Arba Minch University, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Department of Urban Design and Sustainable Development By Gezachew Girma Urban Studio III.pptx

The urbanization crisis in developing countries is characterized by high rate of overpopulation, congestion, pollution, inadequate housing/shelter, squalor underdevelopment, and increasing incidence of poverty, crime, etc. according to the report of the United Nation's Habitat (Inhabitant, 2007) has it that about a billion people live in slum area around the world and that slums are increasing within the developing or poorest cities, especially in Sub-Sahara Africa and Asia. Ethiopia, one of the ancient Sub-Saharan countries, also challenged with this urbanization crisis. The main objective of this study is to investigate and analyze the blight condition of Yirgalem town especially Arada kebele and propose a design solution for the obtained problem from the existing situation analysis of blight condition.

1. Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044 ) Course Instructors Tibebu Assefa (PhD) Geremew G/Mariam ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY Institute of Technology Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning MSc Program in UDSD SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN Urban Design Studio III By Gizachew G irma PRAMIT/065/12 February/2022 ARBAMINCH, ETHIOPIA URBAN RENEWAL/REDEVELOPMENT

2. Prepared by Gizachew.G Introuction 2 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044)

3. Prepared by Gizachew.G 3 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) 1.4. Limitation This Study conducted through site-visits (surveys), interviews with stakeholders and household and collecting secondary information from various governmental offices. Almost all government offices have no any organized and compiled date about their ruling town, kebele and ketenas. The study needs house to house data collection which was very hard because of the unwillingness of the house holder to see and talk a picture of the existing situation of the house as a result of the existing political stress. Also the research is limited from being very deep and wider because of the following limitations  Shortage of important data about the study area  No budget and transportation provided for the study  Unwillingness of individual and professionals to give information  Lack of local case studs and standards  The hot climate condition of the study area make hard to house to house data collection  Safety issue and exposure for crime while collecting data alone especially near to the river Study Area Description Yirgalem town is located in Dalle Woreda of Sidama National Regional State (SNRS), Southern Ethiopia. It is found in Southern parts of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley Basin (SMER) around 311 Km from Addis Ababa capital city of Ethiopia and 47km from Hawassa which is the capital city of Sidama National Regional State and Southern Nation Nationality People Regional State (SNNPR). It is located in between 424000 to 440000 E and 745000 to 748000 N and elevation is 1670 to 1830 m above sea level at UTM 37 zone. It is usually accessible via Addis Ababa - Hawassa – Yirgalem asphalt road of 300km and interconnected with the all-weather gravel and cobble stone road of the town .

4. Prepared by Gizachew.G 4 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Yirgalem Historical Development of Yirgalem Town Yirgalem Town is established around one hundred years ago which makes it the oldest town in the region and it is one of the biggest and most populated towns in the region next to Hawassa town. It lies on the main road which passes through Aposto – Negele – Moyale–Nairobi and has many tourist attraction sites and historical places. It is a home of a Lodge (known as Aregash Lodge) which is built at the outskirt of the town. There is also Gidabo hot springs bath which is located 41 Km far south of Hawassa town. Yirgalem town is the capital city for Sidama Zone up to 1960 after that Hawassa received the privilege of being a capital city . The starting Point was Arada in . Now a day in the market area next to the Shabadino main road. The place was suitable for farming and to construct their house. Yirgalem started as a town it expands to the middle altitude which is Hospital, as the place is suitable for residence .

5. Prepared by Gizachew.G 5 Physiographic Condition The study area is part of the Main Ethiopian Rift valley (MER), it is defined by very steep sloped, undulated, rugged, and flat or gentle sloped topography. Residual and transported soil deposits, volcanic ash, pumice, and ignimbrite unit covers the study area and they form undulating topography at central part to eastern (Yirgalem) and gentle ( flat) landform at western (Aposto) part. In the study area, a steep slope is encountered at Gidawo River , Geo, and Woman Rivers cuts while a very gentle slope is encountered at Awada and Kalit plain. This formation leads Yirgalem town to erosion, landslide and weathering. The maximum and minimum elevations in this area are 1670m to 1830m above mean sea level respectively. Arada Kebele Arada is the central and the oldest part of Yirgalem city. It is the starting point for the establishment of the city, following Gidawo river as a potential. The farmers started to settle at this place because it was suitable for farming and for constructing a house. Before Yirgalem was the capital city of Sidama Zone the expansion also radically increased & the market started and residential settlement also increased. Arada kebele is one of the 7 kebele of Yirgalem with 17283 current populations and 89 hector coverage. Arada was the central business district of Yirgalem, but now shifted to new city center. It contains old market and cool actives commercial areas .

