poor relationship Beseen parents and children is ft doc ta the fact hat they do not
spend enough time together

3 Loe cc English novels as opposed to reading English textbooks / wi
essays reading novels in my own language.

4 In your fst year of graduate school you have to take an endeof-year exam in edition 10
vering a 4,000-werd essay.

5 Tr was very useful course in che sense that | leat an enormous amount fem i.

Unit 17

1 No, ise You have wo have a fuse degree.

2 From other pages onthe website or by askig the clovant department.

3 Yes, they need a ranscrpe, wanslecd, of your university coucses and grades

4 IF the applicant has spent 2: least one year in Engllb-mmediam educacion, hen ti aoe

necessary.
5 Ackast 65.

Engl

personal statement
Financial guacantee
seek clanfcation
student Joan

equal opportunities
mature student
application form
rst degree

ough competition

Authors answers

1 The university wants che names of two ceferees to msake suze that che student is making
accurate claims about him/hersef on the application form,

2 The university wants financial guarantees to make sure chat the student will be able to
pay the tuitio fees.

145. 17.4

17.5

182

183

3 The university wants a personal statement to gain an impression of what kind of person
the student is and kow morivated heshe is with eespect to the couse being applied for

4 The university wants a transeripr of courses unken, with grades, Lo make sure that the
student has an appropriate academie background for the course applied for.

5 Ihe university wants an JELTS score of 6.5 or a TOEFL score of at least SHO to make
Sure that the sides level of English is yood enough to cope with Fnglish-medine

{his i probably the most logical order:
1 decide un what esrece they would [ke 10 do

necessary entry requirements
de refrors if is all ight so put thei names on the application form
5 ill ía an application form

6 attach a personal statement the form

7 wait for the application to be processed

8 be called for as imerview

9 attend an interview

10 be offered a place

Hi Miles,

1d Jove a care ax an intcrsatigna) lawyer and am really hoping Ten get in to Wanstow
University to do a postgraduate course inlaw there. ve lle in al tae necessary frm

and jst hope thar my academic profile will he good enough for then. I ıhiak 1 Al al
their entry requirements bur who knows! I took me ayes to get the tanceipt of ray college
grades, etc. translated but I managed to get exersthing in by the deadline. So maw I just have
o wait to ze if they call me for an interview or aot. Yingers crosed!

Laca

Unit 18
1 che Ares Faculty Building $ the Great Hall

2 he Student Union 6 the Arts Lecture Theatre

3 the balls of residence 7 the University Health Centre
4 the Administracion Buildiug $ the University Library

Possible answers

1 Mur peuple ina seminar

2 Supervizoe

3 Vacation

4 A personal tenor deals with academic matters and a student counsellor deals with mote
personal problems,

5A postgrad rep e someone rum the postgenduace student body {sully elected) who
represents the students point of view and a student counsellor is a member af stall whose
job cis to suppor. the students through any cul personal ias.

Ti Mom,

{ve settle in well here at Wanstow: Like my roam in this hal of residence went so my

Best ecc tis morning — it was on researc methedalogy — and there were handeeds of

rules there, The lecturer was very good ~ it was Profesor Jones, our head uf department,

“Tomorrow PI have my fis tutorial at he jst me and one otier student. Well he

discussing what we have Lo ge dome by the and ol the semester (or term). cd ty to

thin some more about the topic for ay Eiseration. When cha is Anais Il be assigned à

Supervisor. Il be expected to see him or her at cast once a weck during thee fice how. 1

Hope like hw or her. Yon hear sme aval tris!

Day

144 Academy Use

146. 184

19.1

192

193

20.1

pape De CCE
cover at cure
kenn ar sear

| men sports contre om
posgrad ep sports grounds

profesor cire ue

each that

rar student

Unit 19

1 An American ~ faculey obviously efers to people rather than academic departments,

2 An American — the use of rubric makes this teas Also a Bath person would be more
likely o talk abour marking assigaments chan grading tec papers.

3 An American - "Going to school in the UK means going to primary or secondary school,
mot college or univers.

4 À British person — à faculty here means à group of departinents concersed with similar
academe disciplines,

5 A British person = a rubric isa sec of instructions as to how a task must be done.

fecshman — frs-year student

junior snnden = thi
senior student — fourth-year student

raduere student - student who has already completed ar andeegraduate degres and is
studying for a masters deprec

None of the statements are true

1 An advisor is someone who helps American stadents with their ecademic studies
2 Women join a sororiey a Srarericy is (or men.

3 Finals cefers o final exams at the em of a semester at à university or college
4A PhD commits isa group of university teachers who coach a doctoral student.

course have 10 take chem
4 MA stadente weite à disseretion as well ag doing the raught courses
5 Ar lease ten
$ 3,000 words

lo 195

147. 20.2

203

20.4

211

212

213

7 Lectures seminacs, workshops and tutorials
8 A 3,000 word assignment for cach madule and essays, project al portfolio work for
cach ekctive module, plus the dissertation for MA students.

9 The word list is 12°15,000 words.

10 They have to get an average mark of aver 70% for all modules.

1 project 3 dissertation 5 MA 7 PAD

2 module 4 Diploma 6 sign 8 insessional

E upgrade. entolled Sobliaoy 7 defer

2 prescssional 4 proceed 6 supervisions $ Amenment

we oe

ene opera
Ea Tehipem greg
mp CIS
3 = mr

Unit 21

meet declines lecture notes

todo lie

cxraexrriculacaetvites request an extension

study plan first draft

me management rene lea

longeterm oan draw mind maps

1 meee deadlines, request an extension, study plan 8 rime management
2 fies draft 7 exturcurncular activities
3 lecture notes 8 to-do list

À draw mind maps 9 Rote learning,

5 long-term tos 10 Note taking

Author's answers

1 1 always remeniber the order of the colours of the rainbow by saying a mınemanie about
[English medieval history ~ Richard OF York Gained Battles In Vair ~ red, urange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.

2 Light write down such things as:
= reuse regeln
+ organise äles systematically
+ read round the subject,
+ ask if dont wadersiand,
La other weeds, any cando: ideas that come inte my bead that might be levant.

3 Voeahulary in a toreign language, poerry, maths tables, formulas, rc

4 It depends on the subject ~ a week before perhaps.

5 Sometimes it wanders, of course. 1 probably think ol holidays or ofal che or
Td like be doing.

6 No, dort think lave. Or if Lave, Ihave successfully wiped the memory from my

7 When was a student I would always prioritise esays that had a deadtine.

8 Ifyou have rough notes in front of you, you can plan your answer heiter and there is less
chance your mind will go blank,

things

146 Academy Une

148. 214

22.1

222

23

22.4

2.1

fowedue: not gerad on time
incor: a rather formal word meaning result in?

‘borrewing rights: permission to take hocks out of the ibracy

‘interlibrary loans: books borrowed from eter libraries through a special arrangement with

them
avian: person who works in a library fin

ase the head of the library)

Unit 22

2 viral 4 resources 7 feedback

2 means $ Tinks 8 quie

3 comunvaicy 6 tasks 9 subit

construc: knowledge pos messages

envol on a hybrid course start a new thread

enter your username ssubseribe te a mailing lise

hic the send burron sake part in a discussion g
discnssions unsuharribe from a mallas lst

1 enter your username
2 subcribe eo a mailing lis, wnsubeczibe from ifthe (mad) list
3 ling pat in a discussion group, staried a new chiead

4 eazol on a hybrid course
é

biting the send baston £ you hit the send bution, posting} afyoue messagels)
moderating discussions, construct knowledge

Author's answers

1 14 feel angry and upset because its embarrassing f somcune is rade about you in a
public forum,

2 Yes, they are. Its important hat I write some letters in up

3 The KISS principe is importara for online posts because for many people its harder co
read online and they may jus give up if what you write looks 100 long or dense.

4 Tecan bea wood thing if a person is lurking before they make a contribucion themselves
50 they see what the conventions of the particular online group ing online
generally docs wor have the negative associations char che word lez primacy
caning of waiting os moving secretly wah the incention of axcacking someone or doing
something else that is wrong.

5 The subject header should make i clear ifthe message is relevant ro the recipient or not
because people someuimes discard messages before reading them. Also it makes ir easier

to find messages Eater if you want 16 ecead thers,

Yes, Uhavc, as both insuucior and student. T realy enjoyed it and fon

postive experience.

Unit 23

Ihe leters proved te be a valuable resource for

case and others in lower

6

ita surprisingly

i rudy of the poet’ life.
2 An extensive body of literature exists on hurcan to animal c
3 Newspapers area good primary source for the period 1980-1
4
$

tthe data are act given in the main body of the book; they ace in the appendix.
Plastics are not deal with in the present study, which focuses on mecals only
‘The

/ begins wth a review of the literature

149. 1

23.2

233

234

24.1

242

1 The article makes reference tothe work of Hindler and Swartz (1988).

2 Schunker's book was a useful secondary source fo understanding the pre war period, 1
ho consulted orginal gorcenment papers.

3 Tanaka's book dawn on data from several Japanese acces on galaxy formation

À Elsewhere, Kallen reports on his research jo cancer races among far workers.

$ Han consulted the archives in the Vienna Museum.

aun ved ade ae
ura ET
Kemer Samen“
com an | con corde
Gene)

voran pearly
au use
under ‘ound
nee are mom [roby
[agen EN a ENE
‘carson ‘cand ouvre cera

"Te noun is pronounced Past

1 Expressing the same message in diferent words: paraphrase
2 Things known by everyone: common knowledge

3 Stating that one has obtained ones informacion from thar source: acknowledging
4 Direct eepeition of what someone has written or said: quotations

$ Stating thae you have benefited from somenne’s wotk: give ered

the verb isto Abu

= established, undeniable, offer, fray, convincin, collect, conflictine.
Sandra: hard, demonstrates
Perea: draws, distorting, litle-known, growing.

Dr it interpre

1 The data indicato/suggest/demonstcate chat the drug edueation pcojcet has been successful
2 The dara in the latest sruéy are more comprehensive chan in the earlier one.

3 This is che mos: m of data in the whole chess.

A Whee ales stikin ing example his is of the power of the human mind!

5 Unfortanately che facts do aot support the hy sothesi.

& We cannot account for the fact that attitudes are more negative now than five yeats ago.
7 The problem stems from the fact that the software was poorly designed.

8 The article provides examples of different methods which have been used over che years
9 New evidence has come 0 light thar che cahiner was nat informed of the Ministers.

decision.

10 We need to consider che evidence hefore we can reach a conclosion

11 The evidence suggesting that sanctions do not work is abundant and powerful.

12 A considerable body of evidence now exists, but we always ry to obtain more.

13 We have à lot of empircal daca which suggest the problem ison the increase.

14 This is clear instance of how conservation can benef local peuple,

“The words that do mot fi the sentences acer
1 bear out 4 grow
2 emerges 5 vivid
5 reflected

Acadie ecobulry in Use

150. 25.1

252

253

254

26.1
26.2

26.3

Unit 25

125

22

3 Bach number i

241

57

6 Fi a fraction (o volgar fraccion vcheteas 24 is a decimal fraction) and 4 i a whole
number.

7 In y eonntey tthe UK} st depends — in most salaried jobs cx is automatically deduced,
hut for other work, such as feelance or self-eunployed work, the worker has to declaro
hier earnings and pay eax later om.

