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1. LEADERSHIP STYLE OF LOCAL EXECUTIVES: BASIS FOR LEADERSHIP ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM

2. Andres, Edison Baladjay , Anna Rica Crisostomo, Jomel Gigante, Jordan E. Sano, CJ P. LEADERSHIP STYLE OF LOCAL EXECUTIVES: BASIS FOR LEADERSHIP ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM

3. Introduction Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the significance of the study, and the scope and delimitation of the study.

4. Background of the Study Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences The Local Government Code of 1991 or Republic Act No. 7160 gives the legal basis of local governments in the country. It further subjects’ local government units (LGUs) to much more autonomy and responsibility on their affairs, thus underscoring the urgent need for local competency and effectiveness in leadership. RA 7160 quoted the powers and duties, as well as liabilities of local executives, namely governors, mayors, and even other local government officials, the imperative need that should be functional toward the goal of decentralization and local development.

5. Background of the Study Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Article I, Section 16, known as the "General Welfare Clause," of RA 7160 provides that local government units shall ensure and support among other things" the preservation and enrichment of culture, promote health and safety, enhance the people's right to a healthy environment, encourage and support developing adequate and self-reliant science and technology capability, further improve public morals, and create economic prosperity and social justice" promote full employment among their citizens, maintain peace and order, and preserve the comfort and convenience of their citizens.

6. Background of the Study Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Further, Article X, sections 444, 455, and 465 specify the power, responsibility, and functions of the local chief executives, such as the municipal mayor, the city mayor, and provincial governor, respectively. It puts into emphasis the need and the role of very effective leadership in executing laws and ordinances, managing the resources of the local government, and ensuring the delivery of basic services to the community. Good governance needs effective leadership in terms of Local Government Units (LGUs). The skills of the local executive officers, namely Municipal Mayors, Barangay Captains, and SK Officials, contribute considerably to the development of communities. Their leadership styles can easily shape how these officials could lead and make decisions, mobilize resources, and relate with the community.

7. Background of the Study Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences In the context of Looc, Romblon, it is very important to know about the leadership styles of local executives for several reasons. First, insights will be gained about the kinds of decision-making processes that govern local governance. Second, it will pinpoint strengths and weaknesses relating to the present approaches to leadership, revealing where improvement is needed. Third, baseline data can be provided to prepare localized leadership enhancement programs to address the specific needs and challenges of this locality's executives.

8. Background of the Study Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Recent studies emphasize the role of Local Chief Executive leadership styles in employee performance and organizational goals. Transformational and participative leadership styles allow for greater employee engagement and motivation with improved decision-making processes and organizational efficiency (De Vries et al., 2018). Transformational leaders motivate employees through a shared vision and empowerment toward innovation and cooperation, which becomes the backbone of local governance (Khan et al., 2016). By contrast, more autocratic or transactional styles may keep things stable but build rigidity into organization structures that stymie employee growth and creative problem-solving (Ismail et al., 2019). Therefore, in relation to the LGU of Looc, Romblon, the leadership style of the Local Chief Executive matters in putting local governance results into effect.

9. Background of the Study Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences There exists literature relating to leadership, but small municipalities like Looc, Romblon, have not been well studied and need to be explored. Therefore, this aims to investigate the impact of local executive leadership styles on decision-making in local governments in a bid to fill the gap. Looc, Romblon, is a municipality that is one of many LGUs were leadership plays a vital role in administering local government functions. With the increasing demand for efficiency in governance and enhancing public service delivery, there is a mounting interest in understanding how leadership style of the Local Chief Executive affects the decision-making process as well as employee productivity within the LGU.

10. Background of the Study Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences An analysis of the local chief executive leadership style in Looc would illuminate both the strengths and areas for improvement of the governance practice and the management of employees in the locality. The research intends to study the leadership styles of local executives in the locality Looc, in Romblon, so that resources will be materialized to develop an effective leadership training program. This study will thus directly investigate how leadership styles impact executive and employee productivity decision- making in the LGU and offer recommendations on how the public service and internal management can be improved. Knowing these dynamics will provide a basis for better decisions that will achieve the objective of sustainable and efficient governance.

11. Research Question Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Research Questions Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1.) What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of. 1.1 Age 1.2 Gender 1.3 Educational Attainment 1.4 Years in service as Elected Officials 2) What is leadership styles are employed by local chief executive officials in the Local Government Unit of Looc, Romblon? 3) What is the best leadership style in terms of Awards received by the local chief executives ( International, National, and Local levels )?

12. Significance of the Study Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Significance of the Study This research is significant to the following: Policy Makers. The research carries an empirical record on the leadership styles of local leaders; thus, it provides policymakers with intelligence on which styles are useful and with possible bases for developing relevant policies that enhance the adoption of effective leadership practices in future star-studded improvements in governance and public administration. Local Executives. These results are essential in assisting local officials like Municipal Mayors, Barangay Captains, and SK Chairman in improving the quality of their leadership. This will enable them to adopt best-working practices regarding decision-making and governance capacities, depending on which they find most effective regarding their leadership styles.

