Anatomy and Physiotherapy

This presentation focus on fundamentals of anatomy and physiotherapy

1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS Dr.R.Kalidasan Dept. of Physical Education Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 16-Aug-17 1

2. Anatomy Anatomy is the term derived from Greek means ‘cut up’ or ‘cut open’ 16-Aug-17 2

3. 16-Aug-17 3 “ Anatomy" commonly refer to human anatomy. Later same structures and tissues are found throughout the rest of the animal kingdom and the term also includes the anatomy of other animals. Zootomy  is used to specifically refer to animals. The structure and tissues of plants are of a dissimilar nature and they are studied in plant anatomy .

4. 16-Aug-17 4 In its broadest sense, anatomy is the study of the structure of an object, in this case the human body Father of Anatomy Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

5. Definition of Anatomy Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts. Human anatomy, the biological science concerned with the structure of the human body. 16-Aug-17 5

6. Anatomy is the study of internal and external structures of the body and the relationships between body parts . Anatomy is ‘a study of the structure or internal workings of something’ . 16-Aug-17 6

7. Anatomy is ‘the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts’. Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs and tissues. It includes the appearance and position of the various parts, the materials from which they are composed, their locations and their relationships with other parts. 16-Aug-17 7

8. Physiology Physiology is the term derived from ancient Greek means ( Physis ) ‘nature, origin’ and (logia) means ‘study of’ 16-Aug-17 8

9. Jean Fernel , a French physician, introduced the term "physiology" in 1525. Academic subject: UG, PG programmes in Indian University. Great invention of all time 16-Aug-17 9

10. 16-Aug-17 10 355 inventions The merchant of death died Noble prize for Physiology or medicine – 1901 – Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

11. Nobel Prize Physics Chemistry Literature Peace Physiology or Medicine Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 16-Aug-17 11

12. Year Laureates Subject Notes 1913 Rabindranath Tagore Literature First Indian winner. 1930 C.V.Raman Physics Also Knighted. 1968 Har Gobind Khorana Medicine Subsequently acquired U.S citizenship. 1979 Mother Teresa Peace Was Born in Albania. 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Physics Subsequently acquired U.S citizenship. 1998 Amartya Sen Economics 2014 Kailash satyarthi Peace INDIAN CITIZEN LAUREATES The following are Nobel laureates who were awarded the prize when they held Indian citizenship. 16-Aug-17 12

13. Year Laureates Subject Notes 1902 Ronald Ross Medicine Indian-born British citizen 1907 Rudyard Kipling Literature Indian-born British citizen 1979 Abdus Salam Physics Indian -born Pakistan citizen 1989 14th Dalai Lama Peace Tibetan religious leader residing in India 2001 V. S. Naipaul Literature Trinidadian born British citizen of Indian descent 2006 Muhammad Yunus Peace Indian -born Bangladesh citizen 2007 Rajendra K. Pachauri Peace Indian citizen and the chairman of Nobel winning  IPCC 2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Chemistry Indian-born U.S citizen OTHER LAUREATES RELATED TO INDIA The following are Nobel laureates related to India who were awarded the prize. 16-Aug-17 13

14. Definition of Physiology Physiology is ‘the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts’. Physiology is ‘the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole’. 16-Aug-17 14

15. Physiology is ‘the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions’. Physiology is ‘the way in which a living organism or bodily part functions’. Physiology is ‘the scientific study of function in living systems’. 16-Aug-17 15

16. 16-Aug-17 16 NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS Knowledge of human anatomy is a foundation for further study in allied health physical education kinesiology biomechanics motor learning growth & development and physiology

17. 16-Aug-17 17 The knowledge of anatomy helps to understand the general plan of the human body, the organs & systems and their relationship. The main systems of the human body are: (11/12) Cardiovascular / Circulatory system Digestive system / Excretory system Endocrine system Integumentary system/ Exocrine system Lymphatic system / Immune system Muscular system/Skeletal system Nervous system Renal system/ Urinary system Reproductive system Respiratory system There are approximately 79 organs

18. The basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology is essential for physical educator to know the structure and function of various systems / organs & its parts. Knowledge and appreciation of the value of anatomy to understanding the human body so a more healthy and productive life can be enjoyed.