8 HelShe is pleased because it suggests thas the gures ate accurate. Ifthe figures don’ tal
the» there most be an error or an omission somewhere.

Ingliod by 3 1o produce the next number.

Dr Syal:ealealate, approkimate
Melissa precie

De Spal estimate, cally, constat

De Spalt continuous

Melisa: discrete

De Syal: round, down

1 The incidence of car accidents dectined/fll/dropped last yezc

2 We estimated the final figure.

3 The graph shoves the results in order of magnitude,

3 A computer program helped us caleulace ehe significance of dhe different vaciables.

5 Subiracting x from y will help you arrive at the correct answer, (Do nor include away.)

6 The reales from the fst experiment did no ally with those fama the repeat experiment.
1 workings 3 ealeelavians $ figures 7 variables

2 aed Ann 6 values

Unit 26

Y sue, median, average 2 sum, halfway 3 range, oxtemes

Life insurance companies base thee ealeuatons on the laws of probability, hat is they assess
the ch ourcume(}, given the diferent vacoble such as ge, sex, style and medical
history thei clients Tür premiums are therefore nor chosen ot tondam but ace care
salealated. The distahucion of ages st which death occurs and causes ol death are studied

10 so if hey cuela with other Factors co he bes into accoune in sig the prema
atarally, he companies also momie social trends and zent te any changes which susie
Significantly affect mortal rates

1 221 {two 0 one}, tw thirds
2 Find more second-year

3 Ofea

4 No, Te be reliable, my results ust he similar each time I use the same method.
5 10% (or cen per cent)

518

7 The vocal number of cases

id it mus measure what it him to mesaute Recast and
Issch alone will os el us everything about eating hab
1 The scores see normally dicibuted and the graplı is a hel curv

Ko 149

151. Unit 27
TA The chart shows/indicates/plots the number of cars entering Uke downtown area of West
year period [years 1-8), The soals ave id on the y/sertical
nis, while the years are listed on the x/aosizoatal axis. Lo the sight of tke graph we see che
keyflegend. The number ef cars vari! over the perd. The rota cose in the frst few years
and reached a peak in year 5, ater which the numbers started to decine/fall/drop. This can
be explained hy the fact tal a new mass trait railway was opened in year 6, which is à
‘graphic illustration of how good publi transpor can dramarica'y affect car se

ara 1

peur sur

2 A cres section
Colsmas sun vertically, rows ran horizontally

À flosechart

Four

[Next to each ocher

Akey

À random sample

a ther cross each other; b they run alongside each other with an equal interval berircen
them

27.3 1 segments
placa
peak

sages

otersect
adjacent (With ‘adjacent this sentence dots nor ecally need o cach ater” and would he
best worded as “Draw a line connecting the adjacent po
7 decline

8 cow

27.41 plammered, i
à
3

st)

Fall below

3 depreciares, more than halved 7 grew/tosc, doubled
À appeesiate, soared 8 dectiningalling

Unit 28

28.1 Few stndenrs get a grant to hudp them stedy and so many take aut loans while dhey age at
rniverser. This is because they have tu pay tition fees, They also cannot avoid comsiderable
expenditure on everyday life. This particularly hard for students in London where the cost
of ing is higher shan elsewbere in the country. Students ving in London are allowed to
have bigger ans to help compensate for this. Students do not need to star: to repay their
loxa unul they are earning » rorsomablo salary. Bus starting working fo wech a large debe
males ir auch harder for yourg people re make ends meet cven once they stare caring,

150 endemic enteo Use

152. 2B.2 1 Answer these questions co find out whether you are eligible (to apply) for a student gran.
Tye opened a current secuurt.

1
2
3 Mest people seem to be finding it harder to make ends meet.
4
5

reusing numbers of students leave college having accumulated large debts.

Pacenrs often give theieehikiven financial support while they are or univers
often provide thei childcen with Gnancial support while ey are at universes

6 The amount of tax that peuple pay depends on their income.

7 Iris possible co defer (e}paymem of your loan but you may well end up paying more
tan you would have done if you had repaid lt sonne.

8 Yor pay for your hotel first and we reimburse you later.

28.3 1 The cost of living is so igh here thar students have to

Brey ean

2 As student debts have soared over the lost few years, far more students nove leave
University wich a huge overdraft (or leave university hogely overdcawa).

3 Our Student Toms Officer wil et you know if you have ans entitlement 10 a boar and, if
59, will help you ro onganise taking une out.

4 You must have original receipts if vou want to claim vour expenses

$ you run one of money before the next instalment oF yor geome is due you can yet à
interest-free loa,

28.4 Possible answers (for the UK)
1 Yes, they almost always de these days.
2 Yes, [think they should. Bocause other

Fares to go co university.

3 There are lots of scholarships and other Fnancial awards for students. Sonne are for
people with special academic, musical or athlen talents. Others are for people from
special places or with special fen circumstances.

4 Yes, [think they should bor I think: that the Jonas should reslly be fw snd should ror
tract any interest even if they are not paid off for a lang time, L thick his because.
otherwise it becomes much harder for young peuple from poorer unies to go 10.
university. also believe that sociery as well as the individual benefits fom à higher
general level of educacion.

Perens

che most economical way

it is only possible for children from well off

Unit 29
29.1 1 ini phase, remporosy, permanent, Saal
2 ongoing, transtiara, critical
3 corren, fortheenning, a
4 centucy, decade, era, next few

preceding (ar previous)

29.2 1 Acthe moment, Im writing up my thesis. | hope te Gish in the near future
2 Our resenreh i at an intermediate wage — we now need to anslıse our date.
3 Tie emergence of internet technology has transtermed the travel industry.
“The university has gone rough a period of great chang in he las decade,
Im he distant futur, seiemists may be able ty cure almost all comıman discs
Anti-social behaviour is a problem nowadays in many big cities.
A series of events occurred in 1986 which changed the political elimare in che country
In subseguent years, tuo new parties were formed which became engage in concurrent
Attenipts to win aver vores,
A Prior to 2001, the industry was unragolared. In recent years, however the government
has introduced! new regulations. (he last few years is also correct)
9 In 1968, a monetary crisis coincided with a huge budget deficit, and most contemporary
politcal commenrazors warned thot the eventual cost to the nation would be enormous

PA

153. 293 [non ven dec cher

CT cran ana}
‘succession ‘succeed successive | socoessivaly
‘colon che “erohinpevlutnary

ner eme enero

conde conde coin content
pois periode MZ

29.4 Author's sentences
Periodically, there are major changes in approaches to language teaching. [from tine 16 time]
Language teaching has evolved from focusing en grammar and wanslation co developing
communication skill
"The emergence of communeativ language texching coincided with far moze frequent
isternerionaltrevel for bets week and leurs,

‘There has been e suecession of interesting aciles recently focusing on exploiting modern
technology in language teaching.

Unit 30

30.1 Possible answers
1 Researchers are investigating why chocolsteteiggersfinduces headaches in certain people,
2 Wilson's most recent paper has generated a great deal of interest among sociologist.
3 The drug induced/eriggered headaches and dizziness among a number of subjects in che
4 Having an end-ofterm prize motivates students to do well in their class tests.
$ Intensive farming has contributod significantly ro the decline of bird populations
6 The missile test provoked an immediate and very strong response from adjacent

governments and from the United Nato

7 Asteologists believe mar peoples lives are (largely) determined by the

Janets and stars.

$ The barrier inhisit the Low of water into the area to prevent loading inthe rainy season,
3 À leok in the tank accaunted for 40% of the fuel loss, and evaporation took away
another 5%.
10 The renovated college buildings have wider doors and corridors to facilitate the use of
wheelchairs.
31 The Mirister cut taxes in an attempt to stimulate the economy, which was performing
poorly

12 Beitain bas derived any economic benefits from membership of the European Union.

30.2 1 The article explores the origins of the concept of democracy.
2 One small explosion set off a chain reaction, causing massive damage.
3 The confusion probably stemoved from a lack of communication.
4 The proposed new tax could have major consequences for larger families.
5 The disastrous evenes af 2003 gave rise to a widespread sense of disillusionment.
6 The judge explained that there were precedents fer his decision.
30.3 De Routes work in the 1970s influenced the development of compucer science. (20
preposition after the verb)
effect 4 for Send
3m Son

152. Academic Webel in Use

154. 30.4

30.5

313

314

321

322

The nouns ave
motivation facilitation
stimulus {or stimlation)

influence contribution

provocation
induction

deriva
1 Byron's poetry kad an influence en Romantic poets in a numberof ether European countries.
2 Tree pollen can befprovide a triguer for hay fever attacks in vulnerable peuple.

3 In obsterri the drug can be used ro help in/with the induction of labour.

4 The new economic measures were iroduccd as 2 stimulos to the Faking economy.
Tomoko is studying the mucication of world-class athlate.

Unit 31

1 Many educators believe that different Learning styles are equally valid.

2 Inthe UK a university faculty is a unit where similar disciplines are grouped together.

3 The French impressionists were a key movement in European art.

4 Tre essence of international law is the application of a single st
‘weak nations alike.

5 Researchers spend much of their rime eying eo interpret the daca

6 Some 19% century artistic styles were 3 reaction cathe ugliness of industialisation.

7 Harvey (2003) emphasises thatthe findings ofthe study cannot he generalised, as only a
small amount of data was used.

8 In che Inte 20% century, intellectual thought was greatly inllueneed by ideas of gender and

rigen

lard for strong and

3 There are some interesting PhD theses on water resources
2 What wae your main criterion in designing your survey?
3 She wes interested in a strange phexomenon connected with comets
4 The hypotheses were never proved, as the data were incomplete.

the Library.

3 We mom never accept the notion that intelligence is connected to race
2 The task of choosing an analytical framework is an important sage in any research.
3 The book expresses his viewpoint on the sole of the Unzed Nations in ties of war.
4 Tannen has always made her stance un gender and language use very clear.

5 Consumers have diferent perceptions of what low price and high quality mean.

$ The report Inid out a new model of family healthcare which changed everything.

7 Physicists developed the concept of dark matter to explain certain observations.

Lamas 3 profound $ mon!
2 domar: 4 Binkmgendersanding 6 grounding
Unit 32

En Ts

| sie enshaske
esp en
come demorado Ea

1 Harkovs contention that continued population growth wil be a more serious problem
than global warning is nor accepted by many scientist.

2 “Global syammctuy? isa statement that the laws of physics take the same form when
expressed in terms of distinct variables,

3 The report makes the implicaron that x
control che internet,

4 Dudas provides a demonstration: of / a to how dangerous genetic modification might be.

ividual government will ever be able to

ey 152

155. 32.3

324

33.1
33.2
333

334

33.5

5 Groot puts an emphasis an the role of schools in presvrcing teenage drog abuse.

6 Lenards observation that women use expressions such as “sou know” ia English more
than men was later proved 10 be inaccueate

7 Plans’ explanasion of the possible crigins of che pytamids in Cucleoga las been
disputes by Ruiz.

8 Wilson gives a description of the ancient alphabet of she Gucleoga people.

3 Vu puts (forward) che argument shar daylight-soving time should be extended
throughout the year

10 The President makes the asseeton thac he cares about fighting poverty.

The words char do not it are:

1 gimpoines — pinpoint would be used so focus on something much mors unexpected and

worthy of note, rather than on generally knows background information
2 proves (fis highly controversial he/she care have proved i)
3 claims - the structure would need to he class that Malvvar's figures are inaccura
4 asserts = the siructure would need to be "assers that pile testing 1 importas
5 advances ~ the structure wold necd to be ‘advances the theory thar
6 descrpiion = this would Ihe used ahort something that is Far more derailed than the

context suagested here
cast dubs = hs steserure would need ro be ‘east doube on there being. causal link

Jn my opinion/view, courses in academic writing shuld be compulsory for all new students

2 It has net yet been proved char the virus can jump from species ca species. / There is not
yet any proof dat the virus can jump from species to species

3 Richardson emphasises a number of weaknesses in the theory. (no preposition after
emphastse = though we do say ‘put oz Says emphasi on something’)

4 Taylor refers ta / mentions several studies which have looked ar the problem ie the past.
ino pacposicion after mention)

$ Peares suggestion that the pect may have suffered fe

5 One latest results cast dowbr on our original hypothesis.

pression isan interesting one.

