Affecting Socio Emotional Development.pptx

Adolescent

1. Module 6 - Lesson 3 : Affecting Socio-emotional Development and Exceptional Development

2. Learning Outcomes: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Distinguish the different factors affecting development; and 2. Examine the exceptional development.

3. Factors Affecting Development: Parenting, Role Models, Peer Groups and Interactions Parenting Parenting is going out of one’s way to assist, help, listen, do something for a child . Parenting is learned and picked up from how individuals are parented. According to Cobb (2001), parenting is more a matter of who one is than what one does, passed on from one generation to the next. Diana Baumrind (1996) has distinguished four styles of parenting: authoritative parenting , authoritarian parenting , indulgent parenting , and neglectful parenting .

4. STYLES OF PARENTING Parenting Style Characteristics Resulting Social Behavior in Child Authoritative parenting is a style of parenting that stresses self-reliance and independence. Parents maintain open communication lines with children and give reasons when instilling discipline. Demanding, encourages independence; responsive, warm, and nurturing; disciplines with explanation; maintains open dialogue Social competence and responsibility Authoritarian parenting is a style of parenting that stresses obedience, respect for authority, and traditional values. Demanding; consistent in enforcing standards; restrictive; controlling Ineffective social interaction; inactive

5. STYLES OF PARENTING Parenting Style Characteristics Resulting Social Behavior in Child Indulgent parenting is a style of parenting characterized by show of affection, love, warmth, and nurturance but with little supervision. Responsive, warm and nurturing; undemanding; uses punishment inconsistently and infrequently; exercises little control Social competence, well-adjusted; peer oriented; misconduct Neglectful parenting is a style of parenting characterized by little warmth, nurturing, and supervision. Unresponsive, little warmth or nurturance; undemanding, sets few limits and provides little supervision Poor orientation to work and school; behavior problems

6. Role Models Mother-infant bond depends on feelings. It is here that the groundwork for “emotional maturity” is laid. In general, the child learns to be confident in his own ability to explore; develops self-confidence and security. Father-child interactions appear to be central to the development of a child’s ability to maintain strong, fulfilling social relationships later in life. Their interactions tend to be more physical and less intimate, with more of a reliance on humor and excitement. A father’s more playful interactive style turns out to be critical in teaching a child emotional self-control. Peers also influence acquisition of knowledge behaviors. Social skills are learned by modeling or imitating. What the peers do are copied and followed by those who observe them.

7. Peer Groups and Interactions As the young are experiencing rapid physical changes, they take comfort with other people who are undergoing the same changes. Birth order and variations in sibling relations are related. Children who make friends with aggressive children may either become the object of relational aggression or of being drawn into interactions with others. Teens prefer friends who go for the same interests - sports, music, dance, and so on.

8. Exceptional Development: Mental Disorders Some people may demonstrate behavior that seems abnormal in the sense that they are far beyond expectations - statistically, socially and maladaptive. These three are ways given by Plotnik (1999) as gauge to decide whether a behavior is abnormal. And yet Plotnik was of the opinion that neither of the three measures can accurately describe abnormal behavior. Statistical Frequency Social Approach Maladaptive Behavior

9. Statistical Frequency the statistical frequency approach says that a behavior may be considered abnormal if it occurs rarely or infrequently in relation to the behavior of the general population. Social Approach The social norm approach says that a behavior is considered abnormal if it deviates greatly from accepted social standard values or norms. Maladaptive Behavior This approach defines a behavior as psychologically damaging or abnormal if it interferes with the individual’s ability to function in one’s personal life or in society. Gauge in Assessing Abnormal Behavior

10. Medical Model Approach - The medical model approach views mental disorders as similar to physical diseases with symptoms that can be diagnosed and treated. Doctors use drugs to treat physical diseases in the same way psychiatrists use psychoactive drugs to treat mental disorders. Cognitive-Behavioral Approach - It emphasizes that mental disorders result from deficits in cognitive processes, such as thoughts and beliefs, and from behavioral problems such as deficits in skills and abilities. Psychoanalytic Approach - Psychoanalytic approach states that mental disorders are due to unconscious conflicts or problems with unresolved conflicts at one or more of the psychosexual stage. Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

11. Generalized Anxiety Disorder - This is characterized by excessive so unrealistic worry about almost everything or feeling that something bad is about to happen. Psychological symptoms: irritable, having difficulty concentrating, unable to control one’s worry, distress, impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other areas. Physical symptoms: restlessness, being easily fatigued, sweating, flushing, pounding heart, insomnia, clammy hands, headache, and muscle tension or aches. Treatment: Generalized anxiety disorder is commonly treated with psychotherapy with or without drugs. The drugs most frequently prescribed are tranquilizers. Common Mental Disorders

12. Panic Disorder - this is characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. People who suffer from panic disorder have an increased risk of alcohol and other drug abuse, an increased incidence of suicide, decreased social functioning, and decreased marital happiness. Symptoms: A panic attack is a period of intense fear or discomfort in which four or more of the following symptoms are evident: pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, feeling of choking, chest pain, nausea, feeling dizzy and fear of losing control or dying . Treatment: Successful treatment may require 3-8 months of drug therapy and psychotherapy (Spiegel and Bruce, 1997). However, some clients relapsed once drug treatment was stopped. Common Mental Disorders

13. Phobia - this is an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense and irrational fear that is out of all proportions to the possible danger of the object or situation. Because of this intense fear, which is accompanied by increased physiological arousal, a person goes to great lengths to avoid the feared event. Social phobias - are characterized by irrational, marked, and continuous fear of performing in social situations. The individuals fear that they will humiliate or embarrass themselves (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Specific phobias - formerly called simple phobias are characterized by marked and persistent fears that are unreasonable and triggered by anticipation of or exposure to a specific object or situation (flying, height, spiders, water, blood) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Common Mental Disorders

14. Mood Disorders - A mood disorder is a prolonged and disturbed emotional state that affects almost all of a person’s thought and behavior. Major depression is marked by at least two weeks of continually being in a bad mood, having no interest in anything, and getting no pleasure from activities. In addition, a person must have at least four of the following symptoms: problem in eating, sleeping, thinking, concentrating, or making decision, lacking energy, thinking about suicide, and feeling worthless or guilty . (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Psychosocial factors such as underlying personality traits, amount of social support are believed to interact with predisposing biological factors that combine to put one at risk for developing a mood disorder. Common Mental Disorders

15. Bipolar Disorder - Bipolar disorder or manic depressive illness, as sometimes referred to is a mood disorder (Reyes, 2008). It has two opposing conditions - at one end is the “up” part called mania . This can last for months, if untreated. When the person is in this cycle, he/she feels energetic, talkative, outgoing and optimistic feeling that he is more creative and sharp thinker. On the other side when the opposite cycle begins after the ebbing out of the “up” part, the person becomes depressive, miserable, tense and irritable . He/She hallucinates and resorts to reckless behavior. Bipolar disorder may lead to excessive sleep, overeating, and insomnia . It is likely that this manic phase in bipolar depression result to emergency hospitalization and be more dangerous. Bipolar disorder increases suicidal risks. Common Mental Disorders

16. Prepared by: Arn Franz Michael M. Paco Group 6 BEED 2A