Approaches in educational technology

Approaches in Educational Technology

1. Approaches in educational technology

2.  Hardware Approach Based on physical science and applied engineering field approach The new mechanism of teaching-learning with improved technology as its basis Suggesting innumerable new ways of doing things to the class-room teachers

3. The job and the duties of the teacher are likely to have multifaceted changes as they are to deal with many new gadgets for teaching and learning now and in the future

4. A result of hardware technology = the development of electro-mechanical equipments for instructional purposes . E.g .,:microphones for making teachers’ voice fully audible to the learners. Radio, T.V., tape recorder, projector, closed circuit television (C.C.T.V.), teaching machines, and computers are used for teaching the students.

5. Silverman (1968), called this type of educational technology 'Relative Technology'. Educational technology deals with the application of many fields of science to the educational needs of the individual as well as of society (Marilyn Nickson , 1971)

6. Hardware approach also involves a reduction of cost. the application of physical science to the education enables teachers to deal with more students, resulting in less cost and economy in finances ( D avis, 1971)

7. Software Approach In software approach, the basis of all thinking and working is behavioural science and psychology of learning. Software approach uses the principles of psychology for the purpose of behaviour modification.

8. A teacher with added knowledge of software approach can use the films, flash- cards, tapes etc., for various purposes. There is not end to his thinking. A teacher can plan better teaching which results into better learning.

9. This view of educational technology is closely associated with the modern principles of programmed learning and is characterised by task analysis, writing precise objectives, selection of appropriate learning strategies, reinforcement of correct responses and constant education . ( Davis, 1971)

10. Silverman (1968) termed this educational technology as 'constructive educational technology.' Both software and hardware approaches are so interlinked that they cannot be separated from each other. One without the other is incomplete. It is software approach which makes the hardware approach function well.

11. System Approach A modern approach in educational administration and organisation . It acts as a link between hardware and software approach. Also known as 'Management Technology'. It has brought to educational management a scientific approach for solving educational administrative problems.

12. System is a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole, in particular . ( http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/system ) Examples: A set of organs in the body with a common structure or function : the digestive system T he human or animal body as a whole : you need to get the cholesterol out of your system Computing  a group of related hardware units or programs or both, especially when dedicated to a single application.

13. Education is regard as a system and system approach is a systematic way of designing an effective and economical educational system the systems approach involved setting goals and objectives, analyzing resources, devising a plan of action and continuous evaluation/modification of the program. ( Saettler , 1990)

14. System approach in education

15. Instructional Development

16. Instructional Development

17. Target students Human resources Technical resources Financial resources Information Students whose performance or ideas have improved in specific areas Teaching - Learning process Input The system out put

18. Instructional Development

19. Stage 1- define

20. Stage 2 - develop

21. Stage 3 - evaluate