Unie 33
ectical 2 conclusion 3 sidels)

2 critical 2 conclusion 3 sides

weighing, conel
consiruxe, points
‘ake into, relevant, course, deduce, basis, predict, scales

son, outweigh, disadvancages/drawhacks, insights, variables, take,

‘The hospital ennounced that the President remain seriously il,
Dixon was asked to write a review giving histher opinions on contemporary Irish poetry.
The writer was inpeisoned for his openly negarive views om the government.

Ie sextsensly comportar char all measurements are recorded every hour,

A recent survey has ngessthed some interesting fact about commuting habits. (ti as if
the researchers were digging into these like archacologists)

2 In predicting trends in ınfltion, economists often look at wich dieeci
winds are Bling. (his sees change as similar 10 changes ta the weather)
Martins published a ground-reaking study of che formation of galaxies. (as if one is
digging a new picas of ground vo construc a building)

4 By digging into tie archives, Professor Robinson was able to shed important mew light on
as if onc is digging Into the ground Uke an archaeologist,
sew knowledge is soe as a light)

dre politcal

154. AeedenicWeabulay in tee

156. 34.1

342

343

35.1

35.2

35.3

36.1

Unit 34
Dr Rabayanı debe, terms
Dr Babayan: cerminology, transparent
Jossary, senses
inguis, subrle disuncuonstliierences
am: connmuriating (could also be onzeying), coherent (cual alo be concise),
ambiguus. misinterpret {could also be misunderstand), clay
4 miscaleulatel
$ incoheseat
3 unambigaons $ mispronounces

‘The American songswritec Bob Dylan i often considered tw be as much a poetas 3 musician
He expressed his political ideas theough folk son in his early period. His melodies were
often simple bur bis words conveyed complex messages, often with subtle nuances. In aze
of his sags, he speaks of a hor rain’ which wil fall alter a uneicar war. On one level the
words denme re, radioserive rain, bur the coezorations of the words ave many’ life will

the hand, perhaps impossible Pera hc consequences will fall hard on the paliicians wha
started the war too. There arc many things we can infer from these words. The sung is part
of the political discourse of she Cold Wat of ike 1960s. It evokes an atmosphere af fear and
hopelessness. Seen fram the perspective ot ehe pust-Cold-Wae er, it say seem difficult te
‘comprehend such fer, bur at the tine, that feat was very teal.

Unie 35

| We must give top priority 10 protecting the privacy of our
2 We designed the questionnaire wit the intention of maki
3 We had as uur goal the definicion and evaluation uf à new approach to urban planning.
4 Chad no intention of becoming scientis when I began my su

3 A hypothesistased methudology does o: work in some cases

6 Our project is located at the interface hetween suciology aad paychalogy.
E

2

ubjecta
ira simple as possible re

Prof. Li 3 DeTadews 5 De Andreas 7 Dr Fingrein
Prof, Simons 4 Prof, Hocza 6 Dr Jancia

1 infrastructure

2 a national debate

3 (academic) disciplines

4

the knowledge hase
the interface heween theory and practice

6 (a) meetfachieve an objective. (bj eaclvachievesareain a target

7 motive, motivacion

8 peaciee-led research

Unie 36

1 The views she expressed were totally ieatiomal,

2 The commines seemed to be rase in favom of (or towards) applications from younger
peopie

3 The book is a subjective account of lif in a sul] tow in the 19206.

4 The club culos were prejodiccd against children

5 The Presgenr’s daughter was quite immature fur her age.

6 Be has rather comervative/rencrionary views about marriage.

7 Her views on education are rather conservative/reactionsry.

8 Supreme Cour jupes always act a an impartial way.

hay 155

157. 36.2

36.3

36.4

36.5

37.1

372

373

374

underlying, philosophylphilosophies 4 ethical
10 adope /to shift o, $ deep-cooted, encounter

held 6 shifted

‘change (éhanged} 4 An ideology suggests the beliefs are righ

1
à

3

1 and more restricting
2 rake 5 standpoint

3

1

2

3

A

(a) in my point of view

“The people of the area hold sone unusual views about nature.
‘Mest young people seem co have objections to Ihe proposals on student fees,

3 Examiners tend to be biased in favour of candidates with clear handwriting
Gis look at ther careers from a differene standpoint chan cheir mothers.

5 Let us now discuss the principles underlying chis approach,

tionally taken de view chat their discipline is intellecwally independ:
nal ets Howeve nt disiplinay depress ae becoming mote and mots common,
suggesting that preconceptions about what and how one should srudy may be somewhat
mispleca. A score liberal view of educacion would advocate greater freedom 10 explore che
links berween different Zelds of learning, thus pushing the frontiers of knowledge an new and.
‘exciting directions, Many academics now fed ther the Fasure lies in this blending oF ideas and

the exossfentilisation of thought which emerges eo

Unit 37

1 We may well discover thatthe problem was caused by overhesting.
2 Te would seen to appear ron al the Sings that the es: is reliable

3 Of course i is true that aor all faezories cause huge amounts of polation,

4 We can certainly assume that the exchange rate will continue co Acrurre,

3 Ic may well tum out not to be the case that all the questions were answered honesty
6 Is could be argued that conflce was inevitable after the events of recent years.

fn all cases, the aaverbs may algo be the re word in the sentence, except in the case of

‘tematvely’ and ‘conclude’, which usually occur next 10 each her

1 Rosso was allegedly a member of a terrorist arpasisaton, but it was never peoved.

2 At that ci, the population of tiers wes reportedly widespread in the region.

3 The collapse of the zoo! apparently caused a sprinkler system pipe to burs.

4 Yo get a baue job is presumably à main motivation for going on to higher education.

$ We moy tentatively conclude char water shortages are likely ro increase cacher than decrease.

$ The students were evidently guessing some of the answers instead of using their
Knowledge of the contest.

nou vo care ET
ES) En] Ï
ence ide ET

en sear
Atos Bey =
pen. perce pra prepa

1 eis non very likely / lis highly unlikety hat everyone will fai ee test.

2 Students have a tendency to leave preparation for exams ill the last minute.

3 Te was evident char seme srudents had copied each other's answers

4 There is a common perception that older people cannot learn musical instruments so 2
professional standard.

5 The meltin ofthe polar ice caps is seemingly inevitable.

156 Academica oto

158. 375

38.1

382

383

384

39.1
39.2
393

39.4

Suggested answers
1 Rats are gencrally considered to be carriers of dí

2 There is (only) limit evidence to support the o
pollution chas perse cars.

3 There is every liklinood that el passenger numbers will continue to decline,

4 In the absence of evidence to the contrary, we must conclude thar righthandedness is not
linked to imteligence in any way.

5 Ite undonbredhe ruc thas engineering graduates sxe in increasing demand.

8 The area near the river is liable to lood/loodiag in winter.

Unit 38

“This say examines the early life of Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)
on the perio of her brief mariage wo Prince Archus, hi
Subseguent mariage to his brother Prince Henry aer to became King Henry VII of Engl
Far the purpose of his say, shall pay de steion o ether dhe cali r the later
periods of her ie. Her eventual divorce from King Henry ss, beyond te sope of chic
ay. Much more has already been wren on the abject ofthis later period of her lie. The
lierarare with reference tothe period is extensive bot my essay is langey based on a comple of
key sources, whieh are particularly relevant to any discussion oF ths period, and {sal refer
to these thoughout

focusing particlarly
ath at the age of 15 and her

1 the pros and cons $ thats all very well bur®
2 at che same time $ the extant to which

3 and so on and so forth 7 in addition to

4 having said chas 8 aswell ss

© None tha shese ate more comsaan in spoken contests, and are wot normally sed in academic

There are a number of advantages and disadvantages to take into account when considering
she purchase of à hybrid (gasoline-etetrc) car. Such cars are, for instance, undoubrediy
better for the environment nthe sense that they cause significant les ar pollution.
Forthermore, the degree to which they rely on ei, a natural resontce which is rapidly
becoming depleted, is much ess chan isthe case with conventional cars. Nevertheless, hybrid
cars are not without their problems. Cost may be an issue as well as the technical complexity
of this relatively new cype of engine. Provided that you take these factors nto account, there
ismo reason why you should net decide to buy x hybrid car

18 2€ 34 4B se 6B
Unit 39

Y purposes 3 aimparpose 5 addeess 7 divided
2 concered à consi 6 devoted 8 focus
1 War and Peace 5 Before

2 Alter

Y Toke 5 following

2 Fey 6 see

dents in higher

take up again sore ofthe arguments from the preceding section.
‘point Lt us turn our attention to developments in Constantinople.

‘The ccuner is divided into six provinces.

5 Let us now turn 10 the issue of the reunification of Germ

2
3
4

Y

Key 157

159. Unit 40

40.1 1 present 3 welcome 5 introduce, address
2 call on, makefeive + on the subject of

40.2 Suggested answers

1 We need so consider family income too, ut I come back to at le,

2 50, moving on, PI lp item 4 on che kalo and mea tlk about number 5 in mare deal

3 Vil ey to ri ip 3.59, but fe free 0 leave if you havea las or uther appointment to
goto.

4 ere ia handos going round and 1 have some extea/spare copies 100 any

5 HU ish here as my te has run out

$ We did want to make people uncamfortabichy having à camera in che coom. Having
said that, we did want ro video as many of the sessions as possible

7 Vi tie vo go back o à point) made cari about river management.

So, blieye our experiments have been sucscsful. That al have to sag. Thank you.

9 Going back 10 110 go back to / Getting back tothe problem of large cass sve, Y ike x0
Lock ara sly done in Australi m 2002.

10 Pil ey ot o go oe time, so TL speak for 30 mies, to leave ime fo questions atte ead.

403 Len 2 wi, 3e am Shy

40.4 Possible sentences
1 Thal present the results of some studies dane recently
2 De Fonseca will nov take questions.
3 avant 20 raise another issue ar his point.
4 1 just like to make a comment, if Vay.
$ 1 will begin by giving an overview of the topic

6 This isthe frst time I've givenfmade a prescneation, so Im a bit nervous.
Unie 41

41.1. Sciestists disagree as to whether cold fusion, the controlled power of the hydroger bomb in
the laboratory, is possible la the past, seme believed that experimental study under laboratory

conditions using paladium and platinor elecrrudes could in sact cause heavy bydrogen atoms
16 fuse ime helium and release energy. as the sun dues. In carefully controlled experiments,
restarchers believed chey could manipulate the variables arising froin the complexity of the
electrodes and ocher equipment used. In such controlled conditions they argued, cold fasion
was posable, However, autempts ro repicare some of the experiments which claimed ro be
successful tailed, and many nw believe char cold fusion isin (act theoretically imposible.

