Approches of Educational Technology .pptx

Three Approaches of Educational Technology
Types of Educational Technology
Role of Approaches to Educational Technology in Education

1. Approaches to Educational Technology Dr. Pooja Walia Assistant Professor Department of Education Mizoram University

2. Educational Technology Educational Technology is a systematic way of designing, implementing and evaluating the total process of teaching-learning in terms of specific objectives, based on research in human learning, communication and employing a combination of human and non-human resources to bring more effective instructions.

3. Technology in Education The term ‘ Technology in Education ’ refers to use of technological advancement such as various equipments , material machines for educational purpose. It includes tangible aspects of technology as the application of principles of physical sciences and engineering in the development of electro-mechanical equipment used for instructional purposes.

4. Technology of Education The term ‘ Technology of Education ’ refers to use of technological approaches such as instructional technology, teaching technology, behavioural technology, programmed learning, micro teaching, system analysis, management of teaching-learning process and its components.

5. Forms of Educational Technology  Teaching technology  Instructional technology  Behavioural technology

6. Teaching Technology Teaching technology is concerned with the task of systematisation of the process of teaching. Fundamental Principles and characteristics of teaching technology as suggested by E.G. Vedanayagam (1988); Teaching is a scientific process and its major components are content, communication and feedback. There is a close relationship between teaching and learning It is possible to modify, improve and develop the teaching-learning activities.

7. Teaching Technology The terminal behaviour of the learner, in terms of learning structures, can be established by appropriate teaching environment. Teaching skills can be developed and strengthened by means of feedback devices. Pre-determined learning objectives can be achieved by designing suitable teaching activities.

8. Components of Teaching Technology Planning of teaching Organisation of teaching Leading of teaching Controlling of teaching

9. Instructional Technology Instructions stands for a certain type of command meant for getting specific information, knowledge and understanding about a thing, system or process. Instructional technology is meant for helping the instructor and the learner in the desired instructional task for the realisation of the stipulated instructional objectives in a particular teaching-learning situation. e.g. self instructional material through programmed instructional packages

10. Salient Features of Instructional Technology Instructional Objectives formulated on cognitive domain Learner is independent in his learning task. No need of presence of teacher in learning process Instructional material is prepared on Linear , Mathetics or Branching Programming Teaching Machines, Computer Assisted Learning

11. Steps of Instructional Technology Setting of Instructional Objectives Taking decision about the instructional material Taking decision about the media Taking decision about evaluation

12. Behavioural Technology Behavioural technology has its origin to the theory and practice of applied psychology . B.F. Skinner popularised this term when he used this technology to modify the behaviour of living organism in his laboratory. In its broader sense it is the technology to modify the behaviour of all living organism

13. Behavioural Technology In school situations , the task of behavioural technology has almost become the synonymous with the task of behaviour analysis and behaviour modification carried out through the principles of operant conditioning and observational learning.

14. Use of Behavioural Technology Analysis of Behaviour Setting the target behaviour for behaviour modification Providing suitable ways and means for behaviour modifications

15. Approaches of Educational Technology  Hardware approach  Software approach  System approach

16. Hardware Approach Relative Technology

17. Hardware Approach The hardware approach refers to the use of machines and other mechanical devices in the process of education. Its origin lies in the application of “physical science” and engineering field to education and training system. Silverman called this type of educational technology ‘ Relative Technology’.

18. Hardware Approach Physical sciences provided new gadgets and electromechanical equipment's that used in teaching and learning to make it more effective. The process of teaching-learning has been gradually mechanized through the use of teaching machines, radio, television, tape recorder, video-tape, projectors etc.

19. Example of Hardware Approach The teacher can deal with a larger group of students at the same time by his discourse through these machines that reduce the cost. E.g. use of microphones.

20. Scope of Hardware Approach in Education Preservation of Knowledge Transmission of Knowledge Development of Knowledge

21. Preservation of Knowledge The history of preservation of the knowledge is believed to exist since the printing technology came into existence. The knowledge is preserved with these machines in the form of books which are shelved in the libraries. In modern time we preserve the content in hard drives, pen drives, CD’s etc., which is the contribution of engineering and sciences.

22. Transmission of Knowledge The second aspect of human knowledge is transmission. Usually teachers transmit knowledge themselves to their pupils. Further, transmission of the knowledge is supported by machine like mike, radio and television . Now a large number of students are benefitted with the help of recorded lectures available online which they can listen on learning platform with the use of computing devices.

23. Development of Knowledge The third aspect of human knowledge is it’s development. For this aspect, provisions are made for research work. In the research programmes , after collecting data, the main function is analysis of data. For this purpose, researchers rely on software like ‘SPSS’, ‘R’ which can run only on computing devices.

