Historical and textual origins30
q. 10 there, whose eighth article presents for the first time his full-fledged
theory of self-knowledge.
46
In the early stages of the debate, during the 1230s, we find a group of
thinkers looking to Avicenna’s “Flying Man” to shed light on the second
Augustinian maxim’s reference to the mind’s perpetual self- understanding,
47
a procedure that is typical of a broader thirteenth-century trend known as
“Avicennizing Augustinianism.”
48
This group included two of Avicenna’s
most enthusiastic thirteenth-century proponents at the University of Paris:
Jean de la Rochelle in his Tractatus de divisione multiplici potentiarum ani-
mae (1233–39) and Summa de anima (1235–36), and William of Auvergne
in his De anima (1235–40).
49
Following the trail of Avicenna’s “Flying Man,” Jean and William posit
two kinds of human self-knowledge: a perpetual natural supraconscious
self-knowing and intermittent acts of thinking about oneself. Their descrip-
tions of supraconscious self-knowing are frustratingly imprecise. They are
content to insist that genuine self-ignorance is impossible, without ever
46
For a detailed history of this period in Aquinas’s life, see Jean-Pierre Torrell, Saint Thomas Aquinas,
vol.
i, The Person and His Work, rev. edn., trans. Robert Royal (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic
University of America Press, 2005), 18–74. For dating of DV 10, see James A. Weisheipl, Friar
Thomas d’Aquino: His Life, Thought, and Works, 2nd edn. (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic
University of America Press, 1983), 126.
47
For the use of Avicenna’s Liber de anima by Jean de la Rochelle, William of Auvergne, and Albert
the Great, see Hasse, Avicenna’s De anima, 42–51 and 60–9.
48
The name was coined by Étienne Gilson in “Les sources gréco-arabe de l’augustinisme avicenni-
sant.” Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen âge 4 (1929–30): 5–149. Boulnois mentions
self-knowledge as one of the themes affected by this trend (see Être et représentation, 165–7).
49
I set aside Alexander of Hales, since his position on self-knowledge is similar to and less well
developed than Jean de la Rochelle’s. Jean has received very little scholarly attention. For recent
studies of his life and writings, see Jacques Guy Bougerol, “Jean de la Rochelle: Les oeuvres et
les manuscrits,” Archivum Franciscanum historicum 87 (1994): 205–15; Jörg Alejandro Tellkamp,
“Einleitung,” in Johannes von la Rochelle, Summa de anima, Tractatus de viribus animae, Lateinisch–
Deutsch (Freiburg: Herder, 2010), 9–43. On his approach to the soul and his use of sources, see
P. Michaud-Quantin, “Les puissances de l’âme chez Jean de la Rochelle,” Antonianum 24 (1949):
489–505; and on the relationship between his Summa and Tractatus, see Odon Lottin, Psychologie
et morale aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles, vol.
vi (Gebloux: Duculot, 1960), 181–206. In contrast, William
of Auvergne is one of the better-known early thirteenth-century authors; see Ernest A. Moody,
“William of Auvergne and His Treatise De anima,” in his Studies in Medieval Philosophy, Science,
and Logic, Collected Papers 1933–1969 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), 1–109; Steven
P. Marrone, William of Auvergne and Robert Grosseteste: New Ideas of Truth in the Early Thirteenth
Century (Princeton University Press, 1983); Roland Teske, “William of Auvergne’s Spiritualist
Concept of the Human Being,” in Autour de Guillaume d’Auvergne († 1249), ed. Franco Morenzoni
and Jean-Yves Tilliette (Turnhout: Brepols, 2005), 35–53. Teske documents Avicenna’s influence
on William in “William of Auvergne’s Debt to Avicenna,” in Studies in the Philosophy of William
of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris 1228–1249, ed. Roland Teske (Milwaukee, Wis.: Marquette University
Press, 2006): 217–37. An English translation of William’s De anima, with notes and corrections
of the corrupted Latin text, can be found in The Soul, trans. Roland J. Teske (Milwaukee, Wis.:
Marquette University Press, 2000).