Some lingvists believe that we can best determine how language is processed by laboratory
experiments. However laboratory experiments ate by definition artificial and may nor reflect
what happens in the real world. Orker linguists believe, therefore, that empirical observation is
beiten and prefer to carry out id studies and eave suis of individuals im natural strings, In
this war, in-depah dera can be collected hy obrervers without interfering with che proves: E any
va even thougk this may be a mare time-consuming method. However, individual studies in
seal siuacions may nor be representative of the general population of second language fearners.
In scr hath approaches have cheir advantages and diadvantages.

AL.2 carry oun: a pilot andy l'an experiment fa procedure
‘emplayluses à technique a device /(a) methodology
2 piece of to assemble / check apparatus
(NB You can also employlose a pro

158. Academy i Use

160. 413

414

421

422

423

1 was a new piece of apparauu so we assembled it frst amd then checked ir before using
it (or we chevked it frst and then assembled i.

2 The team carried out a pilot study before conducting the main experiment 10 see ifthe
imethedology/pracedure they were using was eciable

Y The team needed to employ a different techmique/ procedure for measuring the pressure,
se they used a new device (or apparatus) which dhey manufaccured in her ows
Jaboratery. UF apparatus is used, we con also say ‘à new piece of apparatus")

1 Ir seas very dificule 10 make reliable inferences from che data as we had solide,

2 A correlational study isa good way of seeing ifone phenorenon is related 19 another in
2 systematic way

3 The experiment nether proved nor disproved Jessops theory.

4 We bad co explain she unusual scores of five of the subjects in ıhe sample, who all had
«cual well below the norm. lt was possible there were inaccuracies in the daa,

5 An outside (or external) observer c=» often unintentionally disrupt the behaviour of the
subjects they are absersing

Unie 42

1 Computer programming languages usually fal into one of fon categories imperaive,
functional, object ociented and logic. ‘These language are distinct [rom one another in
how they operate. The strucrre of imperative languages is based on commande, you
ks, “du this, do chat thing”. Langeages such as Fortran and COBOL belong to his
type. Functional languages const ol mathematical fuacuons. The components of object
ariencd leguas are commands which ate combined with the data to create “cbiecn”.
“The main fearre of logic languages i that they tate facıs or relations between things.
Now, in the case of human languages, diversity i considered a good thing. In che cas of
programming languages, it sages we will havent found the best one

2 “For your end-of-year project, you must carry aut a survey of consumer preferences for
‘one product or a type al produer. You'll need wy devise a questionnsire, and yan mec
10 take a lor of factors into account. These include gender, that is how many males and?
x females are in your sample, soci class, and so on. And also diferent generacion
sl ic ost be adults, ox young people 100 And sehst about senior ciizens? They may
Le retired, bur they still buy a lor of chings. Also, what about occupational status? Are
‘yor going to separate blue collar and white collar workers? Or are you also interested
la people who are not in employment, such as homemakers, bat whe are often the ones
sho bay she goods? And in our multicntucal saciery, don’ Forget ethnie backgeownd.”

osa CT ETS EN] oy
E Tiber Sey

Meer erläferenie | dere era

eon woe

scp dite TOS ated 1

* Differ is icansitive (1 does nor take an object differentiar i transitive (ir does rake an
object} or can be used wich brie (differentiate between x andy).

1 His hard to differeniare berween these two similar plants. They hardly difer at all

2 The professor pormaded the university to allocate more sources to his department,

3 There are seme magnificent descriptive passages in the weiter later novels.

4 In yous essay please comment on the similariies and the differences between the two
poems.

161. 42.4 Note that in his execcise both the orginal seurences and chose in the Key ace equally appropriate

in academie Tia. The purpose ofthe exercise is just to practise using a range of langage.

1 Iris dificak «o dassify human emotions as we kaow litte about their nature.

2 Sensation and action can both be subsumed under the term behaviour.

3 Linguists assign all languages to a place in the system of language families, based on their
grammars and other key dimensions/features characteristics

4 The atmosphere of the planet is made up of different gases.

5 Urban and ra people fen ifr in hi pola ares, Mara ata also a
relevant factor.

Unit 43

43.1 1 The stady found links between use of the drug and heart problems.
2 Jills thoroughness is eampiemented hy her o researchers originality
3 Musical talent correlates with mathematical ability
4 The scalprure isan aausaal combinatioe of gentle carves and sharp angles.
5 The conference has brought together scholars from all over the workl
6 The researcher is tying to piece together information from a cange of sources,
7 Peters ads is losely related to his previous research.
% The tem ‘hacker’ used to tefer to a Computer programmer.

43.2 1 There is usually a very strong bund berwecn a mother and her child

2 Salarice have Allen over the last few years notin zen terms hut relative to inflation.

3 In the UK black cats are associated with good luck.

4 In the experiment, geoup A petfocmed best on the manual dexteity ext and least well un
the memory test whereas for group B che reverse was Ihe case.

5 ‘Malicious’ is mote or less synonymous wil ‘sty’.

$ The problems discussed above are all closely interrlated.

7 ‘taken tozethes the studies by Johnson and Mabesh provide very strong evidence that
previous eheories on the mature of this dica

19 The rescarch is original in that it appsoaches the topic from a completely fresh angle.

3 “The painter loved to explore the interplay between lighe and shade.

43.3 Interaction within a chimpanzee community isthe theme of Gavtos’ fascinating new book.
Ir describes the various different relationships between the animals, and ceveals how an
individual's behaviour rellecs his or her position ia the community, showing how: the older
females in parricolar offer each other mutual support. The book also provides evidence 10.
sugyest thar chimpanoes use sounds in systematic ways 10 communicate with each other
‘One particular sound, for example, clearly corresponds to the human ery of Watch out!”
while another word Yeera to be che equivalent of Telp Certain gestuces also seem to be
associated with specific meanings.

43.4 Possible answers

1 Different universities competed with one another inthe chos competition which AI
won. (Note that a hyphen used ere. The tales fos the ase of yews are not very
predice in English - look ur for example and make a note of ther.)

2 Highways Imking different US states with each other arc usally 3004, as coad.

3 two countries are economically interdependent, it means tat they are dependent on
tech ether, rather than, sas, just one cou dependen on the the

4 Intermareiage can refer cher to marriage berween peopl of diferen social groups or as
in the example sentence to marriage berwocn people of the same family or ser of families.

5 Tnterchange of iafeemation conveys the idea that informada is poi la both directions
and not just enc. In other words, everyone is bath giving and gaming new information.

4 Inerconnecting pars connec with and rest o cach other In other word, they are nat
separate from each thee

160 Academie cote Use

162. 442

443

444

45.2

Unit 44

1 as compared 3 compared 5 frome 7 analogy
2 Cifferencefeomrasvisinetiom — 4 comparison 6 comparison — § In contrast®
* On the other hand would also be possible here, hut x contras? herier expresse the sharp
‘opposition between the two scientist views,

Suggested answers
1 The ro groups were different from/to esch other
2 There was a contras: between the tw groups of children
3 The cheee iguids were similar to one another
4 The data sovenled differences in/among the
5 The ttle of he
Female auticudes
6 The economy of the north is booming, the south s sizalarly enjoying a: economic.
uptum. The economy of the north is hogming, Simálarly, the south is alse enjoying an
economic uprun

formant’ responses
per was: ‘Male anteudes towards prison sentent

compared wich/ve

Suggested answers

1 Unlike the south of the country, which has lies in the way of forests, che north of the
country is coveted with thick forests. / The noch of the country is covered with ehick
forests, unlike the souch of the country, which has ll an the way of forest

2 Rather than a questionnaire, in this case, fae-to-face interviews are better

3 Asian languoyes such as Vietnamese are quie difficult for leamers whose fist langage
isa European one. Conversely, Eucopean languages are difficult for learners whose frst
language is an Asian one,

4 On the one hand, oil is plentiful at the present time. Oa the other hand, ie will run out
‘one day.

Boys send to prefer aguressive solutions ro problems, whereas gids prefer moce indirect
approaches. / Whereas boys tend 10 prefer aggressive solutions to problems, gels prefer
snore indirect approaches. (While coul also be used in both cases instead uf whersas.)
In the post-war period, public transport enjoyed a boom. Nowadays, the reverse is ure.

6
1 Trae

2 False; compatible means things can exist together ve work together
3 True

4 False; there are parallels then there are similar
5 true

Unie 45

1 Stadents always seen to have difiulty in remembering this formada.
2 Ford pointed out that che methodology had a number of inconsistencies

3 The need to find replacement vels poses considerable challenges for scientists.
4 The media continue ta focus en the controversy surrounding the President,

5 In the gres he presented several errors were apparent.

5 On theit way across Anrarerica they experienced many dificuldes,

7 The results of the opinion poll eaise some important questions forthe Party

$ Problems caused by pollution in his ares arose fairly recently.

es boton them

1 Tes mo casy task mediating between unions and management.

2 In tis lecture 1 plan to deal with the later novels ol Charles Dickens

3 The answer co most problems in agriculture lis in the sl

4 He choweh for a long time bt was unable to come up with a solution.

5 Green touris may initially fee Fike a contradicción in terms.

6 1 wonder what the professor's reaction to the article will be.

7 The company has experienced a number of difficulties with ehe compares operating system,
8 Have you found a solucion to che problem yer?

PAT

163. 45.3

462

463

464

47.1

472

473

474

[roue ve row vob

Sorin E Teton | rete

‘rector rot response, respond

“contents conan contradicior | contadice

E73 er medaicn _ | mediate

1 contiadicted 3 solucion $ contains 7 resolved
Let 4 mediate 6 response $ reacted
Unie 46

1 environment 3 existence 5 absence 7 context

2 status 4 Grcumstances € infrastencture $ conditions
1 unstable 3 infinite $ maximun

2 Instability 4 absence

1 In the 19605 the government imposed (or placed) restrictions un the amount of money

you could take our of che county.

2 The problem is confined to the capital city.

3 Al fosil fuels are Anne resources.

4 In the accident there was minimal damage to the car.

5 All research is subject 10 the constraints of funding decisions.

6 The social instability offi the country deters investors

7 Inftinder normal circunstances we would not behave in this way. / the circumstances
were normal we would nor behave in this way.

8 Most small children believe in the existence of faites,

1 rosie 3 retrain 5 minimo 7 crcamsrances
2 inrinsc 4 mal 6 posed 8 estan
Unit 47

1 verify, 3 supplement Sp

2 procedure 4 Simulation 5 design

1 consume 3 play $ een

2 advent 3 emerped 6 invent

= = | [a oy

wer _ regional [au Saar 7]

Bee ET [ese ET

de ono emerson | evens of

restan meet [come | mp ot]

a ean re moe

er mind | [bees C5

Fotis! ea det ler

1 emergence 3 inset 5 spnleation 7 behavinur
2 consumption À ai 6 ope 8 dein
Follow up

Possible word combinations
nf aii ering ang raion pron

Correct, stands |, official, technical, experimental procedure
frat, ne, inal, ie caca, ary sage

162 Acad cbr in Use

164. 48.1

48.2

483

48.4

49.1

492

493

494

50.1

50.2

50.3

Unit 48

1 expansion 6 eliminzsion

insble 7 modifications
3 pecans $ adjusements,
À increasingly 9 acquisition
5 developmen 10 relaxation

1 If prices Auctunte they go up and down; they change a lor.

2 Ifa disease is climinared nore of it remains, it disappears completely.

3 IL interest in something is diminishing its becoming less.

4 here a matked change in someone’ behavioar iis pcobably a Bi change. Mis a
sooticeable change.

