Active Learning In Secondary And College Science Classrooms A Working Model For Helping The Learner To Learn 1st Edition Joel A Michael

Active Learning In Secondary And College Science Classrooms A Working Model For Helping The Learner To Learn 1st Edition Joel A Michael
Active Learning In Secondary And College Science Classrooms A Working Model For Helping The Learner To Learn 1st Edition Joel A Michael
Active Learning In Secondary And College Science Classrooms A Working Model For Helping The Learner To Learn 1st Edition Joel A Michael

1. Active Learning In Secondary And College Science
Classrooms A Working Model For Helping The
Learner To Learn 1st Edition Joel A Michael
download
https://ebookbell.com/product/active-learning-in-secondary-and-
college-science-classrooms-a-working-model-for-helping-the-
learner-to-learn-1st-edition-joel-a-michael-2368570
Explore and download more ebooks at ebookbell.com

2. Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.
Active Learning In Political Science For A Postpandemic World From
Triage To Transformation Jeffrey S Lantis
https://ebookbell.com/product/active-learning-in-political-science-
for-a-postpandemic-world-from-triage-to-transformation-jeffrey-s-
lantis-46750830
Active Learning In Organic Chemistry Implementation And Analysis
Society
https://ebookbell.com/product/active-learning-in-organic-chemistry-
implementation-and-analysis-society-22045712
Active Learning In Primary Classrooms A Case Study Approach Silman
https://ebookbell.com/product/active-learning-in-primary-classrooms-a-
case-study-approach-silman-5225516
Active Learning In General Chemistry Specific Interventions American
Chemical Society Division Of Chemical Education
https://ebookbell.com/product/active-learning-in-general-chemistry-
specific-interventions-american-chemical-society-division-of-chemical-
education-12068832

3. Active Learning In General Chemistry Wholeclass Solutions American
Chemical Society Division Of Chemical Education
https://ebookbell.com/product/active-learning-in-general-chemistry-
wholeclass-solutions-american-chemical-society-division-of-chemical-
education-12068834
Sport Management Active Learning In Sport Karen Bill
https://ebookbell.com/product/sport-management-active-learning-in-
sport-karen-bill-2251878
Sport And Exercise Science Active Learning In Sport 1st Edition Joanne
Thatcher
https://ebookbell.com/product/sport-and-exercise-science-active-
learning-in-sport-1st-edition-joanne-thatcher-2251886
Coaching Science Active Learning In Sport Dan Gordon
https://ebookbell.com/product/coaching-science-active-learning-in-
sport-dan-gordon-2251894
Research And Practice Of Active Learning In Engineering Education 1st
Edition Erik De Graaf Gillian Saunderssmits Michael Nieweg
https://ebookbell.com/product/research-and-practice-of-active-
learning-in-engineering-education-1st-edition-erik-de-graaf-gillian-
saunderssmits-michael-nieweg-51982314

6. Active Learning in Secondary
and College Science Classrooms
A Working Model for
Helping the Learner to Learn

7. This page intentionally left blank

8. Active Learning in Secondary
and College Science Classrooms
A Working Model for
Helping the Learner to Learn
Joel A. Michael
Rush Medical College
Harold I. Modell
Physiology Educational Research Consortium
2003
LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS
Mahwah, New Jersey London

9. Copyright © 2003 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form,
by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, without
prior written permission of the publisher.
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers
10 Industrial Avenue
Mahwah, NJ 07430
Cover design by Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Michael, Joel A., 1940-
Active learning in secondary and college science classrooms: a working
model for helping the learner to learn / Joel A. Michael, Harold I. Modell.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8058-3947-X (acid-free paper)
ISBN 0-8058-3948-8 (pbk. : acid-free paper)
1. Science—Study and teaching (Secondary) 2. Science—Study and
teaching (Higher) I. Modell, Harold I. II. Title.
Q181.M46 2003
507' .1—dc21 2003040769
CIP
Books published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates are printed on acid-free
paper, and their bindings are chosen for strength and durability.
Printed in the United States of America
10 987654321

10. This book is dedicated to our students, past, present,
and future. They have provided us, and we expect,
will continue to provide us, with the challenges and rewards
that make our careers exciting and fulfilling.