13. Significance of the Study Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Community Development Planners. The styles of leadership brought out in the research include those which contribute to successful community projects. This community betterment would therefore benefit from planning that harnesses this information in designing and implementing development programs. Educational Institutions . Schools whose coursework includes public administration and leadership studies should incorporate this study into their curricula. Such becomes better real-world data and case studies for students. Training and Development Organizations. Such organizations can use this information to create their programs on the study's findings and would then make relevant and effective training applicable to local executives' needs.

14. Significance of the Study Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Researchers. This makes a good contribution to the literature on local governance and leadership and initiates the study further into new areas of research on local government leadership. Constituents. Good leadership will open opportunities for better governance and community development among the people of Looc, Romblon. This can set the environment for better decisions being made and better responses given by the local government. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The findings in this study can also guide the NGOs in the area in strengthening their collaboration with the local leaders, thereby increasing the effectiveness of their programs and initiatives. Government Agencies. Findings from the study can be useful for the various national and regional government agencies for their efforts in mainstreaming action into their local community efforts in building capacity and making governance more coherent and effective across levels.

15. Scope and Delimitation of the Study Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences This study focuses on identifying the leadership styles of Local Executive Chiefs in the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Looc, Romblon. It specifically examines the leadership practices of local chief executives within the locality. The research will look at the best leadership styles practiced by the executive leaders and the awards that they received using that leadership style. The study is limited to the leadership styles that are employed within the executive level of the Local Government Unit, such as servant, transformational, autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, transactional, coaching, bureaucratic, charismatic, and strategic. While other leadership styles may exist, the scope of the study will focus on those that are prevalent in the local context. The data collection will be held at Looc, Romblon, and will not include other LGUs, thereby limiting the generalization of the results to other municipalities or provinces. However, the findings can still provide a comparative framework for similar LGUs facing the same governance challenges.

16. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Leadership Styles Duncan (2024) states that at the heart of effective local government leadership lies a clear and compelling sense of purpose. Senior executives, through defining this core mission and embedding it through every facet of the organization, illuminate strategic decisions, policy decisions, and daily operations. This purpose, or ‘why,’ becomes the bedrock for trust and leadership. “People don’t buy WHAT you do, they buy WHY you do it. We are drawn to leaders and organizations that are good at communicating what they believe. Such a purpose ensures that all activities of different teams take on a coherent and unified front in a common direction, set by various strategic objectives from top-tier leadership to those that affect the day-to-day running of tasks. It inspires and creates motivation, but it is also an important mechanism for steering through the puzzle of convoluted challenges that public service finds itself in.

17. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Lynch (2023) states that all chief executives and political leaders will have different leadership traits and styles of approaching decision-making and setting strategies for their jurisdictions; nevertheless, all of them must be capable of straddling managerial and political leadership effectively. We have talked to several CEOS regarding their approach to leadership in the very complex delivery models emerging today and, crucially, how they work with local politicians to deliver better outcomes for their communities. In the local government structure of the Philippines, the Local Chief Executive (such as the mayor or municipal head) plays a critical role in governance, management, and decision-making processes. The Local Government Code of 1991 decentralized power, giving local executives more autonomy over their jurisdictions. This shift increased the significance of leadership at the local level, as local chiefs now directly influence policy implementation, public service delivery, and community development (Department of the Interior and Local Government, 2019).

18. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Viernes et al. (2018) show how the leadership styles are as much ancient as human civilization, i.e., from the city state of polis to the modern public governance, leadership style has propelled the organization to a higher level of productivity by breeding cooperation and motivation among employees. Leadership organ of any organization. Different from person to person, leadership is perception-based. These perceptions, therefore, affect expectancies, which in turn triggers behaviors from subordinates. In terms of organizational objectives, identification with programs and projects, decision making, complaints and issues addressing, and organizational problems, this research looks at how department heads and division chiefs measure their leadership style. In addition, it compares their leadership perceptions and finds out if there is a significant difference in styles according to the classical models of leadership, namely: 1) democratic, 2) autocratic, and 3) delegative. Most of the respondents (28) implied that they perceived no significant difference in their leadership styles .

19. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences According to Eutaquio (2023) , good governance rests on three pillars: an unshakeable moral basis, a commitment to openness about all dealings, and a code of conduct emphasizing effectiveness in all actions. In addition, the descriptive approach has been used in this study to analyze the socio-economic profiles of the executives of the Local Government Units and the leadership styles they employed. The leadership style of Local Executive Chiefs in LGUs has been widely recognized as a determining factor in organizational success, particularly in terms of employee performance and productivity. Leaders who adopt transformational and participative approaches are seen to foster a more positive work environment, motivate employees, and enhance productivity (Nguyen et al., 2020). Transformational leaders, in particular, focus on inspiring and motivating employees through shared goals and a collective vision. They promote employee engagement, innovation, and collaborative decision-making (Avolio & Yammarino , 2014). On the other hand, transactional leaders rely on a more structured, reward-and-punishment approach, which may maintain order and stability but could limit employee creativity and initiative (Bass & Bass, 2019).

20. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences The achievement in organization, as stated by Wongyanon et al. (2016), is a leader's ability to influence others to do the right things. That is, leadership. Various leadership theories have been written, though not a universal theory fits all situations, given that organizations have different environments and cultures, especially with a public sector. Leadership, contingent reward, management by exception-active in transactional leadership, and laissez-faire leadership style. Kenton (2024) defines servant leadership as a mode of leadership whereby a person relates with another either as a fellow employee or as a manager so that authority may be gained instead of power. The system further creates a decentralized organization. Apart from sales staff, even customer facing employees employ servant leadership to establish better ties or impressions with customers. For such employees, there is a close relationship with the end consumer, so better decisions are made to keep these customers and attract new ones.

21. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences MSEd (2024) highlights some unique features of transformational leadership and its influences on a group. Transformational leadership refers to the kind of leadership that brings about positive changes in the followers. Generally, inspirational leaders are enthusiastic, energetic, and passionate. They are not only concerned and involved in one's processes but also in the effort to make every group member succeed. Such leaders take absolute charge of situations by communicating clear visions focusing on the group's end goals. Such passion for work and an ability to bring re-energization or landscape to the rest of the group create a huge effect. Transformational leaders are inspired to help such members to help each other within the group and provide the needed support and guidance, encouragement, and motivation to enable them to work hard, perform excellently, and be loyal to the group. The transformation-oriented goals of transformational leadership include inspiration for growth, loyalty, and self-confidence in the members of the group.

22. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences In the article of Yildirim, K. E., Caki , C., & Harmanci, Y. (2020), it is stated that Autocratic leadership has been in use since times that are long past and has, therefore, always been in use. Still, attempts to conceptualize autocratic leadership are filled with difficulties. The prevailing ideas that autocratic leadership does not find its rightful place in a democratic setup and is misunderstood to be an erroneous and fatal managerial style of action in dictatorships cause organizations to shun it as a viable style of leadership. Such opinions emanate from a distorted perception of autocracy and its leadership style. In situations where time is of the essence and decisions must be made quickly, autocratic leadership may be appropriate. When employed by the correctly appointed person in the correctly appointed position, it would accrue benefits to businesses. The different conditions surrounding an autocratic leader's decision-making must, therefore, be thoroughly assessed, along with the core tendencies surrounding autocratic leadership. If applied effectively, autocratic leadership can be a great way of saving an organization in crisis. It creates teamwork, saves time, cuts costs, and maximizes productivity in terms of work done per hour by fewer people.

23. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences MSEd (2024 ) mentions democratic leadership, also referred to as participative leadership or shared leadership, to define a leadership style in which decision-making involves group members. Such a style can be applied to any kind of organization, be it a company, a school, or the government. With the democratic leadership style, everyone is encouraged to participate; there is the free flow of ideas and open discussion. Although its emphasis is on the equality of the group and the free flow of ideas, the democratic leader is there, offering the necessary advice and control. Nsls (2022) added that one of the leadership styles is laissez-faire; here, the leaders allow their followers to exercise a degree of freedom in making their own decisions and running their desks. They support, guide, consult, and train their teams now that they need them to handle the details and execution of their duties and projects. Comfort in delegating tasks is what laissez-faire leaders enjoy, which is another reason that it is called delegative leadership. These leaders also do not mind if their teams made mistakes in the course of completing a task but have less room for relief because they are accountable for both the group's mistakes and successes. Freedom becomes the thing that laissez-faire leaders put first; they encourage their team to make their own decisions and manage their work as they deem fit.

24. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Martins (2025) states that transactional leaders give directions to their teams on what action should be taken and inspire employees with work benefits or gifts. This kind of leadership is very useful in times of pushing for a short time or emergencies, though it should be applied cautiously. Read through to learn about its merits and demerits, the appropriate time to apply it, and other possible styles. Coaching leadership resonates well with the present workforce because transformational leaders are those whose vision inspires and motivates teams to appeal and develop innovative ideas. Officially recognized by Dennison (2023), coaching leadership heralds a paradigm shift from conventional hierarchical configurations to what has become a transformational change by making every voice of each team member heard and valued in a focus on guiding individuals or motivating them to achieve a team-wide growth-positive environment.

25. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Max Weber, who also articulated ideas on transactional leadership, was the man who propounded the theory of bureaucratic leadership. He lived in the era of industrialization when he saw the society shift toward larger organizations from huge factories to large farms. Lee (2025) believes that Weber propounded this theory in response to the growing need for an efficient system to manage these entities, which had long been based on personal influence. The theory of bureaucratic leadership devised by Weber rests on these six pillars: Hierarchy of authority. There is a command chain with assigned duties and expectations for each level of authority. Division of labor/task specialization. It is a management style that looks to appoint the right person to do a specific job. Formal selection. There are regulations to decide how workers are hired, terminated, and promoted based on skill, aptness for the job, and compliance with regulations. Career orientation. All employees get prospects for a long and professional career if they observe the rules and perform well. Rules and regulations. It sets the whole system under the guidelines, rules, and procedures that maintain structure within the organization. Impersonality. It mainly focuses on the organization and its performance rather than on individual contributions (Lee, 2025)..

26. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Coaching leadership resonates well with the present workforce because transformational leaders are those whose vision inspires and motivates teams to appeal and develop innovative ideas. The most charismatic leadership style rests upon a seductive leader who can persuade others. Charismatic leaders are compelled by their strong beliefs and immense emotional energy for their cause. Charismatic leaders are also known as transformational leaders due to many shared qualities. Charismatic leaders are primarily concerned with bettering the status quo, whereas transformational leaders concern themselves with transforming the organization into the vision of their leader. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a charismatic leader who employed effective oratory, a compelling personality, and unwavering commitment to bring about positive change in the lives of millions (St. Thomas University Online, 2022).

27. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Strategic leadership is, perhaps, one of the most important keynotes in long-term success in any organization. Leaders must look beyond short-term gains in strategizing those plans, which would ensure sustainability of the organization over the long haul. Strategic leadership requires straddling an impending goal with a clear vision for the future-driving innovation and building a culture that promotes growth. This is going to explore the vital areas necessary for any strategic leadership competency, with real-world examples of successful leadership and actionable tips to cultivate those skills (IMD Business School, 2025)

28. Related Literature Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Figliola (2024) believes that the advancement of skills about playing roles in leadership among government officials is an avenue toward effective public service delivery and successful future planning in government entities. Strong leadership culture in these departments guides employees at all levels to make informed decisions, manage resources efficiently, and respond proactively to the needs of the community. When an office staff has leadership capabilities, they can collaborate, innovate, and implement improvements in public services in a way that directly enhances the lives of constituents. Engaging in leadership development builds a culture of accountability and trust, increases morale and engagement, and ultimately improves job performance significantly. The pressure to deliver quality public services with limited resources in a rapidly changing context makes the local government official's work arduous and complex. Investments in leadership development of staff and managers empower them to embrace a proactive attitude, resourcefulness, and independent challenge-solving skills, thus lightening the load on higher management.

29. Related Studies Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Research by Daguio et al. (2024) analyzes the qualifications, personality, leadership behavior, and style of one of the best-performing mayors in Metro Manila. Its purpose is to establish which important elements capture the defining characteristics that make a difference in the success of local governance. Besides, a qualitative analysis and critical literature review allow the current study to establish how visionary thinking, integrity, adaptability, and emotional intelligence enhance leadership. Findings of the study mirror that these traits not only influence the decision-making and team functioning but also build a healthy organizational culture promoting innovation and community involvement. In addition, it also shows that relationship building, behaviors, and performance are the keys to the successful leadership of high-performing mayors, where it can give valuable input to current and future leaders of local government. Similarly, it emphasizes a need for a program to build leadership skills towards improved public administration and sustainable urban development.

30. Related Studies Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Gemedaa (2020) stated that an effective leader can adopt and implement appropriate leadership styles to lead, guide, and mobilize staff support within an organization. This enables employees to exceed their usual performance levels, achieve higher productivity, and strengthen the organization by improving overall staff engagement. Transformational leadership, which emphasizes inspiring and motivating employees, is consistently associated with increased performance and job satisfaction.

31. Related Studies Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences The information and data were collected through an interview process following a standard survey questionnaire. The survey concluded that the characteristics include command responsibility, approachable, honest, having dedication and determination, as well as independent decision-making. Thus, they are what set an effective and efficient leader apart from the rest who may qualify for the leadership positions. Leadership has the most impact on the choices voters make about the candidates for public office. This means that the respondents are not in favor of graft and corruption in the processes of rendering services to the customers ( Eutaquio , 2023)

32. Related Studies Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Malik et al. (2017) note that transformational leaders in public administration cultivate an atmosphere of trust and dedication, which leads to enhanced employee productivity. Similarly, Mahmood et al. (2019) point out that this style of leadership not only increases engagement but also aligns employees' values with the organizational mission, resulting in improved outcomes. In contrast, transactional leadership, which depends on structured rewards and penalties, also plays a crucial role in public sector productivity. Arikan (2020) shows that transactional leadership is effective for maintaining clear performance standards and achieving specific objectives, especially in environments with well- defined tasks. This approach helps manage employee output through established performance metrics, which is vital for operational efficiency. Nevertheless, the complexities inherent in public administration present unique challenges.

33. Related Studies Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Stewart (2014) explains that public sector leaders often face bureaucratic constraints that can limit their flexibility. This is supported by Cho et al. (2019), who emphasize that while transformational leadership helps address these constraints, a balance with transactional elements is necessary for effective governance. Additionally, Singh and See (2022) propose that both leadership styles interact with motivational factors, such as job satisfaction and employee engagement, which are essential for productivity.

34. Related Studies Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Stewart (2014) explains that public sector leaders often face bureaucratic constraints that can limit their flexibility. This is supported by Cho et al. (2019), who emphasize that while transformational leadership helps address these constraints, a balance with transactional elements is necessary for effective governance. Additionally, Singh and See (2022) propose that both leadership styles interact with motivational factors, such as job satisfaction and employee engagement, which are essential for productivity.

