Anne boykin - Savina Schoenholer

Nursing as Caring

1. Anne Boykin Ph.D Savina Schoenhofer Ph.D Born in 1944, Anne Boykin grew up in Wisconsin; the second eldest of six children. She began her career in nursing in 1966,graduating from Alverno College in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Today she enjoys the beauty of South Florida as the dean and professor of the College of Nursing at FAU. Born in 1940, Savina Scheonhofer was born the 2nd child and oldest daughter in a family on nine and spent her formative years on the family cattle ranch in Kansas. Her initial nursing study was completed at Wichita State University, where she earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing, psychology, and counselling

2. “ Nursing as Caring ”

3. Historical background Society has moved from an era of "standard families" to a society where social norms are being excused. Mothers have now moved from home to the workforce, many children are raised in single parent homes, and racially diverse and same sex families now exist. It is becoming more acceptable and understood to move out of the realms of societies expectations for a typical family and branch off into what is acceptable to self. (National Academy of Sciences, 1997) The 1990s through 2013 became known as the constructed and integrated knowledge stages in nursing theory. There was an increased call to develop substance in theory and focus more on concepts grounded in practice and research. More attention was focused on middle range and practice theories rather than grand theories, and evidence based practice was formally introduced in 1992 (McEwen & Wills 2014). In this era, the United States fought many challenges including, destruction of the World Trade Center, capture and take down of Saddam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden. Last, an introduction of socialized medicine through Barrack Obama, named the healthcare reform act.

4. The 1990's proved to be a profitable time for our country. It was a time of economic growth and the unemployment rates stood lower than they had in over 30 years. Moving into the beginning of the 21st century, times began to change. Global economy, the housing collapse, and increased national debt played an important role in the fall of the economy in 2008. The country is still attempting to recover from this fall. (U.S. Department of State, Suny Suffolk

5. With the advances in technology, the internet, and the strong focus on the global economy nursing was shifting its focus to incorporate more global and international perspectives ( Borsay , 2009).

6. About the theory The theory of Nursing as Caring is a grand nursing theory that offers a broad philosophical framework with practical implications for transforming practice. From the perspective of Nursing as Caring, the focus and aim of nursing as a discipline of knowledge and a professional service is “nurturing persons living caring and growing in caring.” Anne Boykin and Sarvina Schoenhofer’s Theory of Caring as Nursing gives emphasis in the fundamental idea that all persons are caring; that to be a human means to be caring; and that being a person is living in caring. Caring is innate to an individual and that a person lives their lives growing the capacity of caring ( Macrohon & Loriaga , 2012).

7. Assumptions that Ground the Theor y * Persons are caring by virtue of their humanness * Persons are whole or complete in the moment * Persons live caring, moment to moment * Personhood is a process of living grounded in caring * Personhood is enhanced through participating in nurturing relationships with caring others * Nursing is both a discipline and profession (Boykin & Schoenhofer , 2013)

8. ELEMENTS OF NURSING AS CARING THEORY NURSING SITUATION –is the shared,lived experience in which the caring between the nurse and nursed enhances personhood. CALL FOR NURSING - Call for acknowledgement and affirmation of the person living and caring in specific ways in the immediate situation (Boykin & Schoenhofer , 1993, 2009) Calls for nurturance through personal expressions of caring NURSING RESPONSE - Specific expression of caring nurturance to sustain and enhance the “other” as he or she lives caring and grows in caring in the situation of concern  DIRECT INVITATION DANCE OF CARING PERSON

9. Analysis      Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer are both Doctor of Philosophy, at the same time a writers. There are several books authored by them about their Theory of Nursing as Caring. The Theory of Nursing as Caring explained that there is interaction between a nurse and those nursed. Knowing that a nurse should able to perform the different functions of nurturing a client in living and growing in caring. Caring is lived by each person moment to moment. To prevent sickness and other diseases alike. To maintain the discipline in engaging to human living and have a healthy living. Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer , a Model for Transforming Practice through Nursing as Caring. Caring not only for ourselves but caring to a holistic level. Practice in caring first to ourselves is a first step where we can find a real caring to others and the best possible way to have a much better relationship. The nature of relationship is transformed through caring.