11. This page intentionally left blank

12. CONTENTS
Preface ix
Part I: Building the Foundation for an Approach to Active Learning
1 What Is Learning and How Does It Occur? 3
2 Meaningful Learning and Problem Solving in Science 19
3 A Model for the Learning Environment 27
Part II: Roles for the Teacher in Creating an Active Learning Environment
4 Defining the Output State 37
5 Assessing the Input State: The Teacher as Diagnostician 43
6 Moving From the Input to the Output State: 53
The Learning Experience
Part III: Creating Active Learning Environments
7 Preparing Students to Participate in an Active 63
Learning Environment
8 Creating an Active Learning Environment in the Science 77
Lecture Hall
9 Promoting Active Learning in the "Conference Room" 89
10 Helping the Learner to Learn in the Student Laboratory 97
vii

13. Viii Contents
11 New Approaches to Science Learning: Cooperative and 105
Collaborative Learning
Part IV: Assessment in an Active Learning Environment
12 Assessment of Student Performance 117
13 How Do I Know It's Working? 127
14 The Teacher as a Reflective Practitioner 137
Part V: Summing Up
15 The Challenges of Helping the Learner to Learn 143
16 Building a Community of Active Learning Practitioners 153
17 The Bottom Line 157
References 159
Author Index 165
Subject Index 169

14. PREFACE
This book is about "helping the learner to learn." While this phrase seems to
merely describe what all good teachers strive to do, it really describes some-
thing more than that. This phrase should be understood as a short-hand de-
scription of a mindset that directs all aspects of the teacher's behavior. Our
purpose is to help you, the reader, to reflect on the implications of what it
means to help the learner to learn and to think about what this might mean in
very concrete ways in a variety of educational settings.
The working model we present in this book is relevant to any teaching
context. However, our focus here is on teaching in secondary and college
science classrooms. Within this context, our specific goals are:
• To help science faculty examine and redefine their roles in the class-
room;
• To define for secondary and college science teachers in all disciplines a
framework for thinking about active learning and the creation of an ac-
tive learning environment; and
• To provide science faculty with the assistance they need to begin build-
ing successful active learning environments in their classrooms.
Our assumption is that you are reading this book because you have al-
ready decided to look for ways to change how you teach, or that you are, at
the very least, prepared to think about doing this. For those of you who are
still preparing to teach, our aim is to help you think about how you will teach
when you finally find yourself in the classroom.
ix

15. X Preface
To reach our goal of helping you adopt a new approach to teaching, we
will take you on a journey on which you will find exposition, opportunities
for exploration, and chances for reflection.
We have organized this book into five sections.
In Part I (Building the Foundation for an Approach to Active Learning),
we will first consider what we know about learning (chap. 1) and then dis-
cuss what is meant by "meaningful learning" (chap. 2). We then propose a
simple model for the educational process (chap. 3) that we will use to struc-
ture the remainder of our journey.
In Part II (Roles for the Teacher in Creating an Active Learning Environ-
ment), we consider the roles of the teacher as described by our model: defin-
ing the students' expected output state (chap. 4), determining the students'
input state (chap. 5), and creating the learning experiences that make up a
course (chap. 6).
We then turn from the general to the specific, and, in Part III (Creating
Active Learning Environments), we describe what one must do to create an
active learning environment in the classroom. Chapter 7 deals with the issue
of preparing students to participate in an active learning environment.
Chapters 8, 9, and 10 discuss ideas associated with promoting active learn-
ing in lecture, discussion, and laboratory settings. Chapter 11 discusses co-
operative and collaborative learning, newer approaches to science learning.
In Part IV (Assessment in an Active Learning Environment), we deal
with questions about what is really happening in the active learning environ-
ment you create: Chapter 12 discusses evaluating student performance.
Chapter 13 raises the issue of how you can know if your efforts to promote
active learning are working, and Chapter 14 discusses the idea that the
teacher must be a reflective practitioner.
Finally, we bring our journey to a close in Part V (Summing Up). Chapter
15 presents a frank discussion of the challenges that you may encounter in
attempting to change the way you teach. Chapter 16 describes the process of
building an academic community of active learning practitioners. We end in
Chapter 17 with a review of our "take home" messages.
We have brought a perspective to the task of writing this book that, if not
unique, is relatively uncommon. Both authors were trained as physiologists in
graduate programs at major research universities. We began our academic ca-
reers at institutions that, nevertheless, expected us to teach as well as do re-
search. Both of us became heavily involved with educational issues as a result
of our individual work in computer-based education in physiology. We ap-
proached our roles in the classroom in much the same way as we functioned
in the laboratory, asking questions, observing outcomes, and trying new ap-