6. Urban Design Studio III UDSD (2044) Prepared by Gizachew.G 6 Existing Situation Analysis Location Yirgalem town is located in Dalle Woreda of Sidama National Regional State (SNRS), Southern Ethiopia. It is found in Southern parts of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley Basin (SMER) around 311 Km from Addis Ababa capital city of Ethiopia and 47km from Hawassa which is the capital city of Sidama National Regional State and Southern Nation Nationality People Regional State (SNNPR). It is located in between 424000 to 440000 E and 745000 to 748000 N and elevation is 1670 to 1830 m above sea level at UTM 37 zone. It is usually accessible via Addis Ababa - Hawassa – Yirgalem asphalt road of 300km and interconnected with the all-weather gravel and cobble stone road of the town. The study area Arada is the central and the oldest part of Yirgalem city. It is the starting point for the establishment of the city, following Gidawo river as a potential. The farmers started to settle at this place because it was suitable for farming and for constructing a house. Before Yirgalem was the capital city of Sidama Zone the expansion also radically increased & the market started and residential settlement also increased. Arada kebele is one of the 7 kebele of Yirgalem with 17283 current populations and 89 hector coverage. Arada was the central business district of Yirgalem, but now shifted to new city center. It contains old market and cool activates commercial areas.

7. Urban Design Studio III UDSD (2044) Prepared by Gizachew.G 7 Connectivity of the study The study area is highly connected to the other kebele of Yirgalem. The major and highly utilized connection lien is the road that comes from Hawassa to M oyale passes through the site to Aposto. The other liens are underutilized . Accessibility of the study Arada kebele is the start point of city and was CBD area of Yirgalem. Key services are located within and nearby the study area . shops , park, pub, primary and secondary school, and KG are located within 600m radius. There is also a Masjid within two km old market within 300 m from the site. Climate condition The climate of Ethiopia ranges from equatorial desert to hot and cool steppe, and from tropical savannah and rain forest to warm temperate, from hot lowland to cool high lands. The altitude ranges from around 120m below sea level in the Dallol depression up to 4,620 m a.s.l on the Ras Dashen on the Semen Mountain Massifs. The Main Ethiopian rift valley and the Afar are semi-arid to hyperacid (Alemayehu et al., 2006). Based on altitude, the climate can be classified into five groups.

8. Urban Design Studio III UDSD (2044) Prepared by Gizachew.G Climate Zone and Data According to defined above Ethiopia has five climatic zones, defined by altitude and temperature. Based on measured data on climate and weather as well as the altitude. Yirgalem town lies on 1500-2300m above sea level and it has a tropical climate. February is the warmest month of the year. The temperature in February averages 28.0 °C | 82.3 °F. July has the lowest average temperature of the year. It is 23.2 °C | 73.7 °F. An average annual rainfall of the city is 933.4mm. The driest month is January, with 81 mm | 3.2 inch of rain. With an average of 476 mm | 18.7 inch, the most precipitation falls in October. The month with the highest precipitation falls in October. The month with the highest number of rainy days is May (27.63 days). The month with the lowest number of rainy days is January (6.97 days). The  windier  part of the year lasts for  2.8 months , from  June 15  to  September 9 , with average wind speeds of more than  5.1 miles per hour . The  windiest  day of the year is  August 2 , with an average hourly wind speed of  5.7 miles per hour . Yirgalem is in the middle and the summers are that easy to define. Due to the city’s location in rift valley and nearby Hawassa lake, there is weather condition changing from day to night. 8

9. Urban Design Studio III UDSD (2044) Prepared by Gizachew.G 9 Temperature Temperature is one of the controlling factors to alter the properties of rocks and soils and the day-to-day activities of society. The study area has an annual average maximum temperature of 270C and an annual average minimum temperature of 10.20C. March, February, January, and December are the hottest months with a monthly mean maximum temperature of 280C, 270C, 270C, and 260C respectively, and June, July, August, and September are the coldest months with a mean minimum temperature of 10.20C, 10.20C 12.30C and 11.70 C respectively.

10.   Urban Design Studio III UDSD (2044) Prepared by Gizachew.G 10 Rainfall Geographically the city is located at 60 05' North Latitude and 370 38 ‘ East longitudes and 1300m-1500m mean sea level respectively. The climate of the city is known by Tropical “kola” condition, the average rainfall and temperature range from 900mm and 240 c respectively .

