Anatomy and physiology blood pptx.com.ph

Anatomy

1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Blood

2. BloodBlood
Slide
10.1a
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The only fluid tissue in the human body
Classified as a connective tissue
Living cells = formed elements
Non-living matrix = plasma

3. BloodBlood
Slide
10.1b
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Figure 10.1

4. Physical Characteristics of BloodPhysical Characteristics of Blood
Slide 10.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Color range
Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
pH must remain between 7.35–7.45
Blood temperature is slightly higher than
body temperature

5. Blood PlasmaBlood Plasma
Slide 10.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Composed of approximately 90 percent
water
Includes many dissolved substances
Nutrients
Salts (metal ions)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Proteins
Waste products

6. Plasma ProteinsPlasma Proteins
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Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure
Clotting proteins – help to stem blood
loss when a blood vessel is injured
Antibodies – help protect the body from
antigens

7. Formed ElementsFormed Elements
Slide
10.5a
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Erythrocytes = red blood cells
Leukocytes = white blood cells
Platelets = cell fragments

8. Slide
10.5b
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9. Slide
10.5c
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10. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Slide 10.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The main function is to carry oxygen
Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
Biconcave disks
Essentially bags of hemoglobin
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Contain very few organelles
Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1

11. HemoglobinHemoglobin
Slide 10.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Iron-containing protein
Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
Each hemoglobin molecule has four
oxygen binding sites
Each erythrocyte has 250 million
hemoglobin molecules

12. Anemia – a decrease in the oxygen carrying
ability of the blood – can be the result of
low numbers of RBC’s or low hemoglobin levels
In the RBC’s
Polycythemia – increased number of RBC’s

13. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Slide 10.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Crucial in the body’s defense against
disease
These are complete cells, with a
nucleus and organelles
Able to move into and out of blood
vessels (diapedesis)
Can move by ameboid motion
Can respond to chemicals released by
damaged tissues

16. Leukocyte Levels in the BloodLeukocyte Levels in the Blood
Slide 10.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Normal levels are between 4,000 and
11,000 cells per millimeter
Abnormal leukocyte levels
Leukocytosis
Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
Generally indicates an infection
Leukopenia
Abnormally low leukocyte level
Commonly caused by certain drugs

17. Types of LeukocytesTypes of Leukocytes
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10.10a
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Granulocytes
Granules in their
cytoplasm can be
stained
Include
neutrophils,
eosinophils, and
basophils
Figure 10.4

18. Types of LeukocytesTypes of Leukocytes
Slide
10.10b
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Agranulocytes
Lack visible
cytoplasmic
granules
Include
lymphocytes and
monocytes
Figure 10.4

19. GranulocytesGranulocytes
Slide
10.11a
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Neutrophils
Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
Eosinophils
Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic
worms

20. Typical Segmented Neutrophils

21. Neutrophils

22. Typical Eosinophil

23. Eosinophil

24. GranulocytesGranulocytes
Slide
10.11b
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Basophils
Have histamine-containing granules
Initiate inflammation

25. Typical Basophil

26. Basophil

27. AgranulocytesAgranulocytes
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10.12
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Lymphocytes
Nucleus fills most of the cell
Play an important role in the immune
response
Monocytes
Largest of the white blood cells
Function as macrophages
Important in fighting chronic infection

28. Typical Lymphocyte, Monocyte
and Neutrophils

29. Lymphocyte

30. Moncyte

31. PlateletsPlatelets
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10.13
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Derived from ruptured multinucleate
cells (megakaryocytes)
Needed for the clotting process
Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm
3

32. Platelets

33. Platelets

34. White Blood Cells

35. Fate of ErythrocytesFate of Erythrocytes
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10.15
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Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize
proteins
Wear out in 100 to 120 days
When worn out, are eliminated by
phagocytes in the spleen or liver
Lost cells are replaced by division of
hemocytoblasts

36. Control of Erythrocyte ProductionControl of Erythrocyte Production
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10.16
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Rate is controlled by a hormone
(erythropoietin)
Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as
a response to reduced oxygen levels in
the blood
Homeostasis is maintained by negative
feedback from blood oxygen levels

37. Control of Erythrocyte ProductionControl of Erythrocyte Production
Slide
10.17
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Figure 10.5

38. HemostasisHemostasis
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10.18
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Stoppage of blood flow
Result of a break in a blood vessel
Hemostasis involves three phases
Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
Coagulation

39. Platelet Plug FormationPlatelet Plug Formation
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10.19
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Collagen fibers are exposed by a break
in a blood vessel
Platelets become “sticky” and cling to
fibers
Anchored platelets release chemicals to
attract more platelets
Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug

40. Vascular SpasmsVascular Spasms
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10.20
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Anchored platelets release serotonin
Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles
to spasm
Spasms narrow the blood vessel,
decreasing blood loss

41. CoagulationCoagulation
Slide
10.21a
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Injured tissues release thromboplastin
PF
3
(a phospholipid) interacts with
thromboplastin, blood protein clotting
factors, and calcium ions to trigger a
clotting cascade
Prothrombin activator converts
prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

42. CoagulationCoagulation
Slide
10.21b
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Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into
hair-like fibrin
Fibrin forms a meshwork
(the basis for a clot)

43. Blood ClottingBlood Clotting
Slide
10.22
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Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes
The clot remains as endothelium
regenerates
The clot is broken down after tissue
repair

44. Developmental Aspects of BloodDevelopmental Aspects of Blood
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10.31
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Sites of blood cell formation
The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of
blood cell formation
Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by
the seventh month
Fetal hemoglobin differs from
hemoglobin produced after birth