19. 16-Aug-17 19 Health - Understanding the parts of the human body and how they work will promote your own personal health and those of your family members. Physical Educators/Sports Medicine/Coaching - when working with students and athletes, it is important to know anatomy in order to ensure quick assessment and treatment of injuries, as well as promoting their prevention. First Responders - Those who respond to emergencies, are part of search and rescue or are just citizen bystanders are the ones who will first come into contact with those needing physical help.  Advanced knowledge of anatomy and physiology will make it easier to give or obtain them proper treatment.

20. 16-Aug-17 20 Demonstrate the ability to think critically when applying anatomical knowledge to practical and relevant examples from the discipline. An idea or knowledge about our muscles, bones and other body systems for this one need knowledge of anatomy and physiology. Describe how each system responds to the acute and chronic effects exercise.

21. 16-Aug-17 21 Understand basic laboratory procedures used to evaluate function of each physiological system. To understand the fundamentals such as structure and function of cell, tissue, organ and so on. Injury prevention, first aid, athletic ability improvement. To identify muscles & explain action.

22. 16-Aug-17 22 To discuss present the different energy system. During training / exercises of subject and its influences of it’s on various systems / organ. The sports performance is closely related to anatomy and physiology of sportsperson. Anatomy and Physiology plays critical role in the health of the sports person.

23. 16-Aug-17 23 Cell Cell come from latin word ‘ cella ’ means ‘small room’. Humans contain about 100 trillion (10 14 ) cells . Cell is otherwise called as ‘Building blocks of life’. The study of cells is called Cell biology.

24. 16-Aug-17 24 The Cell was discovered by Robert Hookee in 1665   1635 – 1703

25. 16-Aug-17 25 Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago. Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed Cell theory in 1839 which states that all plants and animals are made-up Cells and cell is basic unit of life.

26. 16-Aug-17 26 Each Cell has its own life span. Born Lives Feeds itself Excretes Reproduces Grows Dies and its replaced

27. 16-Aug-17 27 Definition of Cell Cell is the basic unit of life. Cell is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms.

28. 16-Aug-17 28 Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. It is the smallest unit of life.

29. 16-Aug-17 29

30. 16-Aug-17 30 A cell is made of protoplasm. Cell is differentiated into three principal parts. Plasma Membrane (or) Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

31. 16-Aug-17 31 I. Plasma membrane or Cell membrane Extremely thin practically invisible, elastic membrane of protoplasm Act as a selective permeable membrane (regulate the passage of some substances through it) Glucose Water Oxygen Carbon di oxide pass through easily Fatty acids, glycerol and urea pass through it less easily While inorganic salts, proteins and carbohydrate do not pass at all.

32. 16-Aug-17 32 II. Cytoplasm Transparent Jelly like fluid It lying between the cell membrane and nucleus The cytoplasm is formed of Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Certain inorganic substances including water

33. 16-Aug-17 33 Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats waxes sterols fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K) monoglycerides diglycerides triglycerides phospholipids and others

34. 16-Aug-17 34 II. Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Glogi apparatus Mitochondria Lysosomes Centrosome Microtubules

35. 16-Aug-17 35 1.Endoplasmic reticulum Tubular structure Contain two membranes Serve as channel for movement of materials within the cell Materials synthesised are stored in the endoplasmic reticulum

36. 16-Aug-17 36 Endoplasmic reticulum is in two forms a. Granular or rough endoplasmic reticulum -containing ribosomes - ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis b. Agranular or smooth endoplasmic reticulum -does not contain ribosomes -this is concerned with the synthesis of fatty acid and steroid -they store and release calcium

37. 16-Aug-17 37 2. Glogi apparatus -cup shaped structure -lies between the nucleous and apex of the cell -concerned with secretion of protein and synthesis of enzymes

38. 16-Aug-17 38 3. Mitochondria - rod like structure made-up of two layer -outer layer is smooth and the inner layer has many folding or projections called cristae -space inside the inner membrane is filled with a dense material called martrix - martrix includes nearly 60 enzymes & hence are called ‘enzyme pockets’. -play an important role ‘cell respiration’ and production of energy -Power house of cell

39. 16-Aug-17 39 4. Lysosomes Small bags of enzymes Contain about 40 digestive enzymes Called as ‘Suicidal bags’ of the cell Damaged cells are broken down and digested by the lysosomes .