11. Prepared by Gizachew.G 11 Wind Wind direction According to the data we obtained from Met blue Meteorology service, the prevailing wind direction of the site in months September to April is from south east direction In May it is flows west from east wards June to August blows from south west direction Wind Speed Wind speed of a site varies with its humidity variation. So the site has a wind speed of 2.18m/s during dry season (i.e. October to April) and 1.8m/s during humid season (i.e. May to September) 37 Prevailing wind Prevailing wind in an area is the one that blows over it most frequently. Easterlies-wind blows from Indian Ocean and the surrounding area. Western lies-wind blows from Atlantic ocean.

12. Urban Design Studio III UDSD (2044) Prepared by Gizachew.G 12 Physical Condition Analysis Base map A base map shows major determinant factors of the action area. It is a primary graphical representation of selected fundamental representation of existing map pattern. The base map include existing elements and structure such as street/ road, natural constraints (Hills, values, ponds, flood plain, etc.), major Structuring elements (market places, school, church, etc.), built Structures, contour lines and vegetation. Base Map of Study Area

13. 13 Contour Slope Contour is an imaginary line on the land surface that connects all points of equal elevation above or below a fixed reference plane or datum, usually mean sea level. These contour lines are an important way of showing the rise and fall of the land on a map . The  distribution of the contour lines shows how values change across a surface. Where there is little change in a value, the lines are spaced farther apart. Where the values rise or fall rapidly, the lines are closer together. The contour of the study area generated with 2m index interval and it is clearly shown that the site score a minimum of 1160 m.a.s.l and maximum of 1800 m.a.s.l, which is a maximum of 640m level difference within the action area. Slope is means of describing topography for a given area. It is a measure of terrain steepness that is the degree to which land is not horizontal. The categorization of an area in different slope classes can be used for different civic works such as for planning of drainage road construction, housing etc. In this slope analysis map slope is measured as percentage rise classified in to five different ranges. About 64% of the action area slope is below 12.8% that means it is moderate  suitable  for  residential development, agriculture, industrial and institutional development Contour Description Slope Description Contour Gorge Slope

14. Urban Design Studio III UDSD (2044) Prepared by Gizachew.G 14 Aspect Aspect identifies the downslope direction of the maximum rate of change in value from each cell to its neighbours.  Aspect can be thought of as the slope direction. The values of the output raster will be the compass direction of the  aspect. The aspect of the study area dominated by Northeast which account around 49% and only 6.56% of the action area face directly harsh sunlight from south west in afternoon. Aspect Description Drainage patterns The drainage pattern of the study area is controlled by geology, geologic structure, topography, vegetation, rainfall amount, and intensity. All parts of Yirgalem town were surrounded by Rivers and the Gidabo River was the main Perennial River. There are also other small tributary Rivers in the eastern, central, and western parts of the study area. All River bodies are flowing from east to the west direction towards Lake Abaya. Gidawo Mountain which was found in Wonsho Woreda which is 19Km far from Yirgalem was the main source of rainfall and runoff for the study area. The whole pattern in the study area is therefore characterized by a dendritic drainage pattern (Figure 3). Therefore, high erosional effects along the river/stream cuts have occurred . Hydrology

15. Urban Design Studio II UDSD (1043 Prepared by Gizachew.G 15 Vegetation Cover Vegetation is very important for the beauty and attractiveness of an environment. It is also useful to regulate the Temperature of a certain area. The existence of vegetation is important for visual, recreational, ecological and climate of the environment. Most land near to the stream covered by deferent types of vegetation. Grass, shrupses and also large trees are cover most part of the site . Even though most of Site land is used for agriculture lots of grain and seeds are produced on the fertile land. Also Fruits and vegetables , such as bananas, false banana, avocado, papaya and sweet potato and none fruiting trees such as Girar, Shola, Wanza, Zenbaba and eucalyptus tree are grow in the site. Environmentally the site is free from harmful Industrial pollution and most of the trees are edible and useable for constructing houses, making the site ecologically sustainable . Local Name Scientific Name Height (meter) Diameter(meter) Foliage Deciduousness Edible Girar Acacia Umbrelifra 13 12 Medium Semi deciduous No Shrub Callistemon citrinus 2 2 Low Evergreen No Coffee Coffee 4 4 Low Evergreen Yes Mango Mango 15 6 Dense Evergreen Yes Shola Ficus Sur 6 10 Dense Evergreen No Wanza 20-30 12 Medium Deciduous Yes Zenbaba Phoenix reclinata 10 4 Medium Evergreen No