24. Software Approach Constructive Technology

25. Software Approach Software approach is emerged through behavioral sciences and psychology of learning. Silverman (1968), called this ‘ constructive educational technology ’. It concentrates on the analysis, selection and construction of whatever is necessary to meet the educational needs of the learners. The software approach means to apply or use some scientific principles theories and laws to teaching training and instruction in view to realize objectives.

26. Software approach It refers to the application of teaching-learning principles towards directing and shaping of behaviour. It is closely associated with the modern principles and theories of teaching, instruction, teacher behaviour and principles of programmed learning. It sometimes referred to as instructional technology. teaching technology and behaviour technology.

27. Software approach It is characterized by task analysis, stating objectives in clear terms, selection of appropriate teaching strategies, reinforcement for correct responses, and continuous evaluation.

28. Interdependence of two Approaches The hardware and software approaches are supplementary to each other. Both software and hardware approaches are so interlinked that they cannot be separated from each other. One without the other is incomplete. It is software approach which makes the hardware function and without the use of software, hardware alone would have little or no value.

29. Interdependence of two Approaches In hardware approach we are more concerned with the production and utilization of audio-visual aid material and sophisticated instruments and gadgets and mass media for helping the teacher and learner to achieve better results, in software we try to exploit psychology of learning for the production and utilization of software techniques and material in terms of learning material, teaching-learning strategies, tools of evaluation and other devices for smoothening the task of teaching and learning.

30. Role of Hardware and Software Approach in Education Individualization of Instruction Use the multimedia and multi-sensory approach to teaching-learning Management of the affairs of educational practices in an efficient and productive way

31. Role of Hardware and Software Approach in Education Providing proper input and process for the best possible outcomes (products) Fulfilling the expectations of distance education Making the task of teaching-learning interesting purposeful and productive

32. Role of Hardware and Software Approach Individualization of instruction Programmed instruction, programmed books, and programmed learning modules. Teaching machines, computer assisted instruction and computer managed learning. Video and audio recorded learning and instructional material. Email, internet, teleconferencing and other online educational facilities. Special aid material, equipment and appliances used for special education and adjustment measure of for the disabled. Special provisions and facilities for the creative and gifted to nature and develop their individual capacities according to their pace and interest.

33. Role of Hardware and Software Approach Use the multimedia and multi-sensory approach to teaching-learning: Hardware and software technologies help the teacher as well as the learners for making a proper and judicious use of multimedia and multi-sensory aid material, equipment and principles of teaching-learning, derived from psychology and technology of teaching. Proper utilisation of sensory organs such as sight and hearing for the acquisition of the desired teaching-learning experiences. Multimedia, material and appliance involving hardware and software technologies for sharing desirable teaching-learning technologies. All the relevant and needed teaching-learning methods, devices, and strategies, well-accompanied and aided by hardware and software technologies.

34. Role of Hardware and Software Approach Management of the affairs of educational practices in an efficient and productive way: It helps to manage the following affairs related to his professional responsibilities in the sphere; Planning of teaching-learning Organisation of teaching-learning Leading teaching-learning Controlling teaching-learning

35. Role of Hardware and Software Approach Providing proper input and process for the best possible outcomes (products): In the true spirit of the system engineering, use of hardware and software technologies can help the educational and instruction system to make all possible efforts for providing adequate and the needed process organizations to arrive at the best possible outcomes.

36. Role of Hardware and Software Approach Fulfilling the expectation of distances and correspondence education: The demands of today’s education and modern education practices are putting increase emphasis on the extension of distance education and correspondence and online education facilities to the increasing number of learners. Educational technology (hardware and software) fulfill the need of such system.

37. Role of Hardware and Software Approaches Making the task of teaching-learning interesting, purposeful and productive: Suggesting suitable teaching-learning methods, devices and strategies based on psychology of teaching-learning. Suggesting suitable maxims and principle of teaching-learning based on the theory and practice of technology of teaching-learning. Putting various types of audio-visual aid and materials and equipment at the disposal of teachers and learners. Providing a variety of instructional and self-learning material suiting the varying needs of teaching-learning situations and individuality of the teacher and learners.

38. System Approach Management Technology

39. SYSTEM APPROACH System approach is a systematic attempt to coordinate all aspects of a problem towards specific objectives. System approach is a rational, problem- solving method of analyzing educational process and making it more effective.

40. System Approach The system approach involved setting goals and objectives, analyzing resources, devising a plan of action and continuous evaluation(Saettler,1990). It is also known as Management Technology. It has been introduces in the field of education to manage, control and improve the process and products of education. It is concerned with systematic planning, implementing and evaluating a system like education.

41. Definition of System approach Keshaw and Michean (1959) have defined “ System approach is one of the techniques which aims at finding the most efficient and economically intelligent methods for solving the problems of education scientifically’.

42. System approach in education System approach in education incorporates all its parts, pupils teachers curriculum evaluation In this case, the system is composed of a teacher, a student and a programme of instruction, all in a particular pattern of interaction.

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