access opening of molar teeth-shivangi.pptx

access opening of molar teeth by Dr shivangi

1. Int r oduction Access is the first and the most important phase of root canal treatment. A well designed access preparation is essential for good endodontic success. A proper coronal access forms the foundation of pyramid of endodontic treatment. Any improperly prepared instrumentation, disinfection access c a vity can impair the and therefore obturation resulting in poor prognosis of the treatment.

2. Instruments for access cavity preparation

3. Instruments for access cavity preparation

4. Principles of access opening The basic principles of access opening was established by G.V. Black, as following: 1 . Outline form: The outline form of the endodontic cavity must be correctly shaped and positioned to establish complete access for instrumentation, from cavity margin to apical foramen. To achieve optimal preparation, three factors of internal anatomy must be considered: A. Pulp chamber size: In young patients, these preparations must be more extensive than in older patients, in whom the pulp has receded and the pulp chamber is smaller in all three dimensions.

5. B. Pulp chamber shape: The finished outline form should accurately reflect the shape of the pulp chamber. For example, the floor of the pulp chamber in a molar tooth is usually triangular in shape, owing to the triangular position of the orifices of the canals. C. Number, Position, and Curvature of root canals: To prepare each canal efficiently without interference, the cavity walls often have to be extended to allow an unstrained instrument approach to the apical foramen. Variations from the normal number of canals:- Maxillary Molars: A second separate canal in the mesiobuccal root. Mandibular molars: A second canal often is found in the distal root.

6. 2. Convenience form: In endodontic therapy, convenience form makes the preparation and filling of the root canals more convenient and accurate. The benefits of it are: A. Unobstructed access to the canal orifice: Enough tooth structure must be removed to allow instruments to be placed easily into the orifice of each canal without interference from overhanging walls. The clinician must be able to see each orifice and easily reach it with the instrument points. Failure to observe this principle not only endangers the successful outcome of the case but also adds materially to the duration of treatment. B. Extension to accommodate filling techniques: It's often necessary to expand the outline form to make certain filling techniques more convenient or practical. If a softened gutta-percha technique is used for filling, where in rather rigid pluggers are used in a vertical thrust, then the outline form may have to be widely extended to accommodate these heavier instruments.

7. C. Direct access to the apical foramen: Enough tooth structure must be removed to allow the endodontic instruments freedom within the coronal cavity so they can extend down the canal in an unstrained position. This is especially true when the canal is severely curved or leaves the chamber at an obtuse angle.

8. Soft debris c a rri e d f r om th e cham b er population i n th e c a n a l . Co r on al d ebr i s mi ght in c r e a se t he bacte r ial may also stain t he c r ow n , particularly in anterior teeth. Round burs are most helpful in cavity debridement. The long-blade endodontic spoon excavator is ideal for debris removal. Irrigation with sodium hypochlorite is also an excellent measure for cleaning the chamber and canals of persistent debris. 3. Removal of the remaining carious dentin and defective restorations: The advantages of its removal are: To eliminate mechanically as many bacteria as possible from the interior of the tooth. To eliminate the discolored tooth structure, that may ultimately lead to staining of the crown. 4. Debridement of the cavity: All of the caries, debris, and necrotic material must be removed from the chamber before the radicular preparation is begun. If the calcified or metallic debris is left in the chamber and carried into the canal, it may act as an obstruction during canal enlargement.

9. Guidelines for access opening

10. Laws for determination number and location of orifices The authors proposed six guidelines (laws) of pulp chamber anatomy to help clinicians to determine the number and location of orifices on the chamber floor. More than 95% of examined teeth by the investigators were conformed to these laws. Centrality : Floor of pulp chamber is always located in the center of tooth at the level of CEJ junction. Concentricity : Walls of pulp chamber are always concentric to external surface of tooth at the level of CEJ, that is, the external root surface anatomy reflects the internal pulp chamber anatomy.

11. 3. CEJ : The distance from the external surface of the clinical crown to the wall of the pulp chamber is the same throughout the circumference of the tooth at the level of the CEJ, making the CEJ is the most consistent repeatable landmark for locating the position of the pulp chamber. 4. Color change : The pulp chamber floor is always darker in color than the walls.

12. 5. Symmetry: Except for maxillary molars. Canal orifices are equidistant from a line drawn in a mesiodistal direction through the center of pulp chamber floor. Orifices lie on a line perpendicular to a line drawn in a mesiodistal direction across the center of the pulp chamber floor. 6. Orifice location : Canal orifices are located at the junction of floor and walls. Orifices are always located at the terminus of the roots developmental fusion lines.

13. Access opening of maxillary molars

14. Maxillary First Molar The shape of pulp chamber is rhomboid . Pala t al c anal or i fice i s l ocat e d p ala t a l l y . Mesiobuccal canal orifice is located under the mesiobuccal cusp. Distobuccal canal orifice is located slightly distal and palatal to the mesiobuccal orifice. A line drawn to connect all three orifices (MB, DB, P) forms a triangle, termed as molar triangle. Generally 3 roots with 3 canals , additional canal is located in MB root. Large pulp chamber triangular in shape with the base toward the buccal and the apex toward the palatal surface.

15. Almost always a second mesiobuccal canal, i.e. MB2 is present in first m a xil l a r y m o l ar s , whi c h p a l atal a n d me s ial to T hough i ts p o s i t i on is located the MB1. can vary so m e t i m es i t can li e a l i ne between MB1 and palatal orifices. B e cause o f p r esence o f M B 2 , t he access cavity acquires a rhomboid shape with corners corresponding to all the canal orifices, i.e. MB1, MB2, DB and P. Average length: MB= 20mm, DB=19.5mm, P=20.5mm . MB canal opening is closer to buccal wall than DB orifice. DB canal is closer to the middle of the tooth than to the distal wall , and it is shorter and finest of the 3 canals.