16. Urban Design Studio II UDSD (1043 Prepared by Gizachew.G Prepared by Gizachew.G 16 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Blue Green Infrastructure Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) is an interconnected network of natural and designed landscape components , including water bodies and green and open spaces, which provide multiple functions such as water storage for irrigation and industry use, flood control, and wetland areas for wildlife habitat. BGI offers feasible and valuable solutions for urban areas facing the challenges of climate change such as cloudbursts and droughts. It connects the hydrological functions with urban nature , landscape design and planning. There by using the blue (water) and green (nature, plazas and parks) to protect against flooding and other effects of climate change . Advantages of BGI  Improves water quality and instills effective storm water controls  Increase urban resilience to climate change, for instance, by reducing urban heat island effects and increasing biodiversity  Create enhanced spaces for recreation and social activities ,  Articulate a clear vision of the livability and prosperity advantages of BGI River Pollution Analysis The part of Gidawo rive which define the action area in the northwest side is covers 2.5km through the site. People use this river water for shower and laundry purposes. Though, high load of domestic wastewater which is not treated is entering into the Gidawo River and fertilizers which are used by the farmers for agriculture are the key reasons for the pollution Gidawo River ( Mosisa Timotewos and R. Daniel, 2020). Based on site observation domestic wastewater and solid waste from the nearby residents and old market are the main sources of pollution for this part of the river .

17. Prepared by Gizachew.G 17 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Permeability Analysis The proportion of land cover permeability to the overall site directly relates with the ecological condition of the ecosystem. Impervious cover evaluation is typically used to help define the intensity of land uses and provide an overall estimate of water resource health. The impervious surface (Built up surface) of the study area is 67.5 Ha out of 119 Ha. This is 56.7% of the total action area. Based on the percentage the site can be categorized under degraded surface cover based on relationship of impervious cover to stream health graph. Soil Description Andisols Andisols (from Japanese ando, "black soil") are soils that have formed in volcanic ash or other volcanic eject. Andisols are a zonal soils found in all climates and at all altitudes. Most Andisols have excellent internal drainage because of their high porosity and their occurrence in predominantly high terrain positions. The good aggregate stability of Andisols and their high permeability to water make these soils (relatively) resistant to water erosion.. Andisols are generally good media for plant growth and display a range of agricultural productivity. They act as vast sponges, storing and releasing water. They have the ability to slow or filter the transfer of pollutants to groundwater reservoirs . Mollic Andisols A surface horizon of mineral soil that is dark in color, and relatively deep .

18. Prepared by Gizachew.G 18 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 1043) Infrastructure Analysis 4.4.1 . Road Network Generally the site has grid iron street pattern with cross and T junctions which is regular and good connections. But the few streets near to the river have irregular street patter which is poor in connection and dead end connections . Road Hierarchy Road hierarchy map shows the hierarchical coverage of the street found in the study area. There are primary and secondary arterial roads with 30m and 25m width respectively. Collector roads have 10m width and the local roads have 8m width. The arterial roads have high traffic mobility because they creates active corridor with high trading activities .

19. Prepared by Gizachew.G 19 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Road light There is no lightning on the road of the study area and this contributes for crime at night time. Road Condition The road condition of the study area are measure as bad, fair and good based on their material, appearance, comfort, construction quality, drainage condition, width, and smoothness / finishing condition. Most asphalt roads of the study are fair. Even though the asphalt road that goes from Hawassa Aposto to Moyale distracted and most coble stone roads are bad. Most of them are constructed recently but they are crooked and have bad finishing because of poor construction and lack of maintenance .

20. Prepared by Gizachew.G 20 Urban Design Studio II (UDSD 1043) Informal Road In the Arada kebele there are plenty of informal narrow and short roads that uses as an approach to buildings mostly in the Kebele houses. In Kebele houses one plot area is occupied by 5-10 householders. These informal roads are used to access the buildings at the back side of the plot. The width of these informal roads varies from 0.6m-1.5m . It is very hard to transfer big materials through this roads. Activity on the Road The part of Gidawo river which define the action area Arada kebele is the CBD of Yirgalem town that has intense mobility and activity on the road especially on the main arterial road. High pedestrian movement and commercial activity accounts the highest. High mobility is occurs at 12:00-2:00, 5:00-8:00 and 10:00-2:00 local time. And also high pedestrian movement accounts at the school entering and leaving time on the arterial roads along the primary, secondary and college school. Furthermore , in the study area there are plenty of informal activities occur on the road that affect the pedestrian, the mobility and the public realm and the aesthetics of the road. Almost all commercial shops along the main road display and store their material on the side off the road or on the public space of the street frontage. This create high visual disturbance and make the space dirty and also push the pedestrian away. Constriction and demolishing leftover materials are also the other obstacles for the pedestrian and car .