16. Preface xi
proaches to reach our goal of enabling student learning. At different times and
for different reasons, we both abandoned our physiology research programs
to devote full time to research and faculty development activities in science
education. Thus, we bring our experiences as scientists (in both physiology
and education), as classroom teachers (at a variety of post-secondary levels),
and as experienced faculty development practitioners to this book.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The ideas in this book are the product of more than 10 years of research and a
nearly non-stop dialogue about learning and teaching. We are indebted to our
colleagues in the Physiology Educational Research Consortium, and espe-
cially Allen Rovick and Mary Pat Wenderoth, for their vigorous participation
in this dialogue and for their many insights. We would also like to thank the
National Institutes of Health, the Office of Naval Research, and the National
Science Foundation for their support of our research efforts in this area. (This
project was supported, in part, by NSF grant number REC-9909411.)
Joel Michael would like to express his appreciation for the support that
he has received over the years from his wife, Greta. She has been an impor-
tant sounding board for ideas and a marvelous proofreader when that has
been needed. He also wishes to acknowledge his daughters, Jennifer and
Erica. He learned a great deal about teaching and learning from watching
their progress through many years of school.
Harold Modell appreciates the role that his wife, Jane, plays as a life part-
ner and best friend. She always offers encouragement and support when it is
needed most. He also offers thanks to his daughter, Tamara, who has partici-
pated as a colleague in the development process that has led to recognizing
the power of the "helping the learner to learn mindset."
—Joel Michael
—Harold Modell

17. This page intentionally left blank

18. PartI
Building the Foundation
for an Approach to Active Learning

19. This page intentionally left blank

20. Chapter
1
What Is Learning
and How Does It Occur?
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Learning is a change in behavior that results from the learner's interaction
with the environment (experience). Recent advances in cognitive science are
beginning to provide us with some general principles, applicable in educa-
tion, that should facilitate learning. (1) All learning occurs on the foundation
of already learned knowledge and skills. (2) To the extent that the old knowl-
edge is faulty, the learning of new knowledge will be compromised. (3) De-
clarative (what) and procedural (how) knowledge are different, and the
processes of learning them are different. (4) Learning declarative knowledge
involves building mental representations or models. (5) Practice with timely
and appropriate feedback is required for all procedural learning. (6) Reten-
tion and the ability to utilize knowledge (meaningful learning) is facilitated
by building connections (links) between old knowledge structures and the
new knowledge being learned. (7) The ability to construct multiple represen-
tations of the new knowledge is an important component of meaningful learn-
ing. (8) Some knowledge and skills, when acquired, are context-specific while
other knowledge and skills may be more readily transferred to a new domain.
(9) Collaborative or cooperative effort can yield more individual learning
than individual effort alone. (10) Articulating explanations, whether to peers,
teachers, or one's self, facilitates learning.
Examples of learning are all around us. The neighbors' new baby is learning
to speak Hindi from its grandmother. Your brother's baby is learning to
walk. Your daughter has learned to ride a two-wheeled bicycle. Your son has
learned all the presidents in chronological order. Your sister has gone back
to school and is learning to be a lawyer. Your spouse has learned to use a
3

21. 4 Chapter I
spreadsheet at work, and you have learned to use a database program to keep
track of your collection of CDs. Grandma has learned to use e-mail to keep
in touch with all her grandchildren.
What, if anything, do all of these examples of "learning" have in com-
mon? In each instance, some observable, more or less permanent change in
the learner's behavior has occurred as a result of his or her interaction with a
particular environment. Learning is the result of experience. This is nothing
more than a re-statement of the usual dictionary definition of learning. Nev-
ertheless, such a definition has significant implications for teaching and
what happens, or should happen, in the classroom.
This book focuses on how to create a learning environment that will facil-
itate students' mastery of science. The starting point for such an effort must
be an understanding of the processes involved in learning. The next step,
and it is an essential one, is for teachers to redefine their roles in the class-
room. This will be a recurring theme throughout this book.
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT LEARNING?
Psychology has studied learning and the related phenomenon of memory since
the late 19th century. The development of cognitive science and its multi-
ple-disciplinary approach to such questions has hastened the pace of these stud-
ies enormously over the past 40 years. Cognitive Science, one of the premier
journals of this discipline, bills itself as "A Multidisciplinary Journal of Artifi-
cial Intelligence, Linguistics, Neuroscience, Philosophy, Psychology." Contro-
versies abound in learning research about issues of experimental methodology,
interpretation of data, and even what questions can be asked and potentially an-
swered. Nevertheless, it is possible to summarize what we have learned about
learning. The set of assertions that follow can serve to guide you as you plan and
implement the learning environment in which your students will function.
One of the dominant schools of thought about learning, one that is partic-
ularly prevalent in all discussions of science learning, is constructivism.
BEFORE PROCEEDING!
Think about something that you recently learned to do
(NOT some fact that you recently acquired). How did
you learn whatever you learned? What steps did you
have to go through? How did you know when you had
succeeded?