35. Related Studies Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Moreover, Thanh and Quang's (2022) study in Vietnam highlights how various leadership styles, including transformational and transactional, impact staff engagement and performance. The results revealed that while transformational leadership positively affected work engagement and task performance, laissez-faire leadership had a detrimental effect. This highlights the significance of employing effective leadership styles to improve employee outcomes in public administration settings

36. Related Studies Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Wongyanon et al. (2016) want to instill new empirical findings into public administration. The purposes of this study are to analyze and to examine the influence of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles of the chief executives to organizational performance in case of Thai local organizations. They are Pattaya City, Laemchabang City Municipality, and Chonburi Provincial Organization. The self-administered surveys were distributed to a randomly selected sample within the three local organizations. Participants consisted of 820 respondents who had returned the questionnaires from 953 invitations. The result showed that transformational, transactional, and laissez faire leadership styles significantly and positively affect organizational performance. The findings revealed that the individual consideration leadership style in transformational leadership was shown in Laemchabang , whereas Pattaya City exhibited contingent reward and management by exception-active in transactional leadership.

37. Theoretical Framework Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences The theoretical framework for this research is grounded in key leadership theories, which provide a comprehensive understanding of how different styles impact performance and recognition. Transformational Leadership Theory, initially introduced by James Downton in 1973 and later expanded by Bernard Bass in 1985, emphasizes the role of leaders who inspire and motivate their followers by aligning their values with organizational goals ( Korejan & Shahbazi, 2016). Transformational leaders are known for fostering trust and engagement, which can lead to improved employee productivity and job satisfaction (Tania et al., 2021). This theory is particularly relevant to the LGU of Looc as it explores how inspiring leadership can contribute to higher standards of public service and potentially lead to recognition through awards at international, national, and local Levels

38. Theoretical Framework Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences The theoretical framework for this research is grounded in key leadership theories, which provide a comprehensive understanding of how different styles impact performance and recognition. Transformational Leadership Theory, initially introduced by James Downton in 1973 and later expanded by Bernard B ass in 1985, emphasizes the role of leaders who inspire and motivate their followers by aligning their values with organizational goals ( Korejan & Shahbazi, 2016). Transformational leaders are known for fostering trust and engagement, which can lead to improved employee productivity and job satisfaction (Tania et al., 2021). This theory is particularly relevant to the LGU of Looc as it explores how inspiring leadership can contribute to higher standards of public service and potentially lead to recognition through awards at international, national, and local Levels

39. Theoretical Framework Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences In contrast, the Transactional Leadership Theory, developed by Max Weber in 1947 and further refined by Bernard Bass in 1981, focuses on managing performance through a system of rewards and penalties. This approach is effective in structured environments with clear performance metrics, providing a framework for understanding how reward-based systems influence employee efficiency and goal achievement (Murphy, 2015). In the context of the LGU of Looc, evaluating how transactional leadership impacts performance and recognition can offer insights into its effectiveness in managing performance standards. Motivational Theories further complement this framework by highlighting how leadership styles impact employee productivity through intrinsic motivation. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, established in 1968, distinguishes between factors that lead to job satisfaction and those that prevent dissatisfaction ( Alshmemri et al., 2017

40. Theoretical Framework Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences In contrast, the Transactional Leadership Theory, developed by Max Transformational leadership can address both types of factors by creating a supportive environment conducive to recognition and growth. Additionally, Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory, articulated in 2017, underscores the importance of intrinsic motivation, which is enhanced by leadership styles that promote autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Shafi et al., 2020). Understanding how these theories interact with leadership styles provides valuable insights into their impact on employee engagement and performance. By integrating these theories, this framework aims to offer a thorough analysis of the different leadership styles employed by local chief executive officials in the LGU of Looc and identify the best leadership style they practice. It provides a foundation for understanding which leadership styles are most effective in achieving high-performance standards and gaining awards, thus offering actionable insights for improving leadership practices in local governance

41. Conceptual Framework Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences INPUT Demographic Profile Of The Respondents Leadership Style Of Local Executives PROCESS OUTPUT Survey Questionnaires Training Proposal For Leadership Enhancement Program   Figure 1. The conceptual framework of the study . The research paradigm of this study, shown in figure 1, employing the IPO (Input-Process-Output) model pioneered by David Easton, illustrates the research study Leadership Style of Local Executives: Basis for Leadership Enhancement Program. The Input stage encompasses the foundational elements required for the study, consisting of the Demographic Profile of the Respondents and the Leadership Style of Local Executives. This input data, gathered through survey questionnaires, serves as the raw material for the research. These questionnaires act as the mechanism to collect data on the leadership styles and demographic characteristics of the respondents.