40. 16-Aug-17 40 5.Centrosome present near the nucleus centre of central body - each centrosome is spherical in shape consisting of two small granules called centrioles - Centrosome is involved in the formation of spindle fibers and astral rays during cell division

41. 16-Aug-17 41 6. Microtubules Hollow cylinders They maintain the shape of the cell

42. 16-Aug-17 42 III. Nucleus Largest structure present in the centre of the cell More or less spherical in shape Covered by nuclear membrane Nucleus contain a. Nucleolous b. Choromatin

43. 16-Aug-17 43 A. Nucleolous Highly coiled filament structure present in the nucleus Not surrounded by a membrane Contains granules that synthesize RNA ( Ribonucletic acid)

44. 16-Aug-17 44 B. Chromatin threads genetic carry information responsible for determining the hereditary characteristics hereditary determinants called genes are arranged linearly on chromosomes there are twenty three pairs of forty six chromosomes

45. 16-Aug-17 45 Tissue Tissue (biology), a group of biological cells that perform a similar function Tissue:   A group or layer of cells that perform specific functions. For example, muscle tissue is a group of muscle cells.

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47. 16-Aug-17 47 Organ In biology, an organ (or  viscus ) is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. A group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. There are approximately 79 organs

48. The Human body Systems (12) Organs (79 approx.) Tissues Cell

49. 16-Aug-17 49

50. Human Skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is composed of 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to 206 bones by adulthood after some bones have fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 30.

51. Classification Axial Skeleton (80) (Vertebral column, rib cage and skull) 2. Appendicular Skeleton (126) (pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle and bones of the upper and lower limbs)

52. Types of Bones Long bones (Arms, hands, legs and feet) Short bones {Bones of Wrist (Carpal bones) & Bones of ankles (Tarsal bones)} Flat bones (Most of bones in skull & Bones of the thorax (chest)-rib, sterum ) Irregular Bones (vertebrae, pelvis) Sesamoid bones (patella)

53. Gender difference in the skeleton In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements within a given population. In gender difference in the human skeleton is generally observed in skull dentition sterum long bones pelves

54. Function of bones Bones form an important component of the skeletal system They perform a wide range of important functions that can be classified into three categories: Mechanical Functions of bones: Protection: At numerous places inside the body, bones serve to protect important and delicate organs. The best examples to be quoted here are those of brain (which is protected by the skull) and heart (which is protected by the ribcage). Shape: Because of their rigid nature, bones provide a framework around which the body is built. So bones are responsible for the shape and form of human body. Movement: Working with skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints, the bones form the moving machinery of human body. The major role of bones in movement is that they act as levers, which make use of the forces generated by skeletal muscles in a beneficial way.

55. Synthetic Functions of Bones: Synthesis of blood cells: The major synthetic role of bones is to produce blood cells. The bones themselves are not capable of doing this. Instead, they house the bone marrow, which contains  Hematopoietic stem cells, capable of producing blood cells. In infants, bone marrow of all long bones is capable of this synthesis, however, as a person gets older, the red marrow turns into yellow fatty marrow, which is no more capable of hematopoiesis . The red marrow in adults and older individuals is restricted to vertebrae and heads of tibia and femur.

56. Metabolic Functions of Bones Mineral Storage: Bones serve as an important store house of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Fat storage: The yellow bone marrow of long bones act as a storage of fats. Role in acid-base balance: Bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts

57. Functions The human skeleton serves six major functions support movement protection production of blood cells storage of minerals endocrine regulation

58. Ribs 12 pairs all attached to the backbone . First seven are true ribs joining also to the sternum . Next three are the false ribs, which also join to the seventh rib . Last two are the floating ribs — only joined at one end to the backbone .