16. Maxillary Second Molar Access opening of maxillary second molar is similar to that of first molar except few differences: MB2 is less likely to be present in second molar. The three canals form a rounded triangle with base to buccal. Mesiobuccal orifice is located more towards mesial and buccal than in first molar.

17. Errors in access opening of maxillary molars

18. Mesiobuccal orifice is under the mesiobuccal cusp. Mesiolingual orifice is located in a depression formed by mesial and the lingual walls. The distal orifice is oval in shape with largest diameter buccolingually, located distal to the buccal groove. Orifices of all the canals are usually located in the mesial two-thirds of the crown. Distal root has also shown to have more than one orifice, i.e. distobuccal, distolingual and middle distal. These orifices are usually joined by the developmental grooves. The shape of access cavity is usually trapezoidal or rhomboid. Average length: 21 mm. Triangular outline form reflect the anatomy of pulp chamber with the base toward the mesial and the apex toward the distal wall. Mandibular First Molar

19. Mandibular Second Molar Access opening of mandibular second molar is similar to that of first molar except few differences: Pulp chamber is smaller in size. One, two or more canals may be present. Mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canal orifices are usually located closer together. When three canals are present, shape of access cavity is almost similar to mandibular first molar, but it is more triangular and less of rhomboid shape. When two canal orifices are present, access cavity is rectangular, wide mesiodistally and narrow buccolingually. Average length= 20mm. Mesial root have 2 canals, while distal root have one canal.

20. Errors in access opening of mandibular molars

21. Mandibular molars usually have two roots. However, occasionally three roots are present with two or three canals in the mesial and one, two, or three canals in the distal root. Radix Entomolaris De Moor et al reported that mandibular first molars occasionally have an additional ent o mol a ris, dist o lin g u a l r o o t (r a dix RE). The occur r ence of these th r e e - r o o ted m a ndibular first molars is less than (3-5%). For optimal treatment of teeth with this state; radiograph and knowledge of clinical anatomy.

22. C-shaped Canals The main cause for C-shaped roots and canals is the failure of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath to fuse on either the buccal or lingual root surface. The most C-shaped canals occur in the mandibular second molar, they have also been reported in the mandibular first molar, the maxillary first and second molars and the mandibular first premolar. These can be classified into: Category I (C1): The shape is an uninterrupted “C” with no separation or division. Cate g o r y I I (C 2 ) : The c a nal shape r esembles a s emi c o l on r e s ulting from a discontinuation of the “C” outline.

23. Extirpation of pulp may be difficult leading to more bleeding which can be mistaken for perforation. Removal of pulp tissue at coronal isthmus is difficult. To overcome these difficulties, the dental operating microscope, sonic and ultrasonic instrumentation and thermoplastic obturation techniques should be used. Category III (C3): Two or three separate canals. Category IV (C4): Only one round or oval canal is in the cross-section. Category V (C5): No canal lumen can be observed (is usually seen near the apex only).

24. Tilted and angulated crowns If tooth is severely tilted, access cavity should be prepared with great care to avoid perforations. Preoperative radiographs are of great help in evaluating the relationship of crown to the root. Sometimes it becomes necessary to open up the pulp chamber without applying the rubber dam so that bur can be placed at the correct angulation. If not taken care, the access cavity preparation in tilted crowns can result in: Failure to locate canals. Gouging of the tooth structure. accidents such a s : separation, Procedural instrument perforati on . I m p r oper d ebridem e n t of p u lp space.

25. Calcifications in the pulp space are of common occurrence. Pulp space can be partially or completely obliterated by the pulp stones. Teeth with calcifications result in difficulty in locating and further treatment of the calcified canals. Special tips for ultrasonic handpieces are best suited for treating such cases. They allow the precised removal of dentin from the pulp floor while locating calcified canals. But magnification and illumination are the main requirements before negotiating a calcified canal. Calcified canals If spe c ial tips a r e not a v ailable then a pointed ultrasonic scaler tip can be used for removal of calcifications from the pulp space. One should avoid over cutting of the dentin in order to locate the canals, this will further result in loss of landmarks and the tooth weakening.

26. Sclerosed canals Sometimes sclerosed canals are found in teeth which make the endodontic treatment a challenge. For visualization, magnification and illumination are the main requirements. Dyes can be used to locate the sclerotic canals. While negotiating, the precised amount of dentin should be removed with the help of ultrasonic tips to avoid over cutting. Long shanked low speed No. 2 round burs can also be used. Use of chelating agents in these cases is not of much help because it softens the dentin indiscriminately, resulting in procedural errors such as perforations.

27. Teeth with no or minimal crown Some precautions are needed while dealing with such cases: Evaluate the preoperative radiograph to assess the root angulation. Start the cavity preparation without applying rubber dam. Evaluate the depth of penetration from preoperative radiograph. Apply rubber dam as soon as the canals have been located. If precautions are not taken in case of missing crown, there are chances of occurrence of iatrogenic errors like perforations due to misdirection of the bur. In such cases, sometimes it becomes imperative to rebuild the tooth previous to endodontic treatment. In teeth with weakened walls, it is necessary to reinforce the walls before initiating endodontic treatment. In other words, it is necessary to restore the natural form of a crown of the tooth to achieve following goals: R et u r n the to o th to i ts n or m al f o r m and function. Prevent coronal leakage during treatment. Allow use of rubber dam clamps. Prevent fracture of walls which can complicate the endodontic procedure.