42. Definition of Terms Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences The following terms are hereby operationally defined to better understand the study. Awards and Recognition. These are recognitions bestowed on local executives for their accomplishments from the global to the national and down to the local level. These are indicators of leadership effectiveness and, therefore, are used in this investigation to pinpoint successful leadership styles. Community Development. These are the programs and other initiatives put in place by local executives to improve the quality of living and economic welfare of the community. Leadership styles would significantly contribute to the success of such initiatives. Community Engagement. The degree of citizen participation in the processes and decisions of their municipality. The style of leadership may spur higher levels of engagement by communities. Decision-Making. It deals with the localized operation of the policy-making and allocation of resources to tackle community concerns by local executives. Effective decision-making is an essential component of successful leadership .

43. Definition of Terms Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Demographic Profile. This comprises the characteristics of the respondents like age, gender, educational attainment, and years of service. These attributes are used to analyze the difference and background of local executives and their possible effect on leadership styles. Governance. The collective processes and structures through which a local executive manages public resources and decisions that are implemented by policies to realize the goals of the community-good governance is relatively the product of effective leadership. Leadership Enhancement Program . This is a systematic designing of leadership improvement programs to enhance the acquired study results among local executives. These addresses identified gaps and best practices. Leadership Style . This means approaches and strategies used by local executives to guide, direct, or influence their constituents and subordinates, which includes various styles such as transformational, transactional, or laissez-faire Leadership Local Executives . These are elected officials at the municipal and barangay levels, such as the Municipal Mayor, Barangay Captains, and SK Chairmen, who administer local governance. They are the focal point of this study concerning their leadership styles and effectiveness. Organizational Performance. The local government units' effectiveness with which they perform their tasks or goals and objectives. This plays a fundamental role in determining the organizational performance of any regime.

44. Definition of Terms Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Public Trust. The term denotes the confidence and reliance of citizens on their local executives. Good and effective leadership will improve public trust and thus create more engagement and support for society. Transformational Leadership. Transformational leadership is a style primarily exemplified by an ability to inspire and motivate followers to reach new heights of performance that also create a significant change. Most of the time, this approach results positively for an entire organization or community

45. Research Design and Method Research Design The study utilizes a quantitative research design, employing descriptive research techniques to evaluate leadership styles among local chief executives within the LGU of Looc. This design will allow for a systematic measurement and analysis of leadership styles and their impact on various organizational metrics. The focus on quantitative data through survey questionnaires will provide a broad, data-driven understanding of the prevalent leadership styles and their perceived effectiveness on local governance. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences Research Method The research relies on a structured survey questionnaire as the primary data collection method. These surveys were designed to quantitatively assess the leadership styles of municipal mayors, barangay captains, and SK officials for the leadership enhancement program at Looc, Romblon. Additionally, the surveys will measure the perceived effectiveness of these leadership styles concerning their received awards internationally, nationally, or locally.

46. Research Locale and Time of Study Research Locale and Time of the Study The study was conducted within the Local Government Unit of Looc, Romblon. This locale provides a focused setting to investigate leadership styles at the local executive level. The research was carried out during the second semester of 2024-2025, from January to March 2025, allowing sufficient time for thorough data collection and analysis. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

47. The Respondents The population of this study consists of Chief Local Executives ( self-assessment) and Vice Mayor, Sangguniang Bayan Members, Barangay and SK Officials, and Residents (rate the performance of the Chief Local Executives) from the municipality of Looc, Romblon. A representative sample of 193 respondents, including 1 municipal Mayor, 6 Barangay Captain and 6 SK Chairman, 36 barangay officials and 36 Sk Officials, 1 Vice Mayor, 8 Sangguniang Bayan members, and 99 residents. Participants were selected to represent different sectors and levels within the LGU to ensure a representative sample. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

48. Sampling Technique A stratified random sampling technique was used to select participants within the LGU of Looc. To employ stratified random sampling for a research study focusing on six specific barangays, such as Balatucan , Buenavista, Camandag , Pili, Poblacion , and Punta. The researcher began by obtaining the total number of registered voters within each barangay. This constitutes the population for each stratum. Subsequently, utilize Slovin's formula (n = N / (1 + Ne^2)) to determine the required sample size for each barangay, where 'N' represents the barangay's population and 'e' is the desired margin of error. Once the sample size per barangay is calculated, randomly select the corresponding number of registered voters from each barangay's list. This ensures that the sample proportionally represents the voter distribution across the chosen six barangays, enhancing the study's generalizability within that specific area. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

49. Research Instrument Used The researchers used a structured survey questionnaire as the research instrument. The questionnaire was designed to gather quantitative data on the leadership styles of local chief executives and their perceived effectiveness. The survey questions were formulated to align with the research objectives, focusing on various dimensions of leadership styles. t Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

50. Data Gathering Procedure To ensure the validity and reliability of the data collection instrument, the researchers followed a rigorous process. Initially, a questionnaire was designed and submitted for critical review by the expert validators. Based on their expert feedback, the questionnaire undergo iterative revisions to ensure content validity. To further refine the instrument and assess its clarity and consistency, a pilot testing was conducted in Odiongan , Romblon, utilizing a sample distinct from the study's target population. Before data collection in the designated barangays of Looc, Romblon, ethical considerations were prioritized by securing informed consent and providing participants with a comprehensive explanation of the study's objectives. Participants were given sufficient time to complete the questionnaires, which were then promptly collected. The collected data were subsequently subjected to meticulous tallying and tabulation to facilitate accurate interpretation and statistical analysis Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