$ most people feel that mobile phones euhancı their fives, they feel cha their lives have
become better

$ Ifcantzels où imports are celaxed they become less sit.

1 recovering 3 tefine 5 ajos 7 maman
2 consenting 4 ubandın 6 sans quo 8 resure
Lin 3 avay fom Fon 7 from

2 do (or from or aut af) 4 00 6 to adjust tochanges 810

1 misg 3 important, significant S unique

2 ground-breaking 4 end

1 cred, acknowledged, eaucial 3 challenged, valide, awved, limited

2 borne, místacen, evidence, laws 4 viewed, semiaalgronnd-breaking, ground breaking
1

2

3

4

By no means i it certain that all the students will pass thei: Anal exams
He had never before taught such az outstanding student
Bately has the conntry winsessed such a display of public feeling.
We will ja no way / We will nut in any way be able to halt the process of global
warming. / We vill not be able ca hale the process of global warming in any way.

$ Under no ciccumstances will sents be allowed to defer the completion of ter thesis

longer than ane month.

6 Only when we gather a lot more date will we know the anes

1 bighlighrs 3 compaible $ word recalling, limited
2 solid 4 comprehensive, key 6 andelines

Unie 50

3 Tn conclusion, the rests suggest he drug has no dangerous side efes.

2 "To mununarist, Josing the war was a humilisting defeat for the couctry on a number of
differen vel,

3 In summaty iris impossible to Mamo the disastee on one person al

4 From the survey we can draw the conclusion / come to she conclusion that advertising
has a stronger effect on teenage girls than on other groups of the ponalat

5 To recapinulate, there were à number of differen. reasons why the expe
successal than had been hoped.

1 balance 3 put, eveacually $ analy

2 aber 4 provide 5 words

Latlast 3 Lastly 5 at last

2lustly A at last

Key 163

165. 50.4 Jn the end means ‘finally, after something has been thought about or discussed a lor. Ar de
ed is usually followed by “ot (something) and refers to che final point of a thing cx time or
place, cx. at the ond ofthe fbn, at the end of the month, atthe end ofthe street

50.5. This parageaph isa préis of Acndeutie Vocabulary in Use. tw sum / To sum up. the book
provides SD unis covering key aspects of academic vocabulae Stated briefly, each unio
has attempted te present and practise the words char all students need. The overall sin of
the book iso help students not only so understand but also 10 use academic vocabalar
ds rin, rh bok a lose, ve hope we hve helped you nd wish ou succes In your

Reading and vocabulary 1

11 cherished companions 5 concensrared

2 crucial 6 Study participants
2 tpenons 2 underlies 4 calamity
3 [noun [eb E
ner le | cores
[se ep _ il
Fer ce eet =
Four peas pen

Reading and vocabulary 2

E 1 False: Australia is inde arid' Le. has Hide or no rainfall te support plants, but
Antarctica is even moze eid

‘eve

rales the species developed becanse of Australia’s isolation from other landmasces

False: stismic fearthavake) activity persists [continues to vccur) inthe eastern and

‘westera highlands

5 False: the general geological appearance is ‘relatively uniform, Le. all of the same type
2 à roughly equal 3 the end result 3 scomingly unchanged

2 massive upheovalk 4 common misconception
3 1lush 2 inhospitable 3 a window 4 theorize

Reading and vocabulary 3
lief A
2 4 Accessing weh pages is quite straightforward, andl people with
tse the web.

2 The browser contacts the appropriate server ro rransmir she document,

3 ‘the WWW is essentially a search system

4 The information added to documents distinguishes web servers from Internet sewers.

$ Years ago, the Internet was mainly used by experts

Reading and vocabulary 4

A The skin is the lares organ in she human Dad
2 Paychelopists disagree as to how exactly memories arc stored in che brain.
3 Humans chere alması all of ther genus with the oehce great apes such as por
A
5

cunally no expertise can

As children hecome young adults hey have bars of acom,
Ita important that animals in caprvity are gen he ig ir
l'enpl have approuchod te probleme. vrky of aps.

164 Academe Haar in Un

166. 2

1 complex 4 cumomber 7 Sal
2 spread our $ amplify 8 specific
3 numerons $ partially 9 spread

Possible answers
Scientiss dsagroc as to how eh matter chere i in che universe, (substance)

Observing sañeay procedures is a matter of some importance. (situation)

‘Wha the matter with the baby? Why's she crying? (peoblen)

Wax and ice pass from solid to liquid a6 yon heat them. (change)

The main symptoms usually pass after a couple of days. (go away)

Pass me che test ibe, please. (give)

The ice caps were formed millions of years ago. [erentod)

“The survey formed che basis of the report. (provided

“The child formed the mud int the figure of a dog. shaped)

‘The monks sleep in small have cells. le seems)

‘When creating a table in Word, itis possible to merge cel. individual sections uf a table)
When call split, the DNA poes dhrough a process called replicarion. (smaller parts af an
organism)

Reading and vocabulary 5

2 cy devices — notes abo simple devices
in she Anal paragraph

display properties

make use

‘experimental nanotechnology

complete efferent = and novice also profoundly different in the second paragraph

6 greatest avances

dre fiin paragraph and novel medical devices

Possible answers
complex, intricate strange, special, electronic (and many more)
have. exhibit, show, lack, require

a suggestion, an offer. an epology, progress, a mistake, money
advanced, applied, theoretical, curing: edge, medical
prafuundly, totally, absolucly, party, slighty, somewbae
significant considerable, majos important

without knowing 2 in the near ture 3 from the baginaing

Reading and vocabulary 6

1 consists of A ln contest

2 goven

3 conceens resol only) wich 5 implicate

Possible answers

1 fondamenta! 4 bas ite origins io 7 behaviour

2 traditional $ with regard to, $ sigmavorios, countries which signed
based on $ goes against 9 give

Possible assure

1 nation: national, eationality, nationalist, nremational, internationally, nationaliee

2 significant: sigaily. insignificant, sgnifcnuec, insignificance, significantly

3 acceptance: seeept, acceptable, unacceprable, acceptably. accepting
4 extent extend, extension, extensive, extensively, inextensive
5 creator: create creative. éreation, creatively, creativity

167. = Phonemic symbols
A

Vowel sounds

Examples
sep me
happy cos
pin dinner
fu oué pl
de shoe ah
sd Mad said
ative father col
tum id work
sor thonght walk
cat bad
Sin enough wonder
ex md sack
pas bart laugh
joy mme are am
fis) my dé time
ll hae ie
fed pas hare. bar
fal hear bese
fuga um shaw
‘oot ea
tual Pus

166 Academic m Une

Consonant sounds

Symbol
i
pa
a
fe
lol
A
Hig!
w
i
A
sas
#
m
fi
iy
m
tay
al
u
hi
m
w

it

Examples
‘put

Book

take

dog

em kick

Ro gurrantee
euh huh
ag lounge
for cod,
lue schicle
thick ph
this mother
wines rice
200 homey

shop sugar machine
pleasure ugual vision
hear hore!

make

now

weile

young

168. Index

The numbers
is for standard British English.

afew7
a great deal of 16
aie 7

a wide range of 16
abandon fo edo? 48
above /a’aavi 39

absence itehsons! 46
absolutely csrical 33
Aberract "abstrakt 4, 50
abvondantfo"bamlont? 24
accident Pwekstdanil

accidental fes dental 1

secidentally /asksrdentoli 1

accommodate s'komodent $

accommodation foto det fond
28

accompanied by 43

according

32,42

3, 14,30

account for the fact that 24

accountable expenses 28

accumulate faust joie’ 28

accurate Pekjura 4, 24

achieve doi 35

achieve objectives 35

acknowledge knits 17,23,
49

acquire fakwata! 48

dape pt 48

add up 25

address Jdres! 39, 40, 45

adjacent ia eut 27

adjust do gaz 48

sérunisration Admins

adopt fadope! 36
advance fod'vozes! 32
advantage /od'vauntid3/ 33
advent Pedvent 47
advisor fod’vaiza! 19
affect ok! 3, 30

ge feulg! 15, 42
Aggregate l'eau 25
aim lem! 35, 39
albeit eel bic 38
allegedly eur
allocate lake 42
allow {rime} fon’ 40

7

almost latimost/ 1

ambiguous her igjuos! 34
‘amend Ja'mend 48

amount {smart 7

amount 10 14

nslogy la'welodgi 46

analyse Penola 3, 24

analyse a sample 10

analysis 1 melncı plural analyses

animated Frnimenil' 10
‘annual /enjual 29

answer mes 45

anyway Peniwen 40)

pare from 38

appararos portes 41
apparenc a rerant/d, 45.
appareaily 4 prom, 37
appear pro! 37

appendix 13 pemdiks/ 23
application Læphrkeufoe/ 35, 47
appreciate prie 27
approach iprantfi 2, 12, 15,41
appropriate fo proupriat 4, 22
approximate /a'proksimay 25
approximately ipraksımaali 5
archives orkaise! 23

argue l'angle 32

argue against 14
argue for 14
argument Pargjuma
arise ran 48

article aitkal 15
artifical Last ufo 41
artificially facial 5
asa esl of 13.

asa rule 16

ase whole 7, 16

as can be seen in 39

as far as x is concemed 16
asnoted 23

as opposed to 16

as regards 16

25

the index are Unit numbers not page numbers. The pronunciacion provided

as time is (running) shor 40
se have seen SO

as we saw in 39

cs well as 38

aspect Pespoki/ 2, 33
assemble/o'sembal 41

assert san 32.

ssertion Jos: fon 32
“assessment /s'Sesmont 2, 20
assign io 42

sign wo 14
sssignment/s'ssimmanl! 15, 20,

y Aoosiet 12,

assume /'sjusou
senumption Amon 15
ara tage 29

ax fest 39

a les 30

a random 26
atthe end 30

atthe moment 29

ae the same time 16, 38

sx this polar 13, 39

acts stage 13

stmosphere /ietmosiia! 36
stack eu 9

fain Jn 35

acterpt fatter? 2, 3,15, 50
end to /o'tend! 12
suteation /tenjont 15
arcade Patitjerd‘ 15
arriere to tribut 14,23
Automste "ostomen/ 47.
Auronamy (910000 31
average Pisvocido 25, 26
award Jo word 28,
awareness Io weonas/ 2
background l'hmégraundt 42
bank account 28

ber chan 27

base on 12, 38

base Iber 12.

besed beis 33

basically Abssıkli 1, 5
basis Meise 15, 33

bare "batal 9

Inder 167

169. battle against 9
be (commonly associated with 12
be based on 12, 14

be hombardesl wich 9

be borne our 49

be conterued (with) 39

he made up of 6, 42

be chac as it may 16

be united 9

her out 24

begin ou 40

Rehaviour her jo 47

hell carve 26

belong fovlngí 42

benef from 14
heyumd the scope (of 2, 38
biesed /borast/ 36

biased agains: 36

biased in favour of 36
bit feomputer) id 9
blended bent 22

lue coll 42

body of evidence 24

dy of literazure 23
bond ‘bond 43

book uk 15

hhorrowing rights 21
brainstonn breanstata/ 21
break oft contact 10

Bel toe? 40

bring together 43
bulk ail 7

by chance 13

by far 13

by heure 24

means of which 26
Dy no means 49

lese

alta “het

tall for 14, 17

ail on 40

«candidate Pksonlot# 20

eateer Asia 17

carry ot 3, 6.41

cease ke 2, 15

‘ease study 47

cast doubt en 32.