10. Strength and Limitations   Anne Boykin’s Nursing as Caring Theory is a grand nursing theory that can be used a framework to guide nursing practice. It defines the standard role of a nurse. Nurses intentionally care for an individual which causes them to grow in caring. Nurses support, sustain, strengthen process of caring and growing in care. Nurse must be present, actively listening, sensitive to broad range of situations .    The focus on caring abilities of a nurse is a primary strength which was given emphasis on the theory of Nursing as Caring. The assumptions presented by Boykin and Schoenhofer sounds analytical and acceptable. In addition, concepts and explanations are concise and easily understandable. Personality and character of the nurse affects the type and quality of care we are giving to our patients. Each nurse delivers his own care depending on the personhood, value and character. Boykin and Schoenhofer stated that personhood is enhanced through participating in nurturing relationships with caring others. Our continuous nurturing experiences and encounters with the patient will help develop and improve our caring abilities. The relationship that will be gained through nurse-client interaction using this theory will be extraordinary and unremarkable because we treat and give care to our patient as if they were our love ones. However, this may lead to development of emotional attachment to patients which may be a weakness of the theory. This theory can be used not only by nurses but by everyone who cares. Nursing education will take a little part in this theory since caring is a virtue and innate to humans as declared by Boykin and Schoenhofer .  

11.     As a grand theory of Nursing as Caring, another major strength is it can be used with any other theory regardless of time and place. The nurse must know oneself regarding his own caring capabilities. The elements that make a holistic individual whole and complete were not enumerated. But viewing the person as a whole, it means we are respecting and keeping the dignity of the patient. In line with this, every patient has their own unique qualities and needs which means they need individualized care not depending on listed standards of health provided by other theorists. In this theory, the nurse is expected to initiate, offer and give care with or without a perceived deficit or need. In addition, because it is a helping model, it celebrates the fullness of life and human being.     However, there are limited explanations regarding the concepts of a person, man, environment and nursing. The incompatibility of nursing process to this theory may be considered a limitation since all of us are using the nursing process in our profession. Nevertheless, theory is highly applicable, useful and much effective if used together with other theories. It will surely make a difference in the recovery of our patients and positive feedbacks will be received.

12. CONTRIBUTION/ APPLICATION OF THE THEORY IN HUMANITY To Nursing Practice :  The focus of nursing ... is person as living in caring and growing in care (Boykin & Schoenhofer,1993 pg.25). Nursing practice has been influenced by this idea. The challenge is not to discover what is missing ,weakened or disabled but to know that the other person is a caring individual and to nurture that person in situation- specific, creative and individualized caring ways. We will not consider nursing as a complicated process of acts that will result to a predictable end product but rather an inherent process of unfolding and guided intention. To Nursing Administration : Nursing profession has subspecialties and administration is one of the area. All activities under nursing administration are concerned for creating, maintaining and supporting an environment which calls for nursing. Administration is directly and indirectly involved in multiple nursing situations, whether to nurse individual (as they uniquely responds to the calls) or to assist a nurse as they deliver care. Nurses in the administration formulate and implement policies within the organization to help them understand the goal/ focus of nursing and to make sure that the resources are available.

13. To Nursing Educatio n :  Understanding humanhood is a way of living grounded in caring and is enhanced by participating in nurturing relationships with caring others thus, affirming that nursing is both a discipline and profession. In teaching nursing, teachers guide students to know, appreciate and celebrate both self and others as caring persons. Students and teachers are in continual search to discover wider implication of caring as uniquely expressed in nursing. Examples are clearly stated on the book living as caring based Program by Boykin, 1994. To Nursing Research & Development:  The caring theory influenced nursing researcher and developer to explore and illuminate the patterns of caring personality. Dialogue, description and innovations in interpretation approach characterize research methods. Nursing science from a caring perspective is a human science that may require newer and different ways of defining nursing.

14. In Conclusion, the move into the 21st century has led to major changes in technology, society, economics, culture, and nursing. Nursing is evolving from an occupation to profession and with the help of research and knowledge obtained from theorists like Boykin and Schoenhofer , offers to be a well valued profession. (McEwen, Wills, 2014)

15. References Borsay , A. (2009). Nursing history: An irrelevance for nursing practice? Nursing History Review, 17, 14-27. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/207216205?accountid=45715 Boykin, A., & Schoenhofer , S. (2013). Nursing as caring: a model for transforming practice. Retrieved from http:// www.gutenberg.org/files/42988/42988-h/42988-h.htm#link2HCH0003 Econoic crisis of the 21st cnetury . ( n.d. ). Retrieved from http:// www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/Economiccrisis21st.html McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2014). Theoretical basis for nursing (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health . Macrohon , J.M., & Loriaga , A. (2012, July 4) Metaparadigm . Retrieved From http://nursingiscaringtheory.blogspot.com / National Academy of Sciences (1997). Preparing for 21st century challenges facing a changing society. Retrieved from http:www.nas.edu/21st/society/U.S. Department of State ( n.d ) Outline of the U.S. Economy. Retrieved from http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/oecon/chap3.html