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1. APS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING HYDROPONICS:GROWING WITHOUT SOIL A MODERN APPROACH TO FARMING CHATURYA C (1AP20CV001) PAVAN G (1AP20CV001) PRAJWAL KUMAR R (1AP21CV400 ) SUBMITTED BY:

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION IMPORTANCE OF HYDROPONICS LITERATURE REVIEW CONCLUSION HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL

3. INTRODUCTION Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich water solutions. The roots are suspended in or exposed to the nutrient solution, allowing the plants to absorb essential nutrients directly. It's a controlled environment system that can be used to grow various crops efficiently, often in limited spaces and with less water compared to traditional soil-based farming. HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL

4. IMPORTANCE OF HYDROPONICS Resource Efficiency Year-Round Cultivation Space Utilization Reduced Environmental Impact Food Security Innovation and Research Economic Opportunities HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL

5. LITERATURE REVIEW HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL

6. TITLE: HYDROPONICS AUTHORS: SEERAT JAN AND ZAHIDA RASHID YEAR OF PUBLISH: 2020 DESCRIPTION H ydroponics is extending worldwide and such systems offer many new opportunities for growers and consumers to have productions with high quality, including vegetables enhanced with bioactive compounds. As it is possible to cultivate soilless culture in very low spaces with low labour and short time, so hydroponics can play a great contribution for the poorer and landless people. Besides, it can improve the lifestyle of people and enhance the economic growth of a country. Main types of hydroponic systems are deep water culture, drip system , ebb and flow, nutrient film technique and wick system . The advantages of hydroponics compared over traditional farming methods are better growth rate, conservation of water, reduction of growth time of green fodder, increase in nutrient value and reduced labour requirement. In India, the hydroponic industry is expected to grow exponentially in near future. To encourage commercial hydroponic farm, it is important to develop low cost hydroponic technologies that reduce dependence on human labour and lower overall start up and operational costs. HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL ARTICLE 1

7. TITLE: A STUDY ON HYDROPONIC FARMING AUTHORS: Vyshnavi , Dr. Asha S, Sanjana Agarwal YEAR OF PUBLISH: 2023 DESCRIPTION Hydroponic farming offers better control over the growing environment, including temperature, humidity, and light. Hydroponic farming produces consistent quality crops as the growing conditions can be closely monitored and adjusted. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: Higher initial investment: The initial investment required for hydroponic farming is higher than that of traditional farming methods. This is because it requires specialized equipment, technology, and expertise. Higher energy consumption: Hydroponic farming requires a high amount of energy to maintain the necessary temperature, humidity, and lighting levels, which can increase energy costs. Potential for disease: If not properly managed, hydroponic farming can be more susceptible to disease and pest infestations. CHALLENGES FACED: Maintaining nutrient levels, Disease and pest control, Power outages, Cost of setup and Water quality. HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL ARTICLE 2

8. TITLE: RESEARCH ON HYDROPONICS FARMING AUTHORS: Ms SARITHA S R AND Mr BHASKAR A YEAR OF PUBLISH: 2023 DESCRIPTION Hydroponic farming is a soilless cultivation method that has the potential to revolutionize agriculture and food production. H ydroponic systems offer precise control over nutrient management and environmental conditions, resulting in increased crop yields and higher-quality produce. In order to maximize the benefits of hydroponic farming, more research is required to improve nutrient and environmental management, enhance the efficiency and affordability of hydroponic systems, and identify new crops that can be grown using hydroponic techniques. Additionally, solutions must be developed to overcome challenges related to pest and disease management, energy consumption, and the significant initial costs of establishing a hydroponic system. It summarizes the potential of hydroponic farming as a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional agriculture, and emphasizes the importance of further research and development in order to fully realize its potential. Overall, hydroponic farming has the potential to address the challenges of a growing global population while also reducing environmental impact. HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL ARTICLE 3

