An Assignment on Aminoglycosides- Tanmoy Sarkar, Khulna University

An Assignment on Aminoglycosides- Tanmoy Sarkar, Khulna University

1. Submitted By: Tanmoy Sarkar Student ID: MS- 231123 MS 1 st Year, 1 st Term Pharmacy Discipline Khulna University Khulna An Assignment on Aminoglycosides

2. Aminoglycosides Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used mainly in the treatment of aerobic gram-negative bacilli infections. They are also effective against other bacteria including Staphylococci and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They are often used in combination with other antibiotics. Aminoglycosides are thought to work by inhibiting protein synthesis inside bacteria.  Gentamicin Amikacin Tobramycin Neomycin Streptomycin The aminoglycosides include:

3. Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus . It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit of susceptible organisms and disrupts the initiation and elongation steps in protein synthesis. Streptomycin

4. Indication of Streptomycin Infective endocarditis caused by enterococcus when the organism is not sensitive to gentamicin Tuberculosis in combination with other antibiotics (isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide) Plague ( Yersinia pestis ) Veterinary medicine Tularemia infections Dysentery Urinary tract infection Respiratory tract infection Peritonitis Meningitis

5. Streptomycin must be administered by deep intramuscular injection. Syringes and needles should be adequately sterilized to exclude any risk of transmitting viral pathogens. Dosage of Streptomycin

6. Side effects of Streptomycin

7. Toxicity of Streptomycin

8. Mechanism of Ototoxicity

9. Gentamicin Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. It exhibits bactericidal activity against aerobic gram-negative bacteria making gentamicin a good option to treat several common infections.

10. Indication of Gentamicin Bacterial infections Respiratory tract infections Septicemia Soft tissue infections Bone and joint infection Endocarditis Skin infections Meningitis Enterocolitis Cystitis

11. Dosage of Gentamicin Adults: Up to 5mg/kg IM or IV daily in three divided doses for 7-10 days. Children: -Up to 2 weeks, 3mg/kg 12 hourly -Over 2 weeks, 2mg/kg 8 hourly both IM or IV for 7-10 days

12. Neurotoxicity Vertigo Gait instability Ototoxicity Kidney damage Swelling (edema) Rash Itching Stomach upset Injection site reactions (pain, irritation, and redness) Side effects of Gentamicin

13. Neurotoxicity Ototoxicity Nephrotoxicity Toxic effects of Gentamicin Gentamicin Mechanism of Ototoxicity

14. Mechanism of Nephrotoxicity

15. Krause, K. M., Serio, A. W., Kane, T. R., & Connolly, L. E. (2016). Aminoglycosides: an overview. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 6(6), a027029. Schatz, A., Bugle, E., & Waksman, S. A. (1944). Streptomycin, a substance exhibiting antibiotic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.∗. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 55(1), 66-69. Chaves BJ, Tadi P. Gentamicin. [Updated 2023 Feb 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557550/ Thomas, T., Galiani , D., & Brod , R. D. (2001). Gentamicin and other antibiotic toxicitiy . Ophthalmology Clinics of North America, 14(4), 611-624. Black, F. O., Pesznecker , S., & Stallings, V. (2004). Permanent gentamicin vestibulotoxicity . Otology & neurotology, 25(4), 559-569. McDermott, W. (1947). Toxicity of streptomycin. The American Journal of Medicine, 2(5), 491-500. Peloquin, C. A., Berning , S. E., Nitta, A. T., Simone, P. M., Goble, M., Huitt , G. A., ... & Curran-Everett, D. (2004). Aminoglycoside toxicity: daily versus thrice-weekly dosing for treatment of mycobacterial diseases. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38(11), 1538-1544. Selimoglu , E. (2007). Aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. Current pharmaceutical design, 13(1), 119-126. References