Apomixis

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POTENTIALS IN IMPROVEMENT OF FORAGE CROPS
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Flower StructureFlower Structure

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Flower StructureFlower Structure
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Generalized Flower StructureGeneralized Flower Structure
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6. Gametes ???Gametes ???
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ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
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PERFECT FLOWERiZ'-"ZZ%%
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Self-pollination
Cross-pollination
Apomixis

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Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
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ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
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STAMINATE FLOWERr"(
Apomixis

9. PISTILLATE FLOWER
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ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
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Cross-pollination
Apomixis

10. Self-pollination
Cross-pollination
Apomixis
Apomixis
Cross-pollination
Apomixis
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Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
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Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
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11. Complete / Incomplete / Perfect / Imperfect / Hermaphrodite /
Bisexual / Staminate / Pistillate / Unisexual

12. Complete / Incomplete / Perfect / Imperfect / Hermaphrodite /
Bisexual / Staminate / Pistillate / Unisexual

13. Complete / Incomplete / Perfect / Imperfect / Hermaphrodite /
Bisexual / Staminate / Pistillate / Unisexual

14. Complete / Incomplete / Perfect / Imperfect / Hermaphrodite /
Bisexual / Staminate / Pistillate / Unisexual

15. Complete / Incomplete / Perfect / Imperfect / Hermaphrodite /
Bisexual / Staminate / Pistillate / Unisexual

16. Complete / Incomplete / Perfect / Imperfect / Hermaphrodite /
Bisexual / Staminate / Pistillate / Unisexual

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MODES OF POLLINATION MODES OF POLLINATION
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ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
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18. Modes of reproductionModes of reproduction
Modes of Reproduction
Sexual Asexual
ApomixisVegetative
gametophyticsporophytic
If the unreduced cells give rise to a megagametophyte, then
gametophytic apomixis occurs. If the unreduced cells give
rise directly to an embryo, then sporophytic apomixis occurs.
•Site of origin
•Developmental pattern
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ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
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ApomixisApomixis
•Development of embryo without
sexual fusion
•sexual life cycle is “short-
circuited”
Apomixis
•300 species
•35 families.
Endosperm
E
m
b
r y
o
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Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
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20. Apomixis pathsApomixis paths
The sexual life cyle of flowering plants and the apomictic reproduction by seed which occurs
when the sexual life cycle is short-circuited (after Vielle-Calzada et al., 1996).
SHOTR CIRCUTTED
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21. GametophyticSporophytic
Types of apomixisTypes of apomixis
unreduced
cells give
rise directly
to an
embryo
unreduced cells give rise to
a megagametophyte
adventitious embryony diplospory
apospory
the embryo sac
originates from the
megaspore mother cell
either directly by mitosis
and/or after interrupted
meiosis
the embryo sac
originates from nucellar
cells the most common
mechanism of apomixis
in higher plants
characterized by the
presence of multiple
embryo sacs
Parthenogenesis
Apogamy Androgenesis
The haploid sperm nucleus enters the egg but
does not fuse with the haploid egg nucleus.
Each nucleus divides independently creating a
haploid embryo that contains sectors of male
and female origin.
Semigamy

22. VARIOUS PATH WAYS FOLLOWED BY
DIFFERENT CELLS OF EMBRYOSAC LEADING
TO DIFFERENT FORMS OF APOMIXIS
Sporophytic apomixis =
adventitious embryony
is a process in which the embryo
arises directly from the nucellus or
the integument of the ovule. The
embryo development is initiated as
a bud-like structure through
mitotic division of the cell nucleus.
The formation of the embryo sac is
normal. Because it occurs
normally, the embryo sac
formation is not involved with
apomixis. Sporophytic apomixis
occurs commonly in Citrus
species but rarely in higher
plants.
Adventitious EmbryonyAdventitious Embryony
Types of apomixisTypes of apomixis