59. The sternum or breastbone is a flat thin bone at the centre of the chest wall

60. Vertebral column   Backbone  or  spine There are normally 33 vertebrae

61. Region and position - from top to bottom Cervical spine - 7 Thoracic spine - 12 Lumbar spine - 5 Sacrum -5 Coccyx - 4

62. Cervical spine 7 vertebrae (C1–C7)

63. Thoracic spine 12 vertebrae (T1–T12)

64. Lumbar spine 5 vertebrae (L1–L5)

65. Sacrum 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1–S5)

66. Coccyx 4 (3–5) (fused) vertebrae (Tailbone)

67. The Upper Limb The “Arm” bone is called the Humerus , the largest, longest bone of the upper limb. Bones of the Upper Extremity

68. The “Forearm” has two parallel long bones, called the Radius and the Ulna.

69. The “Hand” contains: –8 “wrist” bones or Carpals –5 “hand” bones or Metacarpals –14 “finger” bones or Phalanges

70. Carpals • Scaphoid / Navicular • Lunate • Triquetral • Pisiform These bones articulate with the radius and ulna • Trapezium •Trapezoid • Capitate • Hamate These bones articulate with the metacarpals

71. Metacarpals • Form the palm of your hand • Are numbered 1-5 • Each metacarpal has a: –Base= proximal end, articulates with carpals –Shaft= middle portion –Head= distal end, form your knuckles

72. Phalanges •Forms your fingers • Each finger, except for the thumb, has three phalanges –Proximal, middle, and distal •Each one is numbered from 1-5 –#1= thumb, #2=index finger, #3=middle finger, #4=ring finger, #5=little finger

73. Bones of the Lower Extremity Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Femur Petalla Tibia and Fibula Tarsals , Metatarsals and Phalanges

74. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

75. Femur

76. Petalla

77. Tibia and Fibula

78. Tarsals , Metatarsals and Phalanges

79. TYPES OF JOINTS Joint is derived from Latin  iunctus A joint (articulation) is the point where two or more bones meet. Provide mechanical support / allow movement in most of case expect few

80. The joints may be classified anatomically into the following groups: Articulations of hand Elbow joints Wrist joints Axillary articulations Sternoclavicular joints Vertebral articulations Temporomandibular joints Sacroiliac joints Hip joints Knee joints Articulations of foot

81. Structural classification (binding tissue) Functional classification (movement) Biomechanical classification

82. Structural classification (binding tissue) There are three main types of joints Fibrous  (immoveable) Cartilaginous  (partially moveable)   Synovial  (freely moveable)

83. Functional classification (movement) Joints can also be classified functionally according to the type and degree of movement they allow: synarthrosis  – permits little or no mobility. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous joints (e.g., skull sutures). amphiarthrosis  – permits slight mobility. Most amphiarthrosis joints are cartilaginous joints (e.g.,  intervertebral discs). diarthrosis  – freely movable. All diarthrosis joints are synovial joints (e.g., shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, etc.), and the terms " diarthrosis " and "synovial joint" are considered equivalent by  Terminologia Anatomica

84. Biomechanical classification Joints can also be classified based on their anatomy or on their biomechanical properties. Simple joint: two articulation surfaces (e.g. shoulder joint, hip joint) Compound joint: three or more articulation surfaces (e.g.  radiocarpal joint) Complex joint: two or more articulation surfaces and an  articular disc or meniscus (e.g. knee joint)

85. Joint Type Movement at joint Examples Structure Hinge Flexion/Extension Elbow/Knee Hinge joint Pivot Rotation of one bone around another Top of the neck (atlas and axis bones) Pivot Joint Ball and Socket Flexion/Extension/Adduction/ Abduction/Internal & External Rotation Shoulder/Hip Ball and socket joint Saddle Flexion/Extension/Adduction/ Abduction/Circumduction CMC joint of the thumb Saddle joint Condyloid Flexion/Extension/Adduction/ Abduction/Circumduction Wrist/MCP & MTP joints Condyloid joint Gliding Gliding movements Intercarpal joints Gliding joint   Types of Synovial Joint