9. TITLE: HYDROPONICS FOR SUSTAINABLE FARMING OF FUTURE AUTHORS: UGYEN TSHERING AND BARKHA YEAR OF PUBLISH: 2023 DESCRIPTION The technology of hydroponics put forward a bright future for crop cultivation which at present, is facing various challenges including pest resurgence, pesticide resistance, poor soil fertility, desertification, unavailability of water for irrigation, degraded arable land fragmentation. The most notable problem faced by the farming community is the ever changing and unpredictable weather, crop predation , taking all these concerns into account, the all in one solution remains the adoption of hydroponics since the crops in here are grown in controlled, soil- less environment eliminating the chances of climatic challenges, pest attack (soil-borne) crop predation by wild life and unavailability of land. The technology could also reduce the incidences of soil and water pollution to a large extends. This system also is proven to be highly efficient in saving water, thus giving new dimensions to farming, revolutionizing the conventional ideology of agriculture where youths are reluctant to take up the farming due to drudgery of agriculture work. The initial establishment of hydroponics requires both skills and capital investment, if the technology is to be taken up by youths and women entrepreneurs, the central government must strategize ways to subsidize the material procurement. Technical skills trainings and easy financial access such as bank loans without collateral bonds or mortgages as usually these factors hinder rapid adaptation of new technologies. Secondly the government must facilitate and support reliable market for the local agriculture products as in the initial years the farmers can’t compete with well-established business owners or with price of imported products. HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL ARTICLE 4

10. TITLE: : A STUDY ON HYDROPONIC FARMING IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE AUTHOR: AJAY R AND PRAPHUL KUMAR YEAR OF PUBLISH: 2022 DESCRIPTION The research paper focuses on the role of hydroponics in the Indian agriculture. Hydroponics is a highly effective approach utilized in a variety of agricultural domains and also during the natural disasters. However, hydroponics requires less manpower, but it is still costly and complex, with high productivity. The awareness about hydroponics among the people was less; many people did not have a clear picture about Hydroponics. From this research we found out that many people do not prefer Hydroponics farming as the initial investment cost is very high and the financial support provided by the subsidies in the Government for Hydroponics farming are very less compared to traditional farming. Even though there is huge demand for Hydroponics produce as it is organic, medium and small-scale farmers faced the majority of difficulty in distribution and marketing. Among all the hydroponics produce greens have a huge demand. The main purpose of this paper was to create awareness among farmers in India about the benefits of hydroponic farming when compared to traditional farming and to understand the various challenges faced by them in India in setting up a hydroponic farm. HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL ARTICLE 5

11. TITLE:TO STUDY THE NECESSITY OF HYDROPONIC FARMING BUSINESS DURING COVID-19 AND ITS IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY AUTHOR: SIDDIQUI SUFIYA HUSAIN AND MAKBA ANDUL ANAS YEAR OF PUBLISH: 2022 DESCRIPTION Due to Covid-19 pandemic, people have faced lot of shortage of food products. So, during this period, hydroponic farming has been considered widely. People have started growing vegetables in their balcony, terraces, etc. because it requires less space. And not only that people who are more into organic things for them hydroponic farming is the best solution cause the vegetables grown out of this process is completely organic, that means no hazardous fertilizers, chemicals are added. Secondly, hydroponic farming is really beneficial for the farmers also cause it requires less water and the most important thing is that people who have limited access to land can also do this hydroponic farming. During lockdown period when everything was shut down, people started facing many problems and among them was shortage of food products. So, seeing this scenario hydroponic farming business has been boosted. People started preferring organic things like vegetables, etc. Hydroponic farming not only help in coping with shortage of food products, but it also helps in environment conservation. As per survey conducted many people agree to the fact that hydroponic farming is far more sustainable during crisis like Covid-19. It also helps an individual to get more nutrition and good health as the food grown out of hydroponic farming will be organic. Hydroponic farming has been started considering as the future of farming. HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL ARTICLE 6