23. Endosperm
E
m
b
r y
o
Adventitious EmbryonyAdventitious Embryony

24. Pseudogamy
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ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
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Determination of apomixis Determination of apomixis
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AA
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GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
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TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
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27. REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERS REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERS
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TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
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28. Amount of Cross-pollinationAmount of Cross-pollination
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Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
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GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
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TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
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29. POTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed Production POTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed Production
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Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
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GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
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TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
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POTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed ProductionPOTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed Production
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Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
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TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
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31. POTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed ProductionPOTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed Production
HOMEHOMEHOMEHOME
Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
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POTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed ProductionPOTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed Production
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Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
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TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
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33. POTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed ProductionPOTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed Production
HOMEHOMEHOMEHOME
Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
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Protogyny: hybrid seed production Protogyny: hybrid seed production
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Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
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Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
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35. POTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed ProductionPOTENTIAL: Hybrid Seed Production
F1 F1 apomixisapomixis F1F1
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Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
Molecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markers
FISHFISHFISHFISH
Other TopicsOther TopicsOther TopicsOther Topics
Current Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and Patents
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36. END SHOWEND SHOWEND SHOWEND SHOW
Identification of progenyIdentification of progeny
•Phenotypic analysis,
•Cytoembryological study,
•Microbiological methods,
•Markers
Identification of progeny
A combination of these methods may be
used to accurately classify progeny.
HOMEHOMEHOMEHOME
Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
Molecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markers
FISHFISHFISHFISH
Other TopicsOther TopicsOther TopicsOther Topics
Current Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and Patents
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37. END SHOWEND SHOWEND SHOWEND SHOW
•Phenotypic classification may involve
the least work of any technique for
detection of apomixis, but is also the
least reliable.
•Codominant or incompletely dominant
alleles are necessary for proper
classification of heterozygotes.
Phenotypic IdentificationPhenotypic Identification
HOMEHOMEHOMEHOME
Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
Molecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markers
FISHFISHFISHFISH
Other TopicsOther TopicsOther TopicsOther Topics
Current Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and Patents
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38. END SHOWEND SHOWEND SHOWEND SHOW
Cytoembryological detection involves
•the observation of the developing
spores and embryo
•This can be quite laborious, but
does enable the detection and
classification of the form of
apomixis.
Cytoembryological DetectionCytoembryological Detection
HOMEHOMEHOMEHOME
Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
Molecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markers
FISHFISHFISHFISH
Other TopicsOther TopicsOther TopicsOther Topics
Current Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and Patents
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39. END SHOWEND SHOWEND SHOWEND SHOW
The auxin test can be used to demonstrate the
estimation of the frequency of apomixis in
Kentucky bluegrass (a facultative apomictic
crop).
Other MethodsOther Methods
•Auxin test,
•Cytological tests, and
•Ovule culture tests
Accurate Tests
HOMEHOMEHOMEHOME
Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
Molecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markers
FISHFISHFISHFISH
Other TopicsOther TopicsOther TopicsOther Topics
Current Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and Patents
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40. Going to Delhi for the first time by your own carGoing to Delhi for the first time by your own car
Remember the way by some landmarks:Remember the way by some landmarks:
Tree, Building, milestone etc.Tree, Building, milestone etc.
These landmarks are the These landmarks are the markersmarkers to reach your to reach your destination Delhidestination Delhi
Similarly Similarly markers are the landmarks to achieve your target trait, markers are the landmarks to achieve your target trait,
e.g. e.g. Disease ResistanceDisease Resistance
What is a marker?

41. Molecular MarkersMolecular Markers
•Apomictic mapping and identification of the
region containing the apomictic gene was done
in the South American grassland species of
Brachiaria decumbens segregating for
reproductive mode among its progeny.
•The researchers mapped the clones to maize
chromosome 5
•1 and 5 cM from either side of the apo-locus
•The apomictic genes in the wild plant species
P. squamulatum have been successfully
transferred over into the cultivated pearl millet
species P. glaucum following three generations
of backcrossing between the two plant species.
HOMEHOMEHOMEHOME
Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
Molecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markers
FISHFISHFISHFISH
Other TopicsOther TopicsOther TopicsOther Topics
Current Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and Patents
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42. Markers
Target loci
(gene dr)
Closest
markers
RAPD
RFLP
AFLP
EST
SSR
ISSR
SNP
CAP
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
1.3 cM
1
1
0

c
M
Anonymous markers
with no known
functions
Anonymous markers
with no known
functions
Anonymous
markers
provide
different
information
Techniques
that pinpoint
RFLPs
c DNA
EST
RGAs
etc.
ISOENZYMES
RFLPs
SSR
RAPDs etc.