"karralnal 23
wa

‘katona 18
43,25

168. Arademe Van im Use

eaux hote 12, 30

Cause andefe Anz a Teuf
41

century sentait 29

cain reaction 30

challenge Jens 3, 12, 35,
45,49

change ifort 12, 15, 48

channel jano! 8

ehneacter Penta! 1

rectora Jasa 1,
412,42

chape usd: 8

check jet 24, 47
46

cie at 23

ais leım 32

clasification {bleetvheyfo 17

clarify Palena! 34

"Kal 12
clear demonserate 12
clearly ¿don 12
losely "Hous 12
coherent és hroroatt 34

evincide with 29
collabartive katt
alle reses 10
collec Aueh 24, 41

¿alle results 10

college hoes! 19

column "Kola 27
combinacion jb ncrfae? 43
eomabine chements 10

come back 40

come dwn on one side 33
ome into cota with 10
‘come to a conclusion 33

ene 20 igh 24

come up with #5

commen "koment 32, 40
comment on 14

semen "konn! 4, 11
comen ground 11

commen knowledge 23
common practice 11
comments no 12

wt 22

commons "homanz 19
communicate ‘2 ejuim ew! 34
comparatively Monter $
compared (vito) zan

comparison kom prenant 44.
compatible Mort bal! 49
complement Mkomplimany 43
complex ’kampicks! 4
component kamı'naunanı) 42
comprebend .empe end? 34
somprebensive jnniperhense?
24,49

‘comps knmpe! 19
‘eoweenceate on 14
concep "kunsept 31
Soneiser Ka susi 30
Vonelude skon’bisie? 50
«conclusion Aan'klurzon/ 33
conelusively
eonelosively establish 12
concrete Pool 4
conurrent /koukarant! 29
«ordirions om ane! 11, 41, 46
‘onder howdakt/ 3
confie ¡kawa 46
conf harta |
conti Plat 45
config on ten 24
«onficring elements 10
connotación kaa terfan: 34
corset (tok 4
consequence konsıkwanv 30
ccomaecvative Mon suso) 36
conserve energy 10
consider Mon sud! 3, 24, 39
considere shan'slorsbol! 7, 11
«considerable influence 30
considerably an sulorabli $
«considered to be 37
oasis (of) ent 39,42
consstent horita? 26
‘constant Fontan’ 25
‘constituent kow'stjuantí 10
constitu /kroslajusl! 33
‘constrain koo'streo 46
‘constraine Kan stent! 46
cornet *honstiaky/ 22
consroct kaowledge 22
consult a source 23
comme energy 10
Consume Iran aan! 47

mu Aan'ssunjan! 47
kontakt’ 10
contain Kanten! 8, 45
comuemperary kan tempo 29
‘conten kantend 32
contention on'cenjon/ 32

170. context knntekst! 46
‘continuous /kon'tuajuos! 25
contract fcontrakt 8
contradiction ln tes
‘kates fan 4
comradicroey Amaro diri 49
‘contrary ?kuntear 37
‘contrast *knmza:st (000) 44
contribute to à debate 10
contribute Horn! 30, 35
<ontibution „kaatr'hlunfon 30
conrrolled ‘eon rie 41
controversy !kenlroess)
kan trovasli 45
‘conversely Mones 44
convert kon vas (verb) 48
convey /ken'veu! 34
convince of 14
‘convincing Ikan'vınsıyf 24

)

‘convincingly Ban vies 12
‘convincingly demonstrate 12.
copy Php 40

coro fk 20

correlate d'apestaut 43
correlate with 26

correlation / korean! 26
correlational !,koralerfanal 41
correspond ¿Korespard/ 43,
cost of living 28

couple with 14

couple Papal?

course of accion 33

crac ewan’ 21

ceentive Art 35

credit cedo
cetera ras
criterion lkrar'scion! 31, 35, 41
¿sitial ¿kaka 29, 33

¿sitial mass 35

cries Pas aan 49

cross ke 27.

‘ress-section /krms'sehfon 27
crucial kr

lement 10
‘current Pkaront! 29
‘current sccoun 28

ov 28

daily Peni 29

data dena 24, 41
¿cadline ¿Sed 17, 21

eal wath 23, 45
ehate ¿db 10

debate surrounding 10

deba ¿der 28

decade debera! 29
Ku

{verb} 27
deduce Ai jus! 33
deduce le dakt 25

ly ceical 33
eep-rooted peur 36
ejer payment 28

Sefer du Pa 20

define ren 34

define a sole 10
define "defrmnai 5
definition dem fa 34, 35

degree fé gra 2, 38

eliberaeeluvaborat! 25

emvnastrate Pdemausıre
24,32

Gemonstration Ademan'streufan!
2

denne aout 34, 42

3,12,

part from 14
deprecine i psf! 27
derivation den vei! 30

dere inv 30

diseno avr 3, 32, 42

dessiprion fashion! 32

desa zai 47

esp the cr dar 38

determine rm 30, 41

develop vel 3,47

develop a vay 10

development Id velspmant 48

écrit fram the worm 26

device ra]

devise var 22

devise à way 10

evr dr vaut 39

“aa ldtageent 26

difference Piles? 12, 15,42,
44

fre frome} Pavon 44

differentiate / dss renfe! 10

fica ¿tio 13,45

dires 13

Sinension Ada menfor 42

ron eam 48

‘Spor 1d laa! 20

ret cht are 3

“Ssadvantagedisod vod! 33

een elements 10,

discipline “disant 1, 31, 35

discourse "aıskansı 34

discover a way 10

discrete A1 25

discuss ¿dUskas 3, 12, 31

discuss the issue thoroughly 12

discuss the problem ac length 12

discussion forum 22

display A spleu 47

dispose of 14

disprove A spas 41

disrupt is rapU 41

disserrarian /dia'terfon! 15

distance course 22

distant farure 23

disrince om 42.

disinetion An fn! 15, 20, 36,
a

distingaish berween 34

distor Idea’ 26

discution dest bjurfon’ 26

divers 42

divide fi'vad! 39

divide in 14

document "unkjemant/ 23

double nb 27

draft east 21

draw a conclusion 33

draw attention cathe tact dhat 24

draw conclusions $0

des data from 23

draw mind maps 21

drow on 14, 23

drawback Purzıbakl 33

drop den 27

ue to the fact shar 16

duracion idjuare fan 20

TAP 20

‘economical fcko'normbal! 28
eff Aer 3, 15,30
effec a change 30

ects eka! 12

kt 20

ly fee teomsky 22.
lement Fehmanı 10
elements Pehananıs’ 10
eligible Pelulgaba 20, 28
ehminarion. tani 48
elsewhere ch werd 23

171. eucidate/rluisuder 9
menge fvmusd 14, 24, 47
emerge (of phenomena) 10
emergence I'madzons 29, 47
emphasis /emfany 3, 15, 32
emphasise ‘emfosaiz/ 3, 14, 31,

eploymen am poumon 42

encounter rw kav 36

encouraping fo Kad) 10

end ie 30

culo semester end av stmests/
E

encre Penodg 10

nage in deber 10

uglsh-medium "roglıf"mirdiem‘
7

chance whores 48

enormous nom 7, 11

ml au 20

“rl on 22

ner your username 22

theme an oImont 24

uv requirement 17

environment An haie 46

anal opportunities policy 17

equip with 14

silent 'kwnvaton/ 43

aa Far 29

ase information 9

sure reo! 9

nor Ver 48

especially spefai $

caray Perey 15,20

cruce Pesas 31

esentally senc 5

Srablish Ab 3, 12,24, 35

Stablich car 10

‘stiate Fesumat/ (non) 25

Stine Pests! (ech 25

chica Peal 36

he rom 42

‘evalvation veeesfa’ 35

ven nae 25

enw 34

escama vent ua 29

evemtclly Hiver 5, 50

‘idence Fewrdons 12,24, 37,
43,49

evident Verdana 37

vue an 34

170 academie dec à Ur

evolve vel 29

exaqsinatin /igcumn'nefoa! 15
examine lagrima) 3, 12, 24
exceed and 27
‘exceeding sata! 7
excess ses! 7

‘excessive eses 7
exclue from 14

ns test 23

existence lug atom 42,46
expansion espejo 8
expenditure AK apend fs 28
experience koi! 45
‘experiment /desperimony 41
cxpetimental tk sperments 41
explaia Alsplewn/ 3, 32
explain a phenomenon 10
explain by the fae that 27
‘explanation ¡clopls'nefan 32
explicit kpl 11
‘explicitly espe 5
exploration Fchsps rego 15
explore A ph 3

export Mk pot verb) 47
expose tu 14

xpress ideas 34

extension i 'senfon’ 21
extensive llei 23
‘extent ik stent 38
extro<curiulse sites 21
extreme steed 26
(acero face fes ets 22
factor Karsten 30
Hclaton oleo fo 30
fact aku 24

factor ka 12

fecal eo 18, 19

fair Res 7

Gir way 10

fal 27

fal below 27

falsify ranks 10

feature / fa 2, 12, 42
feedinck sue 22

feel fee 40

(ees iva! 17

few ju 7
fever and fewer 7

field dy 41

figure to! 25,27

fle compute) fa 9

fin 17

final ins 29, 50
Finally Marmol 39, 50
finals Taunalz) 19

financial HartwanfoV 28
financial guarantee 17
find rund! 3,45

any iii 12

ficmly establish 12

fist Macs 39

fist dale 21

Bey Marti 39

flame ileum’ 22

aw Moy 49

flimsy Mind 24

flowehare eut fart 27

Tuctuate PI Jueut 48

focus Mako! 1, 4

focus on 14

following Maton! 39, 50

for example 24, 38, 39

for instance 24, 38)

forthe most pact 13, 16

for the pacposes of 16, 38

for this reason 16

Former osa 39

fortheoming 520 amy! 29

fraction Mak Jon 25

framework Treimwaikl 31

fratesnieyIro'ta:nati 19

frequently /riskwoniti 5, 12.

froshenan Prefmani 19

From the point of view of 16

From then on 13

Fundamental ¿Landa mental 48,
39

archer Masda/ 35, 38

furthermore 1:85 nd 38

ender Pdgends 42,

aenceal Pdgenorol 42

¡eneralise Pégenacalaw 31

penecally Pyenaral S, 12

generally associated with 12

generate 'genoren/ 1, 30

penernte ensegy 10

¡generaron Jaen

gecin 17

patting back zo 40

aie ans) 3

pee a (bric) summary of SO

sive a dexripuon 3

give an exaunple 24

sive credit 23, 49

erfand 42

172. give rie 10 30
losing Pgleoray! 9
glossary ai 34

po against €

gu back 40

0 back over 6

pp blank 21

ko into 6

20 on 06

9 over time) 40

yo round 40

o through a period 29
go through 6

goal gan) 35

Rradual dust 48
radusse student 19
franc gen 17,28
Seaph Ay? 27

raghie "grafik! 27
graphics Pratt 27
cat (git! 7

‘Great Hall 18

ground igraond! 11
wrowichbteaking d'raond pre!
35,49

grounding araundo 31
grow gra 27

Rowving rou 24
owe face! 27.

