Anatomical positions and terminologies.

A brief introduction about anatomical positions and terminologies are given in this presentation.

1. ANATOMICAL POSITIONS By II nd prof . Boys Oct 2016 batch

2. Anatomical position is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structure. Anatomical position is also the description of any region or part of the body in a specific stance. Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment and because appendages ( arm , legs ) can change position with respect to the main body.

3. STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION In standard anatomical position, The human body is standing upright with feet together. Arms rotated laterally . The palm of the hands facing forward and the fingers straight and together and with the pad of the thumb turned 90 degree to the pads of the fingers. The toes point forward. Hands in supine position.

4. The face looking forward The mouth is closed and the facial expression is neutral The rim of bone under the eyes is in the same horizontal plane as the top of the opening to the ear The eyes are open and focused on something in the distance

5. SUPINE POSITION The subject should be lying in horizontal position with its face and toes facing upwards as opposed to the prone position in which the subject faces downwards. The patient lies with his or her back on the table (face up) When used in surgical procedures it allows access to the peritonial thoracic and pericardial regions as well as head,neck , and l extremities In this position the dorsal part should face downwards and ventral should face upwards. This is the most natural position of the body at rest

6. PRONE POSITION The subject should lie in horizontal position with its back facing upwards and the chest downwards. The patient lies with his or her chest and face on the table (back up) Palm of the hand facing downwards. The radius and ulna are crossed. In this position the ventral part should face downwards and dorsal should face upwards.

7. MOTION The process of movement is described using specific anatomical terms. FLEXION AND EXTENSION It describes movements that affects the angle between two parts of the body.

8. FLEXION A bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and its proximal segment A forward raising of the arm or leg by the movement of the shoulder joint or hip joint EXTENSION : Describing a straightening movement that increases the angle between the body parts.

9. ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION These are the terms that are used to describe movements towards or away from the mid line ABDUCTION: It is a movement away from the mid line just as abdducted someone to take them away. For example abduction of shoulder raises the arm out to the center of the body.

10. ADDUCTION It is a movement towards the midline adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together. In finger and toes midline used is not the midline of the body but the hand and foot respectively therefore abduction of the fingers spreads them out.

11. ROTATION Medial and lateral rotation describes movement of the limbs around their long axis MEDIAL ROTATION : It is a rotational moment towards the midline it is sometime refers to as internal rotation. LATERAL ROTATION: It is a rotational moment away the midline

12. CIRCUMDUCTION It can be define as the conical movement of the limb extending from the joint at which the movement is controlled. It is sometimes talk about as a circular motion but in more accurately conical ddur to the cone formed by the moving limb.

13. STAGES OF WALKING Typical walk consist of repeated gait cycles the cycle itself contain 2 phases A stance phase A swing phase A stance phase : Account for 60% of the gait cycles it can be divided into heel strike support and toe off. A swing phase: Accounts for 40% of the gait cycles can be divided into leg lift and Swing.

14. HEEL STRIKE : In the heel strike stage the foot hits the ground heel 1 st SUPPORT : After the heel strike stage the lead inferior leg hits the ground and the muscles work to cope with the force passing through the leg. TOE OFF : In the toe off phase the foot prepares to leave the ground heel 1 st toe last. LEG LIFT : Once the foot has touched the ground the lower limb is raised. In preparation for the swing stage. SWING PHASE :In swing phase the raised leg is propelled forward this is where the forward motion of the walk occurs.

15. KYPHOSIS It refers to the abnormal excessive convex kyphotic curvature of the spine as it occurs in the cervical thoracic and sacral regions. Kyphosis can be called roundback or kelso’s hunchback It can result to form degenerative deformity such as arthritis developmental problem osteophorosis with compression fracture of vertebra.

16. Normal thoracic spine extends from the 1 st to the 12 th vertebrae and should have a slight kyphotic angle ranging from 20-45degree when the roundness of the upper spine increse past 45 degree it is called kyphosis or hyper kyphosis .

17. LORDOSIS Lordosis refers to the normal inward lordotic curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of human spine. Lumbar hyperlordosis is commonly called as hollow back or saddle back. These conditions are usually are result of poor posture and can be reversed by learning correct posture and using appropiate exercises. Two types are lumbar lordosis lumbar hyperlordosis

18. SCOLIOSIS Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person’s spine has a sideways curve. A spinal curvature of more than 10 degrees to the right or left as the examiner faces the person i.e. in the coronal plane .Deformity may also exist to the front or back as the examiner looks at the person from the side i.e. in the sagital plane. Scoliosis occurs to 3% of people especially girls.It occurs at the age of 10 and 20.

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