21. Prepared by Gizachew.G 21 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Connectivity Street connectivity can be defined as the quantity and quality of connections in the street network. The purpose of the street network is to connect one place to another. The design of the street network determines how direct or indirect the connections are and governs the number of different paths that connect two places. Rectilinear street grid provides relatively direct connections and multiple routes and has high connectivity . The curvilinear networks dominated by cul-de-sacs that are provide relatively indirect connections and few routes and have low connectivity. The connectivity of the street can be measured by connectivity index the ratio of the number of links to the number of nodes in the network. Minimum standards for connectivity indexes typically fall into the range of 1.2 to 1.4. the study area accounts 1.4 connectivity indexes so it is highly connected. Space Syntax Space syntax is a methodology of understanding the space in terms of its connection and integration . Space syntax axial map depicts the least number of axial lines covering all convex spaces of a layout and their connections.

22. Prepared by Gizachew.G 22 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Placements of Signage and Billboards Signs and billboards are expected to perform such as locating users in an environment, providing information on merchandise, labeling a structure, beautifying the appearance of an environment as well as protecting the safety of the public. Signs and billboards in the study area have failed to deliver the message due to the lack of the application of the basic design elements such as system modular rules, letter spacing, type and size of typography, color scheme and contrast value. There are plenty of signs billboards and advertising banners on the street and on the commercial buildings . They therefore project visual disorder and visual clutter perpetuating visual pollution, visual chaos and visual obstruction which tend to diminish aesthetic sensibility and visual literacy Improper placement of signs and billboards on the street have encroached or completely blocked roads , thereby obstructing traffics and pedestrians view .

23. Prepared by Gizachew.G 23 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Streetscape and walkability Streetscape is the natural and built fabric of the street, and defined as the design quality of the street and its visual effect. The concept recognizes that a street is a public place where people are able to engage in various activities. It is the visual elements of a street, including the road, adjoining buildings, street furniture, trees and open spaces, etc., that combine to form the street's character. The study area streetscapes are not properly designed and treated. There is no any street furniture without the seat provided by the shoeshine boys and coffee lady on the street. Besides there is no any street trees intentionally planted to shad the pedestrian road. Moreover all the streets lack attractive features and good public realm. Lack of built Lack of cleanness and enclosure Walkability Walkability is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking. It is the extent to which the built environment is friendly to the presence of people living, shopping, visiting, enjoying or spending time in an area. Factors affecting walkability include, but are not limited to :  Street connectivity  Land use mix  Residential density (residential units per area of residential use )  Presence of trees and vegetation  Frequency and variety of buildings  Entrances and other sensations along street frontages  Transparency, which includes amount of glass in windows and doors, orientation and proximity of homes, and buildings to watch over the street  Plenty of places to go to near the majority of homes (services such as stores, restaurants, bars, theaters, schools, parks or sport centers )  Place making, such as street designs that work for people, not just cars  Retail floor area ratio The study area lacks most of the influencing factors of walkability. In most cases it is not walk able. 4.4.11 . Utility Services Arada kebele have good utility services of water supply, electricity and storm water drainage system as compared to other kebele as a result of its age, high intensity of commercial activity and topography.

24. Prepared by Gizachew.G 24 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Water Supply Water supply sources of Yirgalem town are ground water and spring water. It has good supply of water in summer time for most kebele that has good topography. Arada kebele has daily supply of water as a result of its good topography. In dry season when water supply minimizes most households of Arada kebele gat water daily by day and night shifting method. The following tables describe the presents of housing water supply in plot level and methods of water supply in kebele house holders. All privately owned plots has water supply. Electric Power According to the information given in the City administration of Yirgalem 98.5% plot of the study area has electric power supply . All privately owned plots has water supply. 1.45% that has no electric power supply is kebele owned houses. In Kebele houses one plot area is occupied by 3-8 householders. According to the data found from municipality office the second table shows household level electric power supply methods of Kebele houses . Drainage The major arterial road and some cobble stone roads have good drainage system but most other roads of the site have drainage system that have improper design, full of solid wastes and bad connection with each other