22. What Is Learning and How Does It Occur? 5
The constructivist approach to learning had one point of origin in the work
of Piaget and his followers and another in the information processing para-
digm that came to be prominent in cognitive science. There are now many
different forms of constructivism, but each of them embraces several basic
tenets. First, knowledge cannot be transmitted from one individual to an-
other individual in any mode. Knowledge is built by the learner using inter-
nal cognitive processes acting on stimuli from the environment. The result
is a mental representation, or model, of the "real world" that can be used to
solve problems. These representations or models may be well defined or
they may be ill defined. In any event, as the learner continues to learn, they
will be modified and refined.
Of course, this means that it is the learner who is responsible for the learn-
ing that occurs. It also means that all we, as teachers, can do is to help the
learner to learn. Second, the learner's process of building new knowledge
starts with a foundation of everything that is already known by the learner.
The learner is not simply a blank slate (tabula rasa) on which experience
writes the new lessons being learned (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 1999).
It is clear, however, that at least some of what the learner already "knows"
is wrong in whole or in part. This "wrong" knowledge has been labeled by
investigators as misconceptions, alternative conceptions, and naive theories
(Wandersee, Mintzes, & Novak, 1994). Whatever labels are used, they de-
scribe some kind of conceptual difficulty that the student is having (Michael
et al., 2002). We will use the term misconceptions to refer to such "incor-
rect" knowledge. The significance of misconceptions is that their presence
inevitably interferes with the learner's attempt to incorporate new, correct
knowledge that is to be learned into that which is already known. Learning
requires "repair" of existing mental representations (models) to correct mis-
conceptions while simultaneously extending the model to include new con-
cepts. Thus, learning is often talked about as representing a process of
"conceptual change" (Smith, 1991).
In thinking about learning, it is important to recognize that there are at
least three different kinds of "things" that can be learned: (1) declarative
knowledge, (2) procedural knowledge, and (3) psychomotor skills. As we
will see, all three have been extensively studied by the learning sciences.
Declarative knowledge is the "what" of a particular topic. It can be a set of
facts that defines aspects of the subject matter. The facts can be as simple as
the definition of terms ("amino acids are ... ," "the resting potential is ... ,"
"igneous rock is ... ") or a collection of data ("normal mean arterial pressure
is ... ," "the equilibrium constant for this reaction is ... ," "the value of the
gravitational constant is ..."). Declarative knowledge can also be more com-

23. 6 Chapter 1
plex and consist of concepts (osmotic pressure, host defense, plate tectonics),
general principles (conservation of mass), or defined relationships between
entities (cardiac output equals stroke volume times heart rate, an increase in
the population of predators will lead to a decrease in the population of prey).
Declarative knowledge is stored as mental representations or mental
models. Although there are a number of competing theories describing
these mental "entities," the idea that new declarative knowledge must be re-
lated to (connected to, linked to) the knowledge already present is univer-
sally accepted. The richer the links, the better the new knowledge will be
retained, and the more readily the knowledge can be retrieved for use in
problem solving (see chap. 2).
In other words, learning involves the process of building mental models
from existing and new information and testing these models. We will define
learning in the context of helping the learner to learn as the iterative process
of building, testing, and refining mental models (see Figure 1.1). We define
an active learning environment as one in which students are engaged in the
process of building, testing, and refining their mental models.
Rote learning ("memorizing") of declarative knowledge is a common
component of all school-based learning. Learning the elements in the peri-
odic table by repeated recitation and correction is a clear example of rote
learning. Experimental psychology has studied memorization tasks like this
for many years, and we have a good understanding of the factors that deter-
mine the success or failure of memorizing. However, it is generally agreed
that rote learning is a low-level cognitive process that can only provide in-
formation ("facts") that may or may not be used later for higher levels of
learning. Our interest, one that is shared by most teachers, is in helping stu-
dents accomplish meaningful learning in which facts are accumulated and
organized into a conceptual framework, or mental model, that allows these
"facts" to be used to accomplish tasks in the real world (see chap. 2).
FIG. 1.1. One definition of learning.

24. Other documents randomly have
different content

25. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF THE
CITY OF BROOKLYN AND KINGS COUNTY, VOLUME I. ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.
copyright law means that no one owns a United States
copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy
and distribute it in the United States without permission and
without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the
General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE

26. THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

27. PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the
free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and
Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree
to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease
using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only
be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

28. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for
keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the
work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement
by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full
Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project
Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project

29. Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the
United States and most other parts of the world at no
cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may
copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the
Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in
the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
country where you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of
the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project
Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files

30. containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute
this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must,
at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy,
a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy
upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or
providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty

31. payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who
notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend
considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright

32. law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these
efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium
on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as,
but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data,
transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property
infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be
read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except
for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE
THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT
EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE
THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you
discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.

33. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set
forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you
do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission
of Project Gutenberg™

34. Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status
by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or
federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions
to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.
The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500
West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, [phone]. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact

35. Section 4. Information about Donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws
regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine
the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states
where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot
make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current
donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and

36. credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.
Section 5. General Information About
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several
printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.

37. back

38. Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.
More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge
connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.
Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and
personal growth every day!
ebookbell.com