43. x
FF
11
F
2
F2
F3
F7-8
RI Lines
x
BC1
DEVELOPMENT OF MAPPING POPULATIONS

45. Screening of population and parents

47. Apomictic Sexual
Marker 1
Marker 2
Marker 3
MAS
BSABSA

48. BULK SEGREGANT ANALYSISBULK SEGREGANT ANALYSIS
X
F1
F2
A S
ASSIAIAISIAAAAIIISASASASA

49. BULK SEGREGANT ANALYSISBULK SEGREGANT ANALYSIS
X
F1
F2
R S
RSSIRIRISIRRRRIIISRSRSRSR
SSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRR
1………………….50 1………….40
Isolate
DNA

50. BULK SEGREGANT ANALYSISBULK SEGREGANT ANALYSIS
X
F1
F2
R S
RSSIRIRISIRRRRIIISRSRSRSR
SSSSSSSRRRRRRRRRRR
1………………….50 1………….40
Isolate
DNA

51. Isolate
DNA
Bulk DNA of
10 apomictic
Bulk DNA of
10 sexual rep.
plants
BR BS
PARENTS R S

52. R S
BR BS
SSR 1 / AFLP 1 SSR 1 / AFLP 1 SSR 1 / AFLP 1 SSR 1 / AFLP 1
R BR S BSR BR S BSR BR S BS R BR S BS
Look
For
Co-
Seg.
marker
xx xxINDIVIDUAL PLANT INDIVIDUAL PLANT
DNA SAMPLES, DNA SAMPLES,
REMAINING REMAINING
40R AND 30S40R AND 30S

53. R BR S BS 40 apomictic plants 30 sexually rep. plants
SSR 1 / AFLP 1
Perfect co-segregating marker
PCR MoviePCR Movie

54. R BR S BS 40 apomictict plants 30 sex. Rep. plants
SSR 1 / AFLP 1
One Perfect and one closely
co-segregating marker
PCR MoviePCR Movie

55. Fluorescence Fluorescence In SituIn Situ Hybridization (FISH) Hybridization (FISH)Fluorescence Fluorescence In SituIn Situ Hybridization (FISH) Hybridization (FISH)
©

56. PotentialsPotentials
The potential of apomixis in plant
breeding
Apomixis is a natural process that allows
the clonal reproduction through seeds
due to the bypass of female meiosis
as well as fertilisation. Apomixis results
in offspring that is genetically
identical to the mother plant even if it is
strongly heterozygous.
HOMEHOMEHOMEHOME
Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
Molecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markers
FISHFISHFISHFISH
Other TopicsOther TopicsOther TopicsOther Topics
Current Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and Patents
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57. PotentialsPotentials
fixation of hybrid vigour
conservation of plant genetic
resources
The list of possible impacts is so
striking and comprehensive that the
introduction of apomixis technology
is probably the most important target
of current efforts in plant
biotechnology.
HOMEHOMEHOMEHOME
Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
Molecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markers
FISHFISHFISHFISH
Other TopicsOther TopicsOther TopicsOther Topics
Current Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and Patents
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58. Current ResearchCurrent Research
Current research on apomixis
Apomictic species/approach Organization Location
wheat Institute of Plant Genetics Gatersleben, Germany
Hieracium C&FR Christchurch, New Zealand
evolution of apomicts Utah State University Logan, UT, USA
histology of apomixis Jagellonian University Krakóv, Poland
Taraxacum NIOO Heteren, the Netherlands
Pennisetum USDA-ARS Tifton, GA, USA
molecular tools for apomixis CAMBIA Canberra, Australia
Allium Kyushu National Agricultural
Experimental Station
Miyazaki, Japan
rice Academia Sinica Bejing, China
Hieracium CSIRO Adelaide, Australia
Pennisetum University of Georgia Tifton, GA, USA
Paspalum IBONE Corrientes, Argentina
Tripsaccum dactyloides CIMMYT Mexico, Mexico
Brachiaria CIAT Cali, Colombia
somatic embryogenesis Wageningen Agricultural
University
Wageningen, the Netherlands
cassava University of Brasilia Brasilia, Brazil
CSIRO Canberra, Australia
University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbour, NY, USA
CPRO-DLO Wageningen, the Netherlands
Arabidopsis mutagensis
Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA

HOMEHOMEHOMEHOME
Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
Molecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markers
FISHFISHFISHFISH
Other TopicsOther TopicsOther TopicsOther Topics
Current Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and Patents
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59. PatentsPatents
Patents related to apomixis
Publication
number
(Filing date)
Title Abstract of claims Applicant(s)
WO9743427 (13
May 1996)
production of
apomictic seed
expression of a gene which
renders the embryogenetic
production of embryo sac
tissue
Novartis
US5710367 (22
Sept 1995)
apomictic maize maize/Tripsacum hybrids used
to introgress apomixis into a
maize background. DNA
primers are listed to facilitate
this process.
USDA
US5811636 (22
Sept 1995)
WO9710704 (23
Sept 1996)
apomixis for
producing true-
breeding plant
progenies
gene(s) transferred from
Pennisetum squamulatum into
cultivated plants resulting in
apomictic progeny
USDA
WO8900810 (9
Feb 1989)
EP329736,
AU629796,
CN1040123,
AU2255288
asexual induction
of heritable male
sterility and
apomixis in
plants
induction of male sterility and
apomixis through the
introduction of transmissible
male sterility factors present in
extracts of male sterile alfalfa
plants.
Maxell
Hybrids Inc.
WO9836090 (17
Feb 1998)
AU6405498
means for
identifying
nucleotide
sequences
involved in
apomixis
genes in sexual species of
Gramineae known to be
orthologous to equences
associated with apomixis in
related species. Isolation and
modification of those
sequences.
CIMMYT-
ABC
WO9833374 (5
Feb 1998)
methods for
producing
apomictic plants
construction of apomictic
varieties by combining plants
lines with asynchronous female
developmental programmes.
Utah State
University
HOMEHOMEHOMEHOME
Flower StructureFlower StructureFlower StructureFlower Structure
Gametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophyticGametic vs. sporophytic
Flower typesFlower typesFlower typesFlower types
ContactDisclaimer
GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral
Mode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollinationMode of pollination
Mode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of ReproductionMode of Reproduction
Short circuitShort circuitShort circuitShort circuit
TypesTypesTypesTypes
Determination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixisDetermination of apomixis
ApomixisApomixisApomixisApomixis
Hybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed ProductionHybrid Seed Production
IdentificationIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
Molecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markersMolecular markers
FISHFISHFISHFISH
Other TopicsOther TopicsOther TopicsOther Topics
Current Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and PatentsCurrent Res. and Patents
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60. Curiosity should not end ………..
??#$
$%%

61. THANKS

62. Quiz
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Genetic consequences of apomixis are same as that of self-
pollination
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•True
•False

63. Quiz
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Amphimixis is opposite to apomixis
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•True
•False

64. Quiz
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The chromosome numbers of apomictic progeny are:
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•Increased
•Decreased
•Remain same
•Irregularly changed

65. Quiz
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Apospory is more common in:
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•Higher plants
•Procaryotes
•Fungi
•All of above

66. Quiz
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Identification of apomixis is possible through:
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•Cytoembryological methods
•Phenotypic markers
•Molecular markers
•All of above

67. Quiz
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Qrrehkt
DI-er
DI-er
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