25. Prepared by Gizachew.G 25 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Solid waste management collection According to the site observation and interview there is no any garbage collection method applied door to door or any other collection method of garbage collection on the study area. Once there was house to house collection but nowadays there is no any. But in a few case the residents used garbage pits and burning in the compound. . The lack of garbage collection system is cause dumping on the river bank and streets at night and filling the drainage ditches that provided for storm water. This may generate health problems to the society and impacts on the environmental furthermore it minimizes the beauty. Land Use As we can see from the land use of map the site residential areas account the highest coverage that is 38.3.. The road will cover 20.6 % of the study area which is the second highest coverage. The greenery near to the river, the commercial and mixed use areas account 12.3%, 9.9% and 5.8% respectively. There are also some incompatible land uses within the site. The residential areas next to bus station which surrounded by commercial and mixed use buildings are affecting by sound pollution from the bus station, night clubs and high mobility of large cars. The residential buildings of mixed area of old market are also incompatible with commercial activity .

26. Prepared by Gizachew.G 26 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Morphology In general the morphology of the study area in all three ketenas is very dense except the areas near to Gidawo river along Shabadino (Lako) direction. The built up ratio of very dense areas may range above 65%. Block Patterns and Size According to Compendium urban block is defined as the land area defined by the street grid. The size and shape of the block may vary depending on the configuration of the streets, preferred orientation and topography of the site. Size and shapes of urban block recommended in urban design. Square blocks are the most preferred geometry and it will give flexible basis for accommodating a range of commercial and residential buildings and more options for internal treatment. Rectangular blocks with depth of 110m are more comfortably able to accommodate larger buildings , such as factories and warehouses, without exposing rear/side walls. Rectangular blocks of l00m*200 m oriented with their short side onto the main Street can also be beneficial in Increasing connectivity with the surroundings and providing more crossings and junctions, which serve to slow traffic, making it easier for pedestrians and cyclists. Residential buildings can then line the quieter sides of the block. Irregular blocks can be molded to respond to topography and the creation of focal points such as greens or squares with building frontages that need not be parallel. The block shape of the study area is mostly rectangular but the size of some bloke like sample c has un proportional length and width.

27. Prepared by Gizachew.G 27 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Building Condition Analysis 4.9.1 . Building Condition Building Condition is the physical status of the building. Buildings may deteriorate or damages due to different reasons such as age, construction quality damages. The building condition of the study area is analyzed based on studding the existing conditions of the three basic architectural qualities. These are the floor material, the roof material and the floor material. Besides the physical structure of buildings, ventilation and natural light are also considered. Bad building condition of the study area cover 722 plot areas out of 961 which account around 46 hectare of the study area or 38.5% including none built up area.

28. Prepared by Gizachew.G 28 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Building Age Housing age is one of the determining factors for the planning and the condition of the building. As presented before Arada kebele is the oldest and the founding kebele of Yirgalem. Most buildings are constructed before 20 years and above . Building Material Buildings in the study area are made up of different types of walling material in plot level are indicated in the first table. According to the data found from municipality office the second table shows household level building materials which are wall, floor and ceiling materials of Kebele houses.

29. Prepared by Gizachew.G 29 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Building material of kebele houses in household level Building Ownership In Arada kebele the private ownership of plot areas account 40 h or 34% of the whole study area including none built-up areas. Kebele houses account the second rank. In Kebele houses one plot area may occupied by 3-8 householders. According to the data found from municipality office the second table shows number of rooms occupied by each householder of Kebele houses.

30. Prepared by Gizachew.G 30 Urban Design Studio II (UDSD 1043) Building Height Even though Arada kebele is the start point of Yirgalem its vertical development is very low. Area is narrow and un suitable for vertical development of city. Therefore town is shifted to new area. Due to Most under construction stopped their construction and serve only by their ground floor. According to the interview with some shop owners on the main road levels above ground is not preferable for commercial activates by the shop owners and the users. The rent value is also decreased by half . Fencing Material According to the observation fencing material took a high concern on the community. The house with deteriorated structure may have HCB or new corrugated iron sheet fencing. In general iron sheet fences are predominant throughout the study area. It accounts 709 plot areas out of 961 which are 73 %.

31. Prepared by Gizachew.G 31 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Building Enclosure Analysis According to the book of „measuring urban design enclosure refers to the degree to which streets and other public space are visually defined by building. walls, trees and other vertical elements. Spaces where the height of vertical elements is proportionally related to the width of the space between have a room like quality. In the study area the sense of enclosure or roominess lack because of short buildings and wider road width ratio. Some of the local roads maintain enclosure due to high and dense foliage trees. Socio Economic Analysis Arada kebele is not only the oldest of Yirgalem but also highly populate and dance. It has a high population with small area as compared to other kebele. The overall population of the study area is 29283 with 3899 householders, 961 plot areas and 5002 housing unit . The ratio of population per plot, housing per plot and building per plot are 30 people per plot , 4 householders per plot and 5.2 housing unit per plot including commercial plots.

