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1. Presentation on AFOLU: Co-benefits, Risks, and Spillovers Submitted By, Group-06 18103432 ( Saida Islam Sejuti ) 18103433 ( Lutfun Nahar Sheto ) 18103434 ( Yeasmin Siddiqua ) 18103435 ( Rabia Akter Monifa ) 18103436 ( Marufa Yesmin Shimu ) Session: 2017-18 3 rd Year, 2 nd Semester Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University Trishal-2224, Mymensingh Submitted To, Dr. Md. Badiuzzaman Khan Professor and Former Head Department of Environmental Science Bangladesh Agricultural University Course Name: Agriculture and Environment Course Code: ESE 3213

2. Outline of the Presentation Introduction AFOLU: Co-benefits, Risks, Spillovers Co-benefits & Risks : 1) Socio-economic effects Co-benefits & Risks : 2) Environmental effects Co-benefits & R isks : 3) Public perception Spillovers Conclusion

3. Anthropogenic land-use activities (e.g., management of croplands, forests, grasslands, wetlands), and changes in land use/cover (e.g., conversion of forest lands and grasslands to cropland and pasture, afforestation) cause changes superimposed on these natural fluxes. AFOLU activities lead to both sources of CO2 and sink, and to non-CO2 emissions primarily from agriculture. Introduction CO 2 N Soil Re-distribute among different pools including living biomass, dead residues, and soil OM CO2 & other GHG, largely CH4 & N2O released to the atmosphere by plant respiration decomposition of dead plant biomass and soil organic matter combustion. Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use plays a central role for food security and sustainable development .

4. AFOLU: Co-benefits, Risks, Spillovers AFOLU : Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use. Co benefits: Co-benefits are the added benefits we get when we act to control climate change or GHG emissions in AFOLU, above and beyond the direct benefits of a more stable climate. Risks: Risk implies future negative impacts or uncertainty about deviation from expected outcome of any activity. Risks are of different types and originate from different situations. Spillovers: A  spillover  is a situation or feeling that starts in one place but then begins to happen or have an effect somewhere else.

5. Implementation of AFOLU mitigation measures will result in a range of outcomes beyond changes in GHG balances with respect to institutional, economic, social, and environmental objectives. If effects are positive- they can be deemed “Co-benefits” if adverse and uncertain- they imply “ Risks” . A global assessment of the co-benefits and adverse side-effects of AFOLU mitigation measures is challenging for a number of reasons. AFOLU: Co-benefits, Risks, Spillovers

6. First, co-benefits and adverse side-effects depend on the development context and the scale of the intervention (size). Example- Implementing the same AFOLU mitigation measure in two different areas can have different socio-economic, institutional, or environmental effects. Thus the effects are site-specific and generalizations are difficult. Second, these effects do not necessarily overlap geographically, socially, or over the same time scales. Third, there is no general agreement on attribution of co benefits and adverse side-effects to specific AFOLU mitigation measures. Fourth, there are no standardized metrics for quantifying many of these effects. AFOLU: Co-benefits, Risks, Spillovers

7. Co-benefits & Risks 1) Socio-economic Effects

8. Co-benefits & Risks

9. Co-benefits & Risks AFOLU Sector may potentially affect our environment in different ways which can be positive or negative. Positive effects/Co-benefits of AFOLU Sector are: It increases food production AFOLU mitigation Promote Conservation of biological diversity both by reducing deforestation & by using reforestation to restore biodiverse communities. Positive impacts on Albedo and evaporation & interactions with ozone . 2) Environmental Effects

10. Co-benefits & Risks Negative effects/Risks of AFOLU Sector are: It reduce water availability & other environmental services . Increasing land-rents and food prices due to reduction in land availability. Promoting land use changes and Monocultures can reduce biodiversity. Potential Impacts On Climate Land use intensity drives the three main N loss pathways (nitrate leaching, denitrification, and ammonia volatilization) & typical N balances. Leakages from the N cycle can cause air emission, water pollution , soil erosion and adverse environmental impacts .

11. Co-benefits & Risks Impacts on Water resources AFOLU mitigation measure impacts on water resources. Two main components are found here- Water yield and 2)water quality. Water yield: Can be manipulated with forest management, through afforestation, reforestation, forest thinning or deforestation. Water yield is the reduction of flood peaks & water flow. Water quality: Can be affected by AFOLU. It degraded water resources & lowering water table .

12. Co-benefits & Risks AFOLU Effects on Soil Increasing or maintaining carbon stocks in living biomass. Positive or negative Carbon mineralization priming effect. Increase or decrease on fibre availability as well as non-timber /non wood products output . Increase or reduction of resilience , reduction of disaster risks .

13. Co-benefits & Risks 3) Public Perception Mitigation measures that support sustainable development are likely to be viewed positively in terms of public perception, but a large-scale drive towards mitigation without inclusion of key stakeholder communities involved would likely not be greeted favorably.

14. Co-benefits & Risks Public Perception Concerns There are concerns about competition between food and AFOLU outcomes either because of an increasing use of land for biofuel plantations by afforestation/reforestation or by blocking the transformation of forest land into agricultural land

15. Co-benefits & Risks Public Perception Threats Lack of clarity regarding the architecture of the future international climate regime and the role of AFOLU mitigation measures is perceived as a potential threat for long-term planning and long-term investments.

16. Co-benefits & Risks Importance of Public Perceptions Public perception is often as important as scientific evidence of hazard/risk in considering government policy regarding such technologies.

17. Spillovers Con cepts and Types- Spillover is a positive externality due to the public nature of knowledge (knowledge as a public good). Three types of spillover effects have been identified : A cross-location, across-commodity, and price spillover effects. The first two types are direct effects and the last indirect .

18. Knowledge Spillover as a factor of Innovative Development & the Effectiveness of Agriculture Emerging knowledge on the importance of ecosystems services as a means for addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation have brought attention to the role of ecosystem management for achieving several development goals, beyond climate change adaptation and mitigation. This knowledge has enhanced the creation of ecosystem markets. Spillovers

19. Knowledge Spillover as a factor of Innovative Development & the Effectiveness of Agriculture Ecosystem market approaches can serve as a framework to assess the benefits of mitigation actions from project, to regional and national level. Furthermore, designing ecosystem market approaches yields methodologies for the evaluation of individual components and other types of ecosystem service (e.g., biodiversity, social amenity) etc. Spillovers

20. Conclusion AFOLU is unique among the sectors, since the mitigation potential is derived from both an enhancement of removals of GHG , as well as reduction of emissions through management of land and livestock . The following Co benefits, Risks and Spillovers contains much potentiality in our country prospect indeed. And so… Maximizing co-benefits of AFOLU mitigation measures can increase efficiency in achieving the objectives of other international agreements, including the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, or the CBD and mitigation actions may also contribute to a broader global sustainability.

21. Thank You All