agr PPT new-1 by agrometeorological students

Agromet ppt

1. Submitted by:- Peerzada Mohsan ( BSH -2022 - 1443) Prerna (BSH -2022-1444) Pushpender (BSH -2022 - 1445) Qazi Jveerah Noor (BSH-2022- 1446) Radiya Riyaz (BSH -2022-1447) Razia Maqbool (BSH -2022 -1448) Rimsha ( BSH-2022 - 1449) Submitted to : Dr. Lateif Ahmad Course : Agrometeorology and Climate change ( AGR- 321) BSC Horticulture ( 3rd year,6th sem )   SHER E KASHMIR UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY  

2. Cloud Seeding: It's Formation and Classification

3. Cloud Seeding Cloud seeding is a 75-year-old technique (the first pioneering attempts were documented by Schaefer 1946 and Vonnegut 1947) used to modify suitable clouds with ‘seed’ particles to increase rainfall. These seed particles are ‘cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), a particle on which water vapour condensates’ or ‘ice nuclei particles, a particle on which water freezes’, a subset of suspended particulates in the atmosphere named aerosol particles. These CCNs have an affinity for water vapour to form cloud droplets. The ice nuclei particles can form ice particles.  

4. History Of Cloud Seeding In India Early Research (1955–1967 ) Major Experiments (1968–1985 ) Murthy et al. Study (1973–1986) 1955 : Rain & Cloud Physics Research (RCPR) set up under CSIR, New Delhi. 1967 : RCPR moved to IITM, Pune . Focus: Cloud microphysics Rain formation in tropical monsoons Lab tests on cloud seeding materials 1968–1975 (Delhi) : Cold cloud seeding using Silver Iodide ➤ Result: 11% increase in rainfall (statistically significant) 1973 & 1977 (Chennai) : Ground-based warm cloud seeding ➤ Result: Not effective 1973–1985 (Pune) : Aerial seeding using Salt (NaCl) ➤ Result: Inconclusive but helped identify favorable seeding conditions Location: Inland areas west of India (100 km from coast) Clouds: Stratocumulus & cumulus Method: Salt seeding (30 kg per 3 km flight) Result: Up to 24% increase in rainfall under specific conditions

5. Types OF Cloud Seeding Hygroscopic seeding : In warm clouds, sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride ( KCl ), or calcium chloride (CaCl2) is used as a seeding agent, and this method is called Hygroscopic cloud seeding. In hygroscopic seeding, coalescence (drop spectrum broadens and during the nucleation process by seeding with larger than natural CCN of 0.5 µm to 3 µm dry diameter) of water droplets is promoted to improve the efficiency of rain formation.

6. Glacigenic seeding: Glaciogenic cloud seeding is used in clouds where the temperature is below freezing (0. In this method, silver iodide (AgI) is released into the cloud to help form ice crystals. These crystals grow by collecting more water and by combining with other ice particles. As they get heavier, they fall and pass through warmer air, where they melt and turn into raindrops, helping to increase rainfall

7. 1. Lo ud seeding is done using flares that are burned near or inside clouds, either from the ground or by aircraft. 2 . Aircraft seeding is the most effective because flares can be placed directly into the right part of the cloud. 3 . Ground-based methods like burners or artillery are less accurate and often miss the target, especially if clouds are small or high. 4 . Ground flares may cause environmental issues as the particles spread near the surface. 5 . Aircraft seeding avoids these issues by releasing seed particles from flares fixed on the wings or body of the aircraft. How is Cloud Seeding Done

8. Type of seed particles required for cloud seeding Cloud seeding can be done from ground-based generators or aircraft. The DRI Cloud Seeding Research Program primarily uses ground-based generators, which are designed and built by DRI and can be operated remotely.Most cloud seeding operations, including those run by DRI, use a compound called silver iodide ( AgI ) to aid in the formation of ice crystals. Silver iodide exists naturally in the environment at low concentrations, and is not known to be harmful to humans or wildlife.Apart from silver iodide, other compounds like Potassium Iodide (KI) and even sodium chloride (NaCl) – which is basically common salt – are used in some regions, especially in warmer clouds.Sometimes , dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) is also used for seeding cold clouds, as it cools the cloud enough to trigger ice crystal formation.

9. P hysics OF Cloud Seeding 1. Aerosol particles are tiny particles in the air. Some of them, called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN ) , attract water vapor and help form cloud droplets. 2. Cloud seeding adds extra particles to existing clouds to boost rainfall. 3 . In warm clouds , CCNs grow by collecting water vapor. These droplets then collide and merge (coalescence) to become bigger and fall as rain. 4. Hygroscopic particles (like salt) are released at the cloud base to provide larger CCNs than those naturally present, which speeds up droplet growth and rain. 5. In cold clouds , glaciogenic particles like silver iodide form ice crystals. These grow by collecting more water or other ice particles and melt into rain when falling through warmer air. 6. In monsoon clouds , both warm and cold processes can happen together, making rain more effective

10. Under Which Conditions Will Cloud Seeding Work Optimum Atmospheric Instability: Moderate instability (convection) is essential to allow the vertical development of clouds, enabling the upward movement of moist air and formation of precipitation-sized droplets. Sufficient Humidity : The atmosphere needs to be moderately humid so that clouds can sustain their growth and support condensation processes necessary for rainfall. Cloud Development: Vertical cloud growth is necessary. If horizontal wind speeds are too strong, they may disperse clouds before they can grow vertically and develop sufficient moisture content for precipitation.