32. Prepared by Gizachew.G 32 Blight Condition and Scale Building Blight Building blight (physical blight) is “a deteriorated condition” caused by any number of circumstances that worsen over time due to human neglect and disinvestment. According to the data analyzed before most of the study area buildings are deteriorated and they are below the standards . This physical or building blight can be seen in the density map. Building density map provide information how the buildings are compacted. Furthermore, in the blight condition map we can see diffluent blight conditions and blight scale , Building density The highest density in the study area occupies 77-158 numbers of buildings per hectare. Blight Condition Blight condition map of the study area indicate the various blight characters of building that are abandoned , deteriorated, and substandard. In the study area this three light character of blight account 82 %.

33. Prepared by Gizachew.G 33 Urban Design Studio II (UDSD 1043) Blight Scale Highly blighted, blighted and at risk blighted are blight scales that account 65 %, 21.8%and 12.5% respectively. However, there is a space that account at risk scale or not yet blighted the study area is in highly blighted scale by sharing the maximum value because blight is a cancer that spread to the other spaces . Therefore , the study area is in general highly blighted. Social Blight Blight can create a host of social challenges for cities that are often already struggling to address the needs of their low-income populations. Blighted neighborhoods are frequently associated with higher crime rates, more juvenile delinquency, increased rates of disease, more frequent fires, and decreased social cohesion. Characteristics and indicators of Social.  High unemployment rates ,  high crime rates ,  depopulation, and  Split families . Crime Rate Highly crime rate can be an index of social blight. Based on the data I get from Alte. Menaharia Ketena of Arada has the highest crime record of 4 year. Other than Menaharia, the river side and Mesgid sefer/Shabadino district also record the higher crime record .

34. Prepared by Gizachew.G 34 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Economic Blight Economic Blight is Failure to address neighborhood blight contributes to decreased property values and discourages business development. Decreased property values mean less tax revenue to support issues relating to health care, public safety, and other public services. Urban sprawl contributes to the problem, as people prefer to build new properties rather than reinvesting and rehabilitating existing properties. Based on interview with various residents and merchants of the study area the land value and rent value is high along to the main road that comes from main campus and the main road from Aposto to Yirgalem square . But it dramatically decreases when we go fare from the main road . Socially unwanted lands that can depress the value of the land are noise generated from the night clubs and bus station, bad and offensive odor from informal solid waste damping areas, near to the river and police station . Environmental Blight Blighted conditions from deteriorating and neglected housing, businesses and industrial sites negatively impact the visual aesthetics of the urban environment and create safety concerns. Dumping of residential and industrial wastes in these areas contribute to air, and water contamination, and create environmental nuisances. Unmanaged waste from deteriorating buildings or vehicles can seep in to soils creating ground water contamination.

35. Prepared by Gizachew.G 35 Finding and Recommendation Major findings of the study area  Accessibility of the study area is good. Key services are located within and nearby the study area within 600m radius  The slope of the site is suitable for construction. about 91% of the area slope is below 8% that means it is suitable for moderate density residential development, agriculture, industrial and institutional development  The vegetation in the site is not in planed places, the species of the plants are also not selected types. Eucalyptus trees are also planted around Gidawo river which consumes much water and may cause drought during off-rain seasons. The river is also not well buffered.  The soil type is Acrisoils which is moderately sensitive to yield decline. It will be advantageous for vegetation growth in the site .  The impervious surface cover is around 56.7% which shows the site is ecological degraded and it need design consideration  The site has grid iron street pattern with cross and T junctions which is regular and good connections but ,  They are poor in enclosure, scale and quality. The road that goes to Gidawo campus lacks balance, one side is highly developed G+3 highly commercial buildings but the opposite side is G+0 low activity buildings ,.  The road lightning of the study area is limited on the main roads and this contributes for crime at night time .  Most of roads are constructed recently but they are crooked and have bad finishing because of poor construction and lack of maintenance  Lack of solid waste collection and disposal system is causing river pollution  Residential and commercial houses are dilapidated in most cases. Especially kebele owned houses. They are old, made up of mud and has no color  No recreational space or any other open area on the study area even the street frontages are fully occupied by informal activities .  Over crowdedness/ over utilization of space, building deterioration and land use incompatibility are the major blight problem of the study area. Major findings of blight condition of the study area Over crowdedness or over utilization of spaces  Over crowdedness or over utilization of spaces is the first and the major blight problem of the study area .  It has high building and population density  The overall population of the study area is 29283 with 3899 householders, 961 plot areas and 5002 housing unit. The ratio of population per plot, housing per plot and building per plot are 30 people per plot, 4 householders per plot and 5.2 housing unit per plot including commercial plots. This shows the study area is over crowdedness or the spaces are over utilization .  There is no any open and recreational spaces on the built environment of the study area 2 ) Housing dilapidation  Housing dilapidation is the second problem .  Bad building condition of the study area cover 722 plot areas out of 961 which account around 46 hectare of the study area or 38.5% including none built up area .  Building ages in same case the indicators of building condition. Most buildings are constructed before 20 years and above . 3 ) Land use incompatibility  The residential areas next to bus station which surrounded by commercial and mixed use buildings are affecting by sound pollution from the bus station, night clubs and high mobility of large cars .  Also the residential buildings of mixed area of old market are also incompatible with high commercial activity .