51. Data Analysis, Description, and interpretation The gathered data was statistically treated accordingly by utilizing tool analysis. Microsoft Excel 0365 and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 were employed in processing, treating, and analyzing the data gathered for the frequency count, percentage, and weighted mean with the help of a statistician. The following are the statistical treatments used in this paper . Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

52. Findings Demographic Profile The researchers found out that in the demographic profile of the 3 across all groups: Constituents, Elected Officials, and Executives, the majority are predominantly young, college-educated individuals with a relatively balanced gender distribution, though with distinguished differences in leadership roles. In terms of age, the majority are 21-30 years old, comprising 33.2% of total respondents, indicating a younger demographic. In terms of Gender, a slight female majority (50.3%), but males dominate executive positions (69.2%), while females are more prevalent among constituents (57.6%). LGBTQIA+ representation is minimal (2.6%) and absent among executives. In terms of educational attainment, the majority are with 33.2% of respondents being college graduates and 30.1% having some college education, suggesting a correlation between education and leadership roles. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

53. Findings II. Leadership Styles Employed by Local Chief Executives The researchers found that local chief executives in Looc consistently demonstrate strong leadership across all respondent groups—constituents, elected officials, and executives. All ten measured leadership indicators were consistently rated with "Strongly Agree" responses, falling within a mean range of 4.21 to 5.00. The majority of the respondents rate Servant Leadership Style as the most prominent leadership style, achieving a high overall mean of 4.46, with all respondent groups rating it within the "Strongly Agree" range (4.21-5.00). On the other hand, while still within the "Strongly Agree" range, Autocratic Leadership received the lowest mean score of 4.21, suggesting it is the least prevalent or perceived leadership style among the ten indicators assessed. This consistent "Strongly Agree" rating across all leadership indicators, even the lowest, signifies a generally positive perception of the local executives' leadership capabilities. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

54. Findings III. Best Leadership Style in Terms of Awards Received The researchers found that the awards data for Looc Municipality revealed a significant disparity in leadership recognition. The Municipal Mayor demonstrated exceptional performance, consistently receiving provincial, national, and potentially international awards, indicative of effective governance and strategic program implementation. Particularly, the Mayor's self-assessed leadership styles, predominantly charismatic (4.83), servant (4.80), and strategic (4.78), strongly correlated with this award success, suggesting these styles' effectiveness in local governance . Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

55. Conclusion Based on the findings of the study, the researchers conclude that: The study reveals a predominantly young, college-educated population with a balanced gender distribution, with a slight female majority. Males dominate executive positions, while females are more prevalent among constituents. LGBTQIA+ representation is minimal. Educational attainment is high, with 33.2% of respondents being college graduates. 69.1% of elected officials and executives have served for "3 years below," indicating high turnover. Executives tend to have longer service tenures. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

56. Conclusion 2) Local chief executives in Looc consistently demonstrate strong leadership, with all ten leadership indicators rated with "Strongly Agree" responses. Servant Leadership Style was rated as the most prominent, while Autocratic Leadership was the least prevalent. This positive perception indicates a generally positive perception of local executives' leadership capabilities. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences 3) The Looc Municipality's leadership recognition data shows a significant disparity. The Municipal Mayor consistently received awards, indicating effective governance and strategic program implementation. His charismatic, servant, and strategic leadership styles were strongly correlated with these awards. However, barangay leadership recognition varied significantly. Barangays Balatucan and Pili received awards for community engagement and disaster response, while Barangay Punta received the Galeng Pook Award for exceptional leadership. Many barangays received minimal to no awards, indicating inconsistencies in grassroots governance. The SK Chairman was largely unrecognized, highlighting a gap in youth leadership empowerment.

57. Recommendation Based on the findings and conclusion, the following were recommended: According to the results, there is a noticeable gender difference in terms of executive positions among SK Chairman and no recognition for SK chairpersons. The municipality needs to establish initiatives that will help promote gender equality in leadership. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences 2. ( Training Proposal for Leadership Enhancement Program) In light of the identified issues related to the existing gaps in the effectiveness and recognition of leadership as seen in barangays and even SK levels, priority should now be given by the municipality to the design and implementation of targeted leadership development programs . 3. The persistent inconsistency in perception between the local executives and the constituents dictates that communication between both parties must be improved further.

58. Recommendation 4. The municipality must, therefore, stipulate well-defined criteria for and processes of recognition regarding leadership excellence across all levels, including barangay captains and SK chairpersons. This will motivate effectiveness, create a sense of value and empowerment, and promote a more harmonized governance structure Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences 5. The inclusion of an element on "award-worthy practices" goes directly to solving the observed gap in higher-level awards among barangay executives, empowering them to seek and gain larger acknowledgment for their work.

