anatomical terminology for first year MBBS

Anatomical terminology explained

1. GENERAL ANATOMY
BMS710
IBMS

2. PERSPECTIVES
General Overview Of Anatomy
Describe different body regions.
Identify and describe reference positions,
Planes and Axes associated with human body.
Define terms and joint movement terminology.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF
HUMANS
Classification Scheme
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primate
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens
Scientific Binominal:Homo sapiens

4. 4
Study of the Body
Anatomy–study of
body structure
Physiology–study of
function
Homeostasis–
maintenance of stable
internal conditions

5. THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY
Anatomy
Greek=to cut up, or dissect
The science that deals with the structureof the
body
Kinds:
Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy

6. Gross Anatomy
Definition:
That which can be seen with the naked eye
Kinds:
Regional:
•body studied by area
Systematic:
•body studied by system

7. Microscopic Anatomy
Definition:
That which can be seen with the assisted eye
Kinds:
Cytology:
•The study of cells
Histology:
•The study of tissues
Organology:
•The study of organs

8. Developmental Anatomy
Definition:
The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle
Kinds:
Embryology:
•The study of prenatal development
Postnatal development:
•The study of structures after birth
Ontogeny:
•Total development of an individual

9. Comparative Anatomy
Definition:
Comparison of structures between
organisms
Kinds:
Vertebrate:
•Comparison of structures among the vertebrate
classes
Phylogeny:
•The study of phyla, and their relationships

10. Specialized Branches of
Anatomy
Pathological anatomy–study of
structural changes caused by disease
Radiographic anatomy–study of
internal structures visualized by X ray
Molecular anatomy–study of anatomical
structures at a sub-cellular level

11. 11
Organizations of the Body
Levels of Organization
Atom
Molecule
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organism (human)

12. Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
1
2
3
4
Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
5Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs that
work together closely
Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues
6Organismal level
The human organism is
made up of many organ
systems
Atoms
Molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Heart
Blood
vessels
Cardiovascular
system
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1

13. Body Systems-10
Skeletal
Circulatory
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
Nervous
Muscular
Endocrine
Integumentary

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Body regions
Axial
Cephalic (Head)
Cervical (Neck)
Trunk
Appendicular
Upper limbs
Lower limbs

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Body regions
Axial
Cephalic (Head)
•Cranium & Face
Cervical (Neck)
Trunk
•Thoracic (Thorax), Dorsal
(Back), Abdominal
(Abdomen), & Pelvic (Pelvis)

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Body regions
Appendicular
Upper limbs
•Shoulder, arm, forearm, &
manual
Lower limbs
•Thigh, leg, & pedal

17. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 17
Body Cavities
Body cavities are spaces within the body that
help protect, separate, and support internal
organs.

18. Body Cavities
Dorsal cavityprotects the nervous system,
and is divided into two subdivisions
Cranial cavityis within the skull and
encases the brain
Vertebral cavityruns within the vertebral
column and encases the spinal cord
Ventral cavityhouses the internal organs
(viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions:
-Thoracic andAbdominopelvic cavities

19. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 19
Dorsal Body Cavity
Near dorsal surface of
body
2 subdivisions
cranial cavity
•holds the brain
•formed by skull
vertebral or spinal
canal
•contains the spinal
cord
•formed by vertebral
column

20. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 20
Ventral Body Cavity
Near ventral surface of body
2 subdivisions
thoracic cavity above
diaphragm: heart and lungs
abdominopelvic cavity below
diaphragm: the stomach,
spleen, pancreas, liver,
gallbladder, small intestine,
and most of the large
intestine; the urinary
bladder, portions of the large
intestine and internal female
and male reproductive
structures.

21. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper (RUQ)
Left upper (LUQ)
Right lower (RLQ)
Left lower (LLQ)
Figure 1.12

22. Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac
or inguinal
Right and left
lumbar
Right and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a

23. Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b

24. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 24
BASIC ANATOMICAL
TERMINOLOGY
Anatomical position
Anatomical planes, sections
and directional terms

25. 25
Anatomical position is when the body is
standing upright, facing forward with the
arms at the sides with palms of hands facing
forward
What is the anatomical position?

26. The anatomical positionis a
standardized method of observing
or imaging the body that allows
precise and consistent anatomical
references.
When in the anatomical position,
the subject is:
standing upright
facing the observer, head level
eyes facing forward
feet flat on the floor
arms at the sides
palms turned forward
(ventral)

27. Standard Reference Terminology
Anatomical Reference Planes
Cardinal planes –3 imaginary
perpendicular reference planes that
divide the body in half by mass
Sagittal plane
Frontal plane
Transverse plane

28. Anatomical Planes
Sagittal plane
The plane dividing
the body into right
and left portions
Midsagittal or
median are names
for the plane
dividing the body
into equalright and
left halves

29. Sagittal and Parasagittal Planes
Sagittalplane divides
body into right and left
halves
midsagittalplane divides
body into equal right
and left halves
parasagittalplane
divides the body into
right and left portions

30. Sections
and Planes
A coronalplane, also
called a frontal plane, is
a vertical planethat
divides the body into
anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts.

31. Sections
and Planes
A transverseplane, also
called a cross-sectional
planeor horizontal plane,
cuts perpendicularly along
the long axisof the body or
organ separating it into
both superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) parts.

32. Joint Movement Terminology
In anatomical position, all body
segments are considered to be
positioned at zero degrees.
Sagittal Plane Movements
Frontal Plane Movements
Transverse Plane Movements
Other Movements

33. 2-6
Sagittal plane movements

34. 2-8
Frontal Plane Movements

35. 2-13
Transverse Plane Movements

36. 2-16
Other Movements

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Kinesiology & Body Mechanics
Kinesiology -study of motion or human
movement
Anatomic kinesiology -study of human
musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous
system
Biomechanics -application of mechanical
physics to human motion

38. What is Physical Activity?
Body movement produced by muscle action that increases
energy expenditure.
eg: activities of daily living such as shopping, gardening, house
keeping, child rearing, work-related activities, etc
What is Exercise?
Planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful physical
activity
e.g.: training for or performing athletics, sports, or recreational
activities such as jogging, ice skating, swimming, etc.

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Who needs Kinesiology?
Anatomists, coaches, strength and
conditioning specialists, personal
trainers, nurses, physical educators,
physical therapists, physicians, athletic
trainers, massage therapists & others in
health-related fields

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Why Kinesiology?
should have an adequate knowledge &
understanding of all large muscle groups to
teach others how to strengthen, improve, &
maintain these parts of human body
should not only know how & what to do in
relation to conditioning & training but also know
why specific exercises are done in conditioning &
training of athletes

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Why Kinesiology?
Through kinesiology & analysis of skills,
physical educators can understand & improve
specific aspects of physical conditioning
Understanding aspects of exercise
physiology is also essential to coaches &
physical educators

42. Movements
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Adduction
Abduction
Prontaion
Supination
Retraction
Protraction
Elevation
Depression
Rotation
Circumduction
External Rotation
Internal Rotation
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Radial Deviation
Ulnar Deviation
Opposition

43. THE END