halfway pain 26

hall of residence 18
halve share! 27

hnaedoac Phamdsul 40
happen Peron 41

hacó share’ 24, 29
hardly over §

hardware (hard! 9
have (ch) as a goal 35
ave a shor at |

ave an influence on 30
having said hot 38, 40
ea 42

ated std" 10
heated dehste 10
ierarcay Phancarklı 42
highligh “hasta 9, 32, 49
histogram 'ntageem 27.
hie send 22

ic che see huron 22
hold Mould 36

beliday /holidey 18
homemaker hoe mera! #2
horizontal axis 27.

househushané linhazbond 42

havseuife Pausa: 42

humanities jus mt! 31

hybrid l'haibrid! 22

hypothesis Mar podssts plural
Inypotheses hat potes 12,
24,31

hypohesis-hased ‘har'gntasts
hen 35

ea ar dis! 15

Jentfcaioo fay dest keufan! 2

idendiy Anedentata 1,3, 12

in gpite of 13
ia md

corra 37.

an the ease of 16

a the end 50

in the Salas analysis SO
o the neaeédistant future 29
in the process 13

in che right ares 25

In the sense that 16, 38,

in the shadow of 9

in weal 7

in zuen 13

inaccuracy Ankjurosi 41

inaceurate An jure 4

inadequace h'nazdıkway 49
incidence Punsidons! 25

ideology Judi oladgi/ 36
illuminate tlusmnen 9
iumimating olores

29,24

kt 30, 48
parfal 36
nplıkeifan! 32

implicidy Jr pla 5

imply Arpa) 32 include And 3
importance Am'pastons! 12 incoherent na hrorant/ 34
impor fam'pastonti 11,49 income Funkam 28

impose Amo 46 none AS
in (more) detail 40 1 {noun 15
in ich) ight of > (wech) 27

terms 10
ima fow words $0

im a variety of ways 16

in accordance with 13
imaddxion to 13, 16, 38
in comparison with 13, 44
Sn conclusion 0

in comjuneci with 13
in contrast 10 13

in contra 44

in economic terms 10

in excess of 2, 16

in general 16

in line wich 13

im morelgrenter detail 16
sm most respects 13

in my opinion 31, 32, 36

wrist 5, 48
cae
in-depth fan depo! 41
ate Findıkeiu 24, 27
indicate a tendency 26
indict andre anda oki
5

ince An'djussé 30
induction ‘w'dakfow 30
inevitable Amevstobol 11
inevicably A'nevisab 12.

infnie fintinat! 46
influence Manfluans! 15, 30

oun! 35
inkzasteuccure fsa steak fai 35,

in mo citcamstances 49 46
in mo way 49 inhibit bb 30

in other words 13 ei fat! 23

in particules 13 impor Pampa 47

in passing 12 inquiry Akai 15

in recen times 29
in respect of 16
in short 1, 50

in some ways 13

insere lavar 47
inevesional fn sefonol 20
insight Passant 15, 33
insipnificans qansig'nrfant? 4

Inder 171

173. instability seo" 46

instalment Jp stothmaaw 28

stance l'instom 24

instigace Puse 35

inst mnstromant #1

integral famtigral 36

Intense antten/ 49

intexian n'tenfon! 35

intencional fn fon 35

interaction /anto'nek fan! 43

imerchange “untotjeinds’ 43

Intersonmecting (intaka nk?
43

interdependence rad pendant
43

interest free Juncos trio 28

interesting *untrestig? 24

interface Puntofers! 3

inerfere Jana! 41
Interim Psecacre 19
intertibrary loan 21

intermartiage unto merndgt 43
intermediate nt mit 29
Antes /amto'muond 10
imerplay /naplew 43.
interpree mp 24, 31
interprecacon (ntaiprt'cesf2n! 12
innertelaced ra loud 43
intersece/nta'sctt! 27
ntrsrate anotan 43
Iner-univensty
Anita jum vasa’ 43
singe tes 46
race {murs jrs 40
invalid Ach 49
validate eesults 10
sent Antec) 47
tvesogate in vestiger! 3
‘vestyare a phesomenow 10
investigación Im west Guen 15
avehe nent? 3
racional rason 36
issue fur! 2, $, 40, 45
‘can be argued that 31, 37
is nor suspcising tha: 49
is noteworthy thar 49
‘cis worth recalling thac 49
ir may 20€ be che case that 37
£ would appear that 37
ve would sem that 37
em of daca 24
junior rlzummia 19
keep o fine) 40

172. Academia I Use

hey x 27, 49
KISS tay? 22
knowledge laoldg 22
knowledge base 35

later lets 39

Jattor ata! 39

lay foundations 23

layer feta 27

leave (time) Ave 40

leave our 40

Jecrure PlekaJ2/15, 18, 20
lecture notes 21

Jecrure uhestre 18
lecrurge Mejora! 18
legend Pedgsod! 27

Less and les 7

able Plasabal! 37

Librarian Javbrcocion/ 18

library Plncbrar! 18

li aw 45

ikelihood atklihod! 37

ely Pl 37

ted Pluma! 49

le 22, 43,

lise st 12

ist the rain causes!
characteritesfkarunes/
hypotheses 12

licesataze ref 23
erature tes 23

le PV 7

lie kon Platt msc 24

Ivan Asum 28

Todgiag MIndzro! 28

loge og 15

Tongeteems lose 21

look Au 15

Took hack over 6

look for 24

loosely Plus 12

loosely based 12

lose a bale 9

loge contact 10

Tack fas 22

magnitude sem jui 25

mailing lise 22
min body 23

mails Amel 1,12

mainly based 12

main rca 8, 32, 48
maintain a united front 9
mains contact 10
maintenance geass 28

major Penas! 11

make a calculacion 25

make a to-do list 24

make ends meet 28

make reference to 23

make up 6

manipulace Amp 41
marical sacas 42

marked mo 48
mathematical amador suka 41
mature mous 36

mature student 17

maximun Pron 25, 46
means of communication 22
means halınzı 15

measures lines 8

median Falcon’ 26

meiste Pimidiow! 43

meer fist 21

ancet deadlines 21

mention l'menfan 32

mecely Pov 5

message "mesids 22, 34

method "retin 41

methodology ¿ed dolo.
41

mind map 21
mind ture to wander 21
‚minimal rural 46
minimum Pme 25, 46
mina ao’ 11
miscaleulate ous keelajel
misguided /mus'gaudid! 42
cavsinterpret min tape 34
-misinterpretation

min tapes enfant 34

proa 34

136

mission statemem 35
zustaken feu ero 49
mseramslare mise lent 34

174. istransation {mistrewslexfan! observation obza'veujan! 32,1 party based 12
E] folverve ab zu 12, 32,42 pattern po 2

iniurnderstard {msands end! 4 observe a phenorsenon 10 pes en: fra ent’ 26
imnemonies ain 21 ‘observe Juve 41 Peccerage ent 26
mode ina 26 rain she 24 percepibl po'serisba! 48
model modo) 2, 31 ‘occupesion jokiu'perfow! 42 perception ipa sepfow 31, 37
modeiste mode (vero) 22 ocemperional nues 42 pechape o'hape 5
moderate dscussions 22 occur fala 8,10 period of time 29

‘odd number 25 Pesmanent arm 29

of couse 37 personal surement 17
¿monitor monita! $ ‘lief 24 Perspective ‘p'epestiv’ 2, 34

moral mera 31 ‘le a place 17 pase foie! 29)
more and more 7 ‘office hours 15 PAD committer 19

x or less 1,7 ‘omit Anm no rat 49 phenomena to nonunal 41
moreover Imaz cauval 38 ‘on balance $0 phenomenon fs'armiaan’ 10, 31,
most (people) would agree chat on behalf of 13 a

31 ca loan 21 philosophy #i"tosati 36
mostly malt 2, 5 ‘oa no seceunt 49 pie hare 27
motivate Imootiven/ 30, 35 ‘om the hasis of 13, 33 pico: of data 24
motivation ¿amovtviverfas! 15, 30, on the one hand 13, 44 piece af evidence 24

3 ‘on the other hand 13, 44 Pic together 43
motive Pmaotiw 35 on the subject of I, 40
move feu 15, 48 ‘on the whole 5,13, 16 ei
movement ‘inusveront! 31 on top of which 3 pivoral Mpavatal! 10

ing on 40 ave ol 7 pivotal role 10
mal Fmaltıpkn 27 ‘ongoieg Mon aora! 29 plagiarism olculs
mats mi fs 43 ‘one Community 22. play a role 10
national debare 35 ‘aly l'ai 1, 49 plot ‘plot! 27
natural fae farol $1 ‘onslaught “malo 9 Plumes paso? 27
naturaliste Ame fort 41 opinion Aprnion/ 36 poire point’ 8, 15, 33
ovalo Presi opposed to poi of view 36
nature Pneutfa 1,2, 42 ‘opt for 20 point out 6, 32
near furnne 29 ‘opuional 'npfona 20 poiee 024, 33
need id 12, 15 ‘order of magnitude 25
nesiquettenetiket/ 22 ‘organise 100 popiu ef 41
exce (before) Puevos 49 rin ons portfolio porrtauliaw 201
nevertheless nevadetles! 38 original Arridganal! 28 pose nur 1, 12, 45
next inokst 39 ‘aaicomse atm 26, 30 pose a challengeiquestionfiheest
0 fewer than 7 ‘ourpue laut 47 1
jonetheless {nana es 38 ‘outside ar position Ipstafını 36
non-rcnayable / 200 m'peiabal/ 28 outweigh (aut wou 33 possibly /posabl 5
um Ana: 26 ‘over the ext few years 29 post /ooust! 22
oral distribucion 26 overall aa posta message 22

notable rgorabal! 49

ote out! 32

exe aking out teıkın 21
notion /na0fen! 32

postgradluste replcesemtative) 18
potential ps" jai 4
powerful wats 24
practice Speak 11

nowadays "nicer! 29 parallel pezale! 27 practice-es-reveucch peeks 92
puente (of meaning] Pnpızons! 34 paraphrase Aperafreı 23 Ass 35
mb mama 7, 23 part fra 1S peactice-led prektis led! 35

‘objection fahldgek joni 36 particular path jus 11 precedent press! 30
objective fab'dsehis/ 35, particularly ;potakjolal’ 5 preceding /pevs:dry! 29, 39
obligatory ss blgstri/ 20 particala significance 11 précis pre

so

Inder 173

175. precise persan 4, 25

ec Jona S
precie: Ip 33
preference Pprefaraog 15
prejudice Mpvedsuils! 36
prejudiced against 36
prejudiced in favour of 36
preliminary /prvlmmanari 10
prchiminary results 10
present data 27
present study 23
present pre zant/ (verd) 3, 24,

27,40

presentation A prezau'teoa/ 40
pre-sessional prie sejanal 20
presumably ptt'njusmaol 57.
primarily [prat mecal 1, 5, 23
Primary Frame 1
primary source 23
prime rumber 25
prime fran |

pal prisa 4
ciple prtasipal! 2, 15, 36
10 28
tse Ipravontana 21
ity fpravorati 35
bability robo bot 26