12. TITLE: AUTOMATED HYDROPONICS SYSTEM AUTHORS: YASHDEEP P. NIMJEL , Dr C. C. HANDA YEAR OF PUBLISH: 2023 DESCRIPTION This paper aims to fill the gap between engineering and agriculture. Knowledge of automation, neural network, IoT, and SMART use in the hydroponic system get familiarized to agriculturalists. Detailed knowledge of nutrients and biological activities present in the hydroponic system gets familiar to Mechanical, Electrical, and electronics engineers. This paper presents the consolidated work in the field of hydroponics. Systematic work helps the researcher to attract their attention and increase their contributions to the field of hydroponics. Human involvement is needed to start the automated hydroponic system and thereafter brain of the system i.e micro-controller will take over the charge. Micro-controller creates a comfortable environment for the growth of healthy plants. The Hydroponic is the cleaner and more sustainable source of farming that fulfill the ever-increasing demand for food in the world. HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL ARTICLE 7

13. TITLE: HYDROPONICS AND THE TECHNOLOGIES ASSOCIATED FOR MEDIUM- AND SMALL-SCALE OPERATIONS AUTHORS: ROBERTO S GONZALEZ, ADRIAN L GARCIA YEAR OF PUBLISH: 2022 DESCRIPTION According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the world population will reach nine billion people in 2050, of which 75% will live in urban settlements. One of the biggest challenges will be meeting the demand for food, as farmland is being lost to climate change, water scarcity, soil pollution, among other factors. In this context, hydroponics, an agricultural method that dispenses with soil, provides a viable alternative to address this problem. Although hydroponics has proven its effectiveness on a large scale, there are still challenges in implementing this technique on a small scale, specifically in urban and suburban settings. Also, in rural communities, where the availability of suitable technologies is scarce. Paradigms such as the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0, promote Precision Agriculture on a small scale, allowing the control of variables such as pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, among others, resulting in higher production and resource savings. Although the initial investment is usually high, the implementation of technology in small and medium-scale decentralized food production systems can positively impact local economies by promoting self-employment or profitable business activities and favoring an environment of cooperation in the communities HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL ARTICLE 8

14. TITLE: VERTICAL FARM: A TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED APPROACH TO FOOD SECURITY AUTHORS: RISHITA SHARMA, EKTA, JIGYASA YEAR OF PUBLISH : 2022 DESCRIPTION The necessity for vertical farming is highlighted by new issues such as food security, urbanisation, farmland shortages and growing greenhouse gas emissions. A rising worldwide population will be able to feed itself in the future with the help of vertical farming, an eco-friendly, energy-saving and a promising alternative to conventional farming. Because it effectively manages resources and produces high-quality food, vertical farming is currently gaining popularity all over the world. Vertical farming could indeed be an important factor in the production of crops and vegetables in regions with little soil and water resources. To avoid pollution and increasing food prices, urban cities with limited and expensive land will need to produce enough food to feed their own people. With modern technology like hydroponics, aeroponics and aquaponics, the idea of a vertical farm appears to have a promising future. This paper generalises about the outcomes, advantages and disadvantages of putting a vertical farm into practise. Vertical farming has become a feasible option for producing a wide range of food crops to meet the nutritional needs of the expanding global population during pandemics like COVID-19. HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL ARTICLE 9

15. CONCLUSION It is an agricultural technique where plants are grown in a nutrient solution in the complete absence of soil. Here, the soil is substituted by sterile mediums such as rockwool, vermiculite, sand, gravel, clay pellets, perlite to give stability to roots. Main types of hydroponic systems are deep water culture, drip system , ebb and flow, nutrient film technique and wick system. Hydroponic farming offers better control over the growing environment, including temperature, humidity, and light. Hydroponic farming produces consistent quality crops as the growing conditions can be closely monitored and adjusted. The initial establishment of hydroponics requires both skills and capital investment, but it is an effective alternate to traditional farming practices. It summarizes the potential of hydroponic farming as a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional agriculture, and emphasizes the importance of further research and development in order to fully realize its potential. HYDROPHONICS: GROWING WITHOUT SOIL

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