Allergic Rhinitis

allergic rhinitis

1. Ramesh Parajuli MS
Lecturer, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery
Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital
Bharatpur-10, Fax: [phone], Chitwan, Nepal
[email protected]
Allergic rhinitis

2. Definition
“IgE mediated hypersensitivity disease of mucous membranes of
nasal airways characterized by sneezing, watery nasal discharge ,
itching and nasal obstruction” (Durham, 1999)

3. Prevalence
•Global health problem
•Prevalence - 15% and 20% (Nathan et al.,1999)
•Higher in pediatric age group(Wright et al.,1994)
•Approx. 80% develop symptoms before age of 20
(Skoner et al., 2001)

4. •Not a severe disorder but significantly
alters patient’s social life
-school performance
-work productivity
•Substantial cost
Impact on quality of life

5. 1. Genetic susceptibility:
2. Family history of atopy: e.g. asthma,eczema,hay
fever,urticaria
(Genes involved in atopy - loci on 5q,11q and 12q
chromosomes)
3. Environmental factors:
•Pollution-climate interaction
•Irritants
eg. fumes, tobacco smoke, diesel exhaust,
mosquito repellents, perfumes, scented sticks,
domestic sprays, bleaches
4. Exposure to allergens:
•Seasonal : Pollen, Fungus
•Perennial: Dust mite, domestic pets, cockroaches
Risk factors

6. 5.Hygiene hypothesis
•Increased exposure to various allergensimmune maturationhelp decrease
the incidence of allergic diseases and asthma (Svanes C et al., 2003)
•Early environmental exposure to infectious agents, protects against
development of atopy (Tulic MK et al.,2003)
•Early nursery attendance also reduces subsequent atopy (Kramer et al.,2003)
•Lack of immune maturation (understimulated immune system) in
infancyallergic responses (Liu A,2007)

7. Pathogenesis
•Sensitization & Priming to specific antigen:
Inhaled allergen produces specific IgE antibody
which gets attached to mast cells
•Subsequent exposure to same antigen:
Allergen combines with specific IgE antibody ®
degranulation of mast cells ® chemical mediators
released

9. Acute or early phase response
•Occurs 5–30 min after antigen exposure
•Release of inflammatory mediators
·Increased nasal gland secretion ® runny nose
·Mucosal edema & Vasodilation ® nose block
· Nerve irritation ® sneezing & itching

10. Late or delayed phase response
•Occurs 2-8 hours after antigen exposure
•Infiltration by inflammatory cells
(eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils,
monocytes & CD4+ T lymphocytes)
•Edema, congestion & thick nasal secretion
•Sneezing & itching decreases

11. Symptoms
1. Running
2. Blocking
3. Sneezing
4. Itching

12. Signs
Nasal crease
Pale turbinate

13. Face:
• Bunny nose-frequent twitching of face
• Dennie-Morgan creases (in lower eyelid skin)
• Allergic shiners (dark discoloration below lower
eyelids)
Eye: Conjunctiva is congested, increased lacrimation
Ear: Aural fullness(ET dysfunction)
Throat: Chronic pharyngitis, laryngitis

14. Types of allergic rhinitis
•Seasonal allergic rhinitis:
Nasal discharge and conjunctivitis (more common)
•Perennial allergic rhinitis:
Nasal blockage (more common), Hyposmia
Less sneezing/nasal discharge /eye symptoms

15. ARIA classification= Allergic Rhinitis & its Impact on
Asthma
Rhinitis Rhinitis

16. Pollen:
Spring (March-June) = Tree pollen
Summer (May-August) = Grass
Fall (August-October) = Weeds
Mold:
Spores in outdoors have seasonal
variation (reduced in winter, increased in
summer/fall due to humidity)
House dust mites:
Generally “perennial” allergen,
but increased in damp autumn months
Seasonal allergic rhinitis

17. Perennial allergic rhinitis
Fungi/mold:
Exposure peaks accompany activities
such as harvesting & cutting grass
Pet dander (cats, dogs):
up to 4 months after pet removal
House dust mites:
Live in bedding & carpets
Cockroaches:
Respiratory allergy
Important allergen

18. Diagnosis
1.History
2.Physical exam
3.Allergy diagnosis
(I) Skin prick test (SPT)
(II) Blood tests for allergy: Total IgE, Specific IgE
(III) Nasal allergen challenge test

19. History

20. I.Skin prick test (SPT)
•Rapid, efficient & cost
effective
•Contain multiple antigens
(pollen, mold, dust mite,
animal dander)

21. Skin Prick test
Advantages:
1.Cheap
2.Immediate result
3.Sensitive
Contraindications:
1.Patients on antihistamines
2.Severe eczema
3.Previous anaphylaxis
4.Dermagraphism

22. (II) Blood tests for allergy
1.Total IgE:
Rarely helpful as 50% pts have IgE levels within normal range
2.Specific IgE:
(i) Radio-allergosorbent test (RAST) (ii)Modified RAST
Stabilized allergen is incubated with patient’s serumany specific IgE binds to
allergen identified by a second incubation with labelled anti-IgE.