Process Mpeousce! 17
process information 9
professor ipro'fesal 18
profile Pproctaul 17
profound [pea Taond 31
progress Ppraugrex 15
project "prodgekt! 15, 20
proof lan 32
proportion Mprs'posfond 26
propose /pre'pauz! 32

and cons 38
prove pra 32, 41
provide fpra'ward 3, 24
provide a (brief) summary of 50
provide a sample 10
provide an example 24
provide an explanaci
provide feedback 22
provide wich 14
provided hat 38
provocation {prove kerfan/ 30

174. Acad ebay in Une

provoke pra voux/ 30
publish resurs 10
purpose spas! 35, 39
put ipa 3

pur exaphasis 3

pur forward 6, 32, 38
pur e briefly SO

‘qualification /jewolt'ket fon’ 17

qualitative ol otr 4
quantifiable Pavontrfmobal! 1
quantifiably "kvantıfanabi/ 1

aurai Maroma 1
quantitative vont
quaotitaively wort
quasi Peon 1
quactery wo: 29
question Pkwestfan 12, 32
question results 19
Quiz evra! 19,22
Quorarion Awauteıfand 23
radical reedskal 36
raise fran 40, AS
raise point 33
random randam! 26
random number 25
random sample 27
range fred 26
rely Mesh 49
father than 44
taricacion facut ket fon 47
ratify Petia 67
ratio leu 26
rational Mrefonal! 36

tional fea pal! 1S
reach a conclusion 33
reach isi 35
reach a peal 27
re eet! 45
reaction fie fan! 31
reactionary Arfa 36
rence to 14
reading Pida 22
reading speed 21
reason riszonó 15, 30
reasonable rtzanabal 7
reboot ih, 9
recapiiulee ko pr jen 50,
receipt Ani 28
recent Prison 5
recent phenomenon 10
recognise /sekegnarz/ 49
record feos! (verb) 24, 42

12, 43
refer frequendyispecifally in
passing 12
refer wo 14, 38
referee „getan 17.
ference Profra 8, 17.
refine vto 48
cefle: n’tieku 24, 41, 43
registration fee 28
tcimba

relationship iv'esfanfip! 12, 15,
41,43

relative (0) relativ? 4, 43

celaively relato 5

clas nes 48

relevant Peclavam 4, 11, 24, 33,
38

celiable robot! 24, 26

reload xitlaod 9

rely on 14

remain in the dark 9

replicate Prepiikei 41

reportedly roc 37.

represent /.cepeezeat! 27

representative reperzzentoto/ 41

piesentative sample 10

request an extension 21

reguite tata 17

research es

research assi

Research is based on 12

research methodology 35

research student 18

resolution /eezo)'usfon! 45

resolve /t'zple/ 45

resource fn'za:s! 22

respectively In'spektivli 38, 39

respond ra 14

zesponse h'spomw 15, 45
rest on 16

restore Insta 48
restrain Astreim 46

steainefevstrerntl 46
rester stn! 46
restriction Kersrıkfond 46
results ferzalts/ 10, 40
résumé Prezumen 38
recveat le tic 9

eur 10 40.

176. esca) fr is 43, 45
sever fr 43, 44
review fa'vjus/ 21
review of the ltearuee 23
revise eva 21
revision h'vigan! 21
revolution eva!
rigorous Mrigaros! 4
se fra! 27

role au 10

sore learning 21

rough a 4, 21

round down 25

round up 25

ow ool 27

rbric /rusbnik! 19

vun Iran? 27

un out (of time) 40

neal arab 42

sample Psunzapal 10, 26
sive energy 10

say Aci 24, 38

sales sele 33
Scholarship /kolbfin 17, 28
school sk 18, 19
scope fskaup! 2
sertiniseskeustznat 38
Search for 14

secondary source 23
secure Jato! 47
secar isrkjuaratit 47
se Hi 3, 39

seek (sith 17.

seem sim! 37

segment l'scymont/ 27
seidom Pseldom 49

loc rela? 47

sereste Atmen 18
seminal Msecvinal 23, 49
Seminar serra! 18, 20
senior Prat 19

senior tiren 42

seus lectuer 18

sense lens 34

sequence of aumbers 25
sesies of events 29

series of numbers 25

ser let 8, 22

set af data 26

set of murs 25

son co do 6

set out 6, 23

ups

seating Petry! 41

severely ie viol! 5

shed (new) light on 9, 33

hi Au 35, 68

shine a ight on 9

shortcoming ort,kamio! 45

shortreem Joan 21

show How 3,24, 27, 32

show a tendeney 26

shove your workings 25

side fof an argument) audi 33

sign mp for 20

significance ig'ateans! 2, 11

significant Jounin 4, 7, 11,
49

ple Asımpatt 4
ply Pump, 12

lation {sim eufont 47
ultaneous fsimal termine 29
ip skip 40

small mail 7

soar Isar! 27, 28

social class 42

solely soul 1

solid solid 1,49
solution otha Foo! 12, 45
solve soli? 4

somewhat Parl! $
sophomore Psufamo: 19
sorority hasta 19
soundly Fsaundiy 33
Source ai! 23, 30

space Heat 40

speak of 14

specially /spefli 5
specific Aspar 4, 11, 42
specific conditions 11
specifically spatsfikl 5, 12.
poc centre 18

sports grounds 18

spring from 30

squared Iskweod! 25

sable steibol 46

stage Iseid3/ 27, 29, 47
sance ‘stains! 31, 36
Standard deviation 26
tendpoint Psteemporat 36
tarta new thresd 22

Sato sten? 32

stare brief $0

statement textmant) 32
aus tetas! 42, 46

Status quo Jstemas levas! 48
sem from 30

sem fon the fat that 24
step step! 47

simulace /stumjolen 30
‘simulation jtm Tea 30
simulos stimjlav 30
sore information 9

sory Para 12

Strategy Pstractadsi 35
‚srengrhen à role 10
intenses 14, 32

a d'étréra 24
srongly Pro 12
-xrongly suggest 12
seructure /strak fa! 8, 42
sent counsellor 18
student loan 17,28

student union 18

sy stadt 15,42

study pan 21

subject Psabdzok/2, 41
subject header 22
subjeccively fsob'dgektavll 36
subject to 46

submit sad 17, 22
submit assignment 22

substancal /sab'suenfol 7

subsume Jsab'sjin! 42

subele sata 34

sue br 25

socesive Jokes! 29

sudden / sado 48

soient ohh font/ 10

suggest Aa des 12, 23, 24, 32,
4

suggest a new approm
suggestion Inzest Jan 32
Sum saan! 26

sum up 1, 40, 50

summarise sarorar 50
summarise the main points 50
supervision Lauspa vise 20
Supervisor Psuspoueuzat 18
supplement Psapliman 47
support sapo 3, 11, 24, 28
surprising o'proczip! 7

surround ia'raund! 46

Inden 175

177. survey "ever! (ron) 41

sucvey Isa: veu (verb) 27

survey the literature 23
oval 48

take a sample 10
take account of 33,

sake issue with

rake on rale 10

take pact in a discussion forum
group 22

ce priority avec 35
ke questions 40)

taken together 63

rally Pull 25

ranger Meg 35

tsk Morskd 22
chaque Meli 41
telling Ach 24
remporarly Memparari $

cerspormy temporal 29
send fend 37
(endency /tendonsi! 1S, 26, 37

7
term Ao 18, 34
‘erminology /:ra'wolasi! 34
thane you for listening 40
that’ al (have co say 40
chach all very well but 38.
che last 20 years 29
the same 6544.
2
theory Pro 2, 12
theory is (mainly) based om 12
her is some evidence (co suggest)
that 37
4 20 way 1
Chess "is pura heses
sie 31
inking ur 31
thoroughly "arab 12
‘thoroughly examine 12

management 21

176 Austen aha im Lie

tune consuming
taimkan,sjuimuy 41

tip the scales 33

toa certain extent 13

ro a greater extent 13

toa lesser extent 13

10 some extent 13, 16

to wharexcent 16, 38,

to-do listo a

top priority 35

topic topa 2, 40

total tata! 7,25

transcript
transfer ans Cas (verb) 48
transforme oem 48
transition ren zujan 48
transitional tcen'zsfanal 29
ransparent fic speront/ 34
treat it 23
trend Juend 12, 26
trigger Puniga 30
say ea
tuition fees 28
ac (o) at 2, 14, 39, 40
ator junta! 18
tutorial jus
type tauy 42
typical Pupikal 1, 4

ately slat $
vomambiguoss /ancemvbagivos! 34
undeniable /,andi'naisbai/ 24
under no citcomstances 49
underline Pando 1, 45
underlying !snda aug 36
understanding Jandostendiy 32,

35
uundoubsedly Panda 37
unearth ant) 33
unforeseen jf

au 47
49
s vase 19
unlike la 44
unstable /an's\erbal 46
subscribe from a mailing lis 22
apace! (verb) 20
nl 42

ial! 18, 20,22

wo

use aie! 41
sche) contact 10
username /jzaneum! 22

rise Must! 47

vacation Wo’kenfan 18

valid Vacha 26, 31

validity real 49

valuable resource 23

values alu: 25

variable *vearabai/ 25, 26, 33,
31

vary Mesta 42

sary Pvesri 25, 27

verity Peri 47

vertical axis 27

view ii 2, 36, 49

view in 31

vital classroom 22

viewally "vastus? 1

visualise vrguakie! 21
vivid vivid 24
VLE 22

volume /volju:ny 26
waste exergy 10

way wed 10, 41

swe can presume that 37

we can see 27

weigh up 33

welcome Pwclkam' 40
‘whereas Imesteaca 44

white collar 42

‘whole number 25
‘widespread sondspred’ 11,24
‘widespread support 11
winds are blowing 33

‘with a focus on 39

with reference t0 38.

‘vith regard co 16, 40

with respect 10 16

with the exception of 13, 16
ich the inrertion oF 35
word Ja 12

word limit 20

‘work Hck! 15

work on 6

work out 6, 25

work outa way 30
workshop Puf 20
‘wate af 14

eri up 6

xx 27

yaxis 27

178. Academic Vocabulary in Use

Academic Vocabulary in Use is the perfect study aid for anyone using English fer their
academic work. Ideal for students of any discipline fram engineers an secial scientists
to business stuctents and lawyers, it covers all he key vocabulary you will come acres
in academic textbooks, articles, lectures and seminars. The book is designee for
students at good intermediate level and above as well as those preparing fe IELTS ane
‘other university entrance examinations.

‘Academic Vocabulary in Use

+ 50 easy-to-use two-page units with clear explanations of nen vecebulary on the
left page and a variety of practice exercises on the right

+ Presents new words and expressions in real-life academic contexts incluéing
‘extracts from lectures, presentations, essays, tables and graphs

+ Includes an extra ‘Reading and vocabulary’ section with longer texts te give
vou more practice of key wneabulary.

+ Hasa comprehensive answer key and a phonemic transcriptions of key werds in
the index to help with pronunciation

+ Cuntains a handy ‘Reference section’ with nates on formal and infermal usage,
British, Irish and North American vocabulary differences and spelling veriations.

- Gives you the most useful and frequently-used academic vocabulary ‘esc
on the Cambridge international Corpus and established academic werdhsts