59. Research Output TRAINING PROPOSAL  Project Title: "Empowering Looc: Transitioning from Autocratic to Servant Leadership" Implementing College/Agency: College of Arts and Sciences- Bachelor in Public Administration (Faculty and Students) Name of Cooperating Agency (if any): Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Local Government Unit Name of Beneficiary: Local Chief Executives of Looc, Romblon Nature of Beneficiary: Elected Public Officials of Looc Category of Beneficiary: Local Government Unit (LGU) Leaders Address: Looc Municipal Hall, Looc, Romblon, Philippines Products/Services: Public Service Delivery, Local Governance, Community Development Trainers/Facilitators: BPA Faculties, Students, and Guest Speakers Name of Contact Person: Jhon Rey Arriola Rodeo Contact Number: 09633582185 Number of Participants: 60 Nature of Project: A comprehensive training program designed to equip local chief executives in Looc, Romblon, with a deep understanding of autocratic leadership principles, its applications, and its potential impact on local governance. The program will emphasize the indicators (centralized decision-making, limited input, strict control, hierarchical structure, and focus on authority) and discuss when and how such a style can be effectively employed while also addressing its potential drawbacks. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

60. Research Output Duration of Project : 2 Days -May 20-21, 2025 Day 1: Understanding Autocratic and Servant Leadership Scenarios Day 2: Practical Skills for Servant Leaders Day 3: Empowering Servant Leadership in Looc, Romblon Budget : Trainer/Facilitator Fees: PHP 3,000 Training Materials (Handouts, Presentation Aids): PHP 5,000 Meals and Refreshments: PHP 15,000 Logistics and Administrative Costs: PHP 5,000 Contingency: PHP 5,000 Total : PHP 33,000 Venue : Municipal Hall Function Room in Looc, Romblon. Purpose : To educate local chief executives on the characteristics and implications of autocratic leadership. To analyze the strengths and weaknesses of autocratic leadership in the context of local governance. To provide strategies for managing and mitigating the potential negative impacts of autocratic leadership. To foster a balanced understanding of different leadership styles and their appropriate applications. To equip the local chief executives with the knowledge to know when, and if, the autocratic leadership style is appropriate. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

61. Research Output Expected Output/s: Increased understanding of the five indicators of autocratic leadership: Enhanced ability to recognize the potential benefits and drawbacks of autocratic leadership. Development of strategies for managing autocratic tendencies and fostering a more inclusive leadership approach. A set of personalized action plans for each participant, outlining how they will apply the training's insights in their roles. Increased awareness of the ethical considerations surrounding autocratic leadership. A written evaluation of the training by each participant. SDG Alignment: SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: By improving the leadership capabilities of local chief executives, the program contributes to building more effective and accountable institutions. Specifically, the program will focus on the importance of ethical and transparent decision-making, even within a hierarchical structure. SDG 5: Gender Equality: By including GAD integration, the training will help to promote gender equality within the local government. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

62. Research Output Expected Outcome/s: Improved decision-making processes within the local government, with a more balanced consideration of diverse perspectives. Enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in specific situations where decisive action is required. Reduced potential for negative impacts associated with autocratic leadership, such as decreased morale and innovation. Strengthened governance and public service delivery in Looc, Romblon. Increased public trust in local government leadership. Improved workplace environment within the Looc, Romblon local government. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

63. Research Output Expected Outcome/s: Improved decision-making processes within the local government, with a more balanced consideration of diverse perspectives. Enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in specific situations where decisive action is required. Reduced potential for negative impacts associated with autocratic leadership, such as decreased morale and innovation. Strengthened governance and public service delivery in Looc, Romblon. Increased public trust in local government leadership. Improved workplace environment within the Looc, Romblon local government. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

64. Research Output Detailed Training Program Outline: Day 1: Understanding Autocratic and Servant Leadership Registration and Opening Remarks. Icebreaker Defining Autocratic Leadership: Characteristics and Impact Introduction to Servant Leadership: Principles and Values Self-Assessment: Identifying Personal Leadership Tendencies Case Studies: Analyzing Autocratic vs. Servant Leadership in Real-World Scenarios Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

65. Research Output Day 2: Practical Skills for Servant Leaders ✓ Active Listening and Effective Communication ✓ Empowerment and Delegation ✓ Conflict Resolution and Collaborative Problem-Solving ✓ Building Trust and Fostering a Supportive Environment ✓ Role-Playing: Practicing Servant Leadership Skills Day 3: Empowering Servant Leadership in Looc, Romblon ✓ Developing Action Plans: Applying Servant Leadership to Specific Projects and Challenges ✓ Mentorship and Follow-up: Establishing a Support System ✓ Creating a Culture of Service: Strategies for Long-Term Implementation ✓ Evaluation and Feedback: Participant feedback and program evaluation. ✓ Closing Remarks and Certificate Distribution. Bachelor in Public Administration-College of Arts and Sciences

66. Consultation with our thesis adviser Documentation

67. Consultation with our thesis adviser Documentation

68. Consultation with our thesis adviser Documentation

69. THANK YOU -ALPHA 6- Andres et. al. Romblon State University College of Arts and Sciences RSU-CAS