23. Radio-allergosorbent test (RAST)
Indications:
1.When there is C/I to SPT
2.Where SPT unavailable
3.When SPT difficult to interpret
Disadvantages:
More expensive
Delayed(takes longer)
No more sensitive or specific to SPT

24. (III)Nasal allergen challenge (nasal provocation) test
Indication:
- +ve history & –ive SPT
•Subjective –symptom scores, VAS
•Objective –sneeze count, nasal
inspiratory peak flow ,
rhinomanometry , acoustic
rhinometry , spirometry,pulmonary
peak flow
Disadvantages
1.Time consuming
2.Difficult
3.Excessive lab facilities
4.Trained staff
5.Resuscitation equipment

25. CT scan-Nose and PNSNasal endoscopy

26. Complications (Co-morbidities)

27. •Nasal symptoms -noted 80% of
asthmatics
•Adults-Asthma present in 22.5% of
adults with AR, Vs 7.2% in general
population (Laynaert, 1999 )
•Children-Ratio of asthmatics with AR to
asthmatics without AR is even higher
(Wright et al.,1996)
•Effective treatment of allergic rhinitis
reduces development of subsequent
asthma (Ragab et al., 2006)

28. Differential diagnosis
1.Vasomotor rhinitis (Intrinsic rhinitis/NANIPER)
2.Sinonasal polyposis
3.Rhinitis medicamentosa
4.Hormonal rhinitis
(Pregnancy, Hypothyroidism, OCP use )
5.CSF leak
Take a moment to consider
differential diagnosis

30. Management of allergic rhinitis
1. Environmental control measures (Avoidance of allergens)
2. Patient education
3. Nasal douching
4.Medical therapy
5.Immunotherapy
6.Surgery

31. (I) Avoidance of allergens
•Best treatment method
•Not always practical
•Indoor allergens: Removing allergen from the indoor
environment should be a primary strategy for the management
and treatment of allergic disease
•Outdoor allergens:

32. •Avoid irritants: smoke, dust, vehicular & other atmospheric pollutants,
•Physical factors – extreme changes in temperature can produce symptoms
like allergic rhinitis but are non-IgE mediated responses
•Avoid foods & drugs to which you are allergic
•Avoid occupational irritants or change profession
General advice

33. Avoidance of indoor allergens

34. Avoidance of animal allergen
•Remove pet animals (cats, dogs)
from bedroom
•Wash the pet weekly

35. Measures to avoid house dust mite
•Mattress covers
•Covers for pillows & bedding
•Vacuuming
•Regulation of ventilation & humidity at home
•Liquid nitrogen
•Acaricides
•Protein denaturating agents- Tannic acid

36. •Avoid walking in open grassy spaces
during hot, dry days
•Keep windows closed
•Wear facemask & sunglasses when
moving out
Pollen avoidance measures

37. (II) Patient education
Educate patients on environmental control measures,
which involve both the avoidance of known allergens
(substances to which the patient has IgE-mediated
hypersensitivity) & the avoidance of nonspecific, or
irritant, triggers

38. (III) Nasal douching
Neti Pot: Home remedy to clean nasal passages
•Saline irrigation
•Improves quality of life

39. (IV) Medical therapy

41. 1.Antihistamines:
Topical: Azelastine
Systemic: Cetirizine, Levocetirizine,Fexofenadine, Loratadine, Desloratadine
2.Nasal Decongestants:
Topical: Oxymetazoline, Xylometazoline
Systemic: Phenylephrine, Pseudoephedrine
3.Mast cell stabilizers: Sodium cromoglycate nasal drop
4.Anticholinergics: Ipratropium bromide nasal spray
5.Corticosteroids:
Topical :Beclomethasone,Budesonide,Mometasone,Fluticasone
Systemic: Prednisolone
6.Leukotriene receptor antagonists: Montelukast, Zafirlukast