11. Significance OF Cloud Seeding Rainfall Enhancement Increases precipitation in drought-prone or dry regions. Supports agriculture and drinking water supply during water scarcity. Drought Mitigation Helps reduce the impact of prolonged dry periods on crops and livestock. Provides relief to rural and agrarian communities. Water Resource Management Recharges reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater. Helps manage water distribution in regions with uneven rainfall. Agricultural Support Boosts crop yield by ensuring timely rainfall during critical growing seasons. Air Pollution Reduction Helps clear airborne pollutants and particulate matter by bringing them down with rain. Hydropower Generation Maintains water levels in dams for consistent power generation. Snowpack Enhancement (in cold regions) Increases snow accumulation for regions relying on snowmelt for water supply

12. Related Photos

13. Cloud seeding is a potential tool for enhancing rainfall in water-stressed regions, using substances like silver iodide to stimulate precipitation in suitable clouds. Its effectiveness depends on atmospheric conditions such as moisture, instability, and cloud depth. While research shows promise, more scientific validation is needed to confirm its reliability. With proper monitoring and evaluation, cloud seeding can support water resource management as a supplementary strategy. Conclusion

14. Refrences : Review on advances in Precipitation enhancements (Summary of the assessment report by WMO on the convective cloud and winter orographic cloud seeding) https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/100/8/bams-d-18-0160.1.xml Quest for Effective hygroscopic cloud seeding https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/49/7/2010jamc2307.1.xml 3. Book on Cloud Seeding by J.R. Kulkarni https://www.flipkart.com/cloudseeding/p/itm1f498f030c184 4. Rain Enhancement Technology : Making Sense of the “Cloud Seeding” Program in India - https://doi.org/10.1177/02704676209637 5 . WMO document of weather modification ; Updated in the meeting of the Expert Team on Weather Modification Research Phitsanulok , Thailand, 17-19 March 2015 6 . WMO, 2018: Plans and guidance for weather modification activities. Executive Council: Sixty-ninth session, WMO Rep. WMO-1196, 261–264.

15. Refrences : 7. WMO, 2018: Peer review report on Global Precipitation Enhancement Activities . WWRP- No. 2018-1. https://filecloud.wmo.int/share/s/_ujeyRLhRxGYsN05nO6X_Q 8. Geerts, B., Q. Miao, Y. Yang, R. Rasmussen, and D. Breed, 2010: An Airborne Profiling Radar Study of the Impact of Glaciogenic Cloud Seeding on Snowfall from Winter Orographic Clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3286–3302, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3496.1 ( A comprehensive study using radar illustrating the cloud seeding impact) 9 . Hosari , A.T., and Co-authors, 2021: The UAE Cloud Seeding Program: A statistical and physical evaluation. Atmosphere (Basel), 12, 1013, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081013 . (Illustrates the statistical evaluation of operational cloud seeding in UAE with radar) 10. Murty, A.S.R., Co-authors, 2000 : 11-year warm cloud seeding experiment in Maharashtra State, India. J Wea Mod, 32, 10–20 ( Results of Indian cloud seeding experiment over 11 years) 11. Nagaraja, K. and Manikiam , B., 2020: Cloud seeding in Karnataka–initial results, VayuMandal , 46(2) (Operational cloud seeding by Karnatake )

16. Image Refrences : 1 .https:// www.google.com / url?sa = i&url =https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fcloud-meteorology&psig=AOvVaw1MQPJDtJTP3Pj_SF7MWKFD&ust=1755968068808000&source= images&cd = vfe&opi =89978449&ved=0CBgQjhxqFwoTCIDl17Lxno8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE 2.https:// www.google.com / url?sa = i&url =https%3A%2F%2Fidwr.idaho.gov%2Fiwrb%2Fprograms%2Fcloud-seeding-program%2Fhistory-of-cloud-seeding%2F&psig=AOvVaw1lHnQU1TblEoCgvBO8S7gb&ust=1755968501713000&source= images&cd = vfe&opi =89978449&ved=0CBgQjhxqFwoTCIC8hOvyno8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE 3. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbiostudizz.weebly.com%2Fhaze--cloud-seeding.html&psig=AOvVaw3Tu3qBo8UPXbJiCS1q37qX&ust=1755970219708000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBgQjhxqFwoTCLDjlJP5no8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE 4. https://www.kxnet.com/news/cloud-seeding-what-is-it-and-what-isnt-it/ 5.https:// www.google.com / search?sca_esv =2c3e9cac12e8dae2&lns_surface=26&authuser=0&biw=1707&bih=820&hl=en- 6.https:// www.google.com / search?sca_esv =0b980b61857dcfab&lns_surface=26&authuser=0&biw=1707&bih=820&hl=en- IN&sxsrf =AE3TifMWVgHnzFbviexY6E2x- 6.

17. Image Refrences : 8. https://depositphotos.com/photo/white-clouds-perfect-blue-sky-13766759.html 9. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thunderstorm_Over_Nalban_-_Kolkata_2011-05-04_2759.JPG 10. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/dr-sumitha-j-a4938a221_snsinstitutions-snsdesignthinkers-designthinking-activity-7189712106001240064-f9vl 11. https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/about 12. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-16/hydro-tasmania-flood-cloudseeding-report-not-before-minister/7516276 13.https:// www.google.com / search?sca_esv =0b980b61857dcfab&lns_surface=26&authuser=0&biw=1707&bih=820&hl=en- - 7.https:// www.google.com / search?sca_esv =0b980b61857dcfab&lns_surface=26&authuser=0&biw=1707&bih=820&hl=en-

18. Thank You