42. Steroid
•Most effective treatment for Allergic rhinitis(AR)
-Topical: Nasal spray or nasal drop
-Systemic:Oral, extremely effective
•Reduces inflammation & consequent
hyperreacitvityreduce nasal symptoms, eye
symptoms, improve smell sense
•Topical steroid when combined with antihistamines
reduces risk of asthma exacerbation and hospitalization
by 50% or more (Adams et al., 2002, Crystal peters et
al., 2002)
•Fluticasone and mometasone have low systemic
bioavailabilitylower risk

43. Antihistamines
•Adverse effects of first generation antihistamines
“First-generation oral H1-antihistamines are not recommended when second-
generation ones are available, due to safety concerns”
(Allergy. 2008 Apr;63 Suppl 86:8-160)

44. GA
2
LEN- Global Allergy and Asthma European Network
Allergy. 2010 Apr;65(4):459-66

45. Significance of wide therapeutic window (fexofenadine)
Low H
1
-antihistamine dose High
Ineffective Therapeutic Window
Not tested for
adverse effects
Maximum
Studied dose
(Fexo 1380 mg)
Minimally
effective dose
(Fexo 60 mg)
Howarth PH. Advanced Studies in Medicine. 2004;4(7A):S508-512

46. Levocetirizine and desloratadine have some effects on nasal
obstruction (Wilson AM, 2002)

47. •Topical vasoconstrictor:
-imidazoline (eg, oxymetazoline)
• systemic (oral) vasocontrictor
-Phenylephrine
- Pseudoephedrine.
•Monotherapy with vasoconstrictors has limited role
•Oral decongestants + Antihistamineall cardinal
symptoms of allergic rhinitis targeted
Decongestants

48. Mast cell stabilizer
• Sodium cromoglycate inhibits degranulation of
sensitized mast cells
•2% Nasal drop: Use 3 to 4 times daily limits
compliance
•Poorly absorbed systemically excellent safety
record
•Used before the onset of symptoms
•Can be used in younger children < 2 years of age
Ipratropium Bromide
•Useful against nasal discharge
•Occasionally helpful in pts with AR who do not
respond to topical steroid(Dockhorn et al., 1999)

49. Zafirlukast performed no better than placebo - seasonal alllergic
rhinitis ( Pullerits T et al., 1999)
•Montelukast clinical efficacy seasonal Allergic rhinitis
(Chervinsky P et al., 2004)
•Montelukast + loratadine -superior reducing day time nasal
symptoms in seasonal Allergic rhinitis. (Meltzer EO et al., 2000)
•Montelukast + ebastine- better symptomatic control in allergic rhinitis.
•Montelukast -less effective than Intranasal steroid (Ratner PH et al.,
2003)
•Leukotriene antagonist (Montelukast) doesn’t appear more effective
than nonsedating antihistamines (Fexofenadine) (Wilson AM et al., 2004)
Antilukotrienes

50. (V) Immunotherapy
•Repeated administration of allergen extract
induce state of immunological tolerance
•Render an allergy patient less symptomatic
when exposed to the offending antigen
•Desensitization or Hyposensitization:
because complete elimination of the allergic
reaction is seldom achieved
•Subcutaneous injection or sublingual route

51. Contraindications
• Asthma(severe)
•Autoimmune diseases
•Beta-blockers or Anti-adrenergic medicines
•Children less than < 5 yrs
•Pregnancy (induction but not maintenance)
•Efficacy:
•Highly effective -selected patients (Grade A)
•Treatment for 3 to 4 yrs –improvement for 3 yrs following discontinuation
(Durham SR et al.,1999)
•Children –seasonal rhinitis-ITX for 3 yrs-2 to 3 fold reduction –developing
asthma (Moller et al.,2002)
•Offers long term disease modification & prophylaxis

52. Side effects of Immunotherapy
Local reactions - trivial
Systemic reactions-10%-up dosing phase
Occasionally – severe systemic reactions-
general urticaria , severe asthma or
anaphylaxis

53. (VI) Surgery
•Usually not indicated
•Not last resort but complementary
• Comorbid or complicating conditions eg
Marked DNS, Turbinate hypertrophy, CRS

54. (VII) Complementary and integrative medicine(CIM) therapies
•Honey – For seasonal AR caused by pollen
•Chinese herbal medicine
•Acupuncture

55. Recent advances
(VIII) Human monoclonal antibody(Anti-IgE)
•Omalizumab - recent developments in the treatment of atopic
diseases
first of several monoclonal antibodies (anti IgE antibody)
Modulation of allergic inflammation
expensive for routine treatment of AR primarily indicated -severe
asthma
•Multiple randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies
-efficacy in seasonal and perennial AR (Vignola AM et al.,2004)
Continued research on the molecular mechanism of
allergic disease will inevitably generate new forms of
therapy.

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