36. Prepared by Gizachew.G 36 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) SWOT Analysis Strength  The site located at the city center  It has good slope for any kind of development  Availability of infrastructure and social services  Ease of transport access Weakness  Large area of impermeable surface and ecologically degraded  Poor and dilapidated housing condition  Polluted river  Poor pedestrian roads and street definition Opportunity  The site is defined by natural feature which is river  High commercial activity  Active development pressure  Relocation challenge  Budget  No any provided parking space  Poor drainage lines  lack of garbage collection system is causing river pollution and offensive odor  There is no lane for non-motorized mode of transport  Density and over utilization

37. Prepared by Gizachew.G 37 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) Recommendation Recommended urban renewal methods selected for the study area is redevelopment and upgrading and rehabilitation. All blighted and highly blighted areas need to redevelop. It is not quire by simple rehabilitation and upgrading. The new and under constricting areas, the main arterial roads and un built buffer zone of the river needs rehabilitation and upgrading. Selected action area The action area selected based on the blight problem of the study area. The selected action area affected by all the major blight conditions of the site which are over crowdedness or over utilization of spaces, housing dilapidation and land use incompatibility. Proposal / Renewal/Redevelopment Proposal Recommended urban renewal methods selected for the study area is redevelopment and upgrading and rehabilitation. But the selected action area is a part recommended for redevelopment. The action area selected based on the blight problem of the study area. The selected action area affected by all the major blight conditions of the site which are over crowdedness or over utilization of spaces, housing dilapidation and land use incompatibility. Objective of the proposal  To solve the areas major blight problems which are over crowdedness or over utilization of spaces, housing dilapidation and land use incompatibility  To make a connection between the redevelopment areas with upgrading by kipping and upgrading the existing major road that come from main campus.  To provide workable good and connected roads to promote walking and biking.  To promote and improve give aesthetics for the informal activities by making the road sides as a public spaces.

38. Prepared by Gizachew.G 38 Urban Design Studio II (UDSD 1043)

39. Reference -Anne R. Beer and Catherine Higgins, Environmental planning for site development. Taylor and Franos e-Library, 2005 -Brad Lancaster (2009). ―Rainwater Harvesting for Dry lands and Beyond Volume 1‖. Rain source Press, Tucson, Arizona -Brad Lancaster (2009). ―Rainwater Harvesting for Dry lands and Beyond Volume 2‖. Rain source Press, Tucson, Arizona -English partnerships the housing corporation (2000). ―Urban Design Compendium I‖ Llewelyn - Davies, U.K. -F. Steiner, K. Butler. (2007). PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN STANDARDS. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. -Gideon S. Golany and Toshio (Ojima 1996). ―Geo-Space Urban Design‖. John Wiley& Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. - I. Worku, M. Dereje, B. Minten, and K. Hirvonen (2016). ―Diet transformation in Africa: The case of Ethiopia‖ ESSP Working Paper 87. Page (10) -K.Baye (2014). ―Diet transformation in Africa: The case of Ethiopia‖ ESSP Working Paper 89 -M. DeKay & G. Z. Brown (2014). ―sun, Wind & Light, Architectural Design Strategies‖ John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Page (168, 220, 221) -Nadine Chahine Bitar (2014). ―Ecological Urban Design‖ Envirocities eMagazine. -S.Strom,K. Nathan & J. Woland (2009). ―Site Engineering for Landscape Archicture‖ John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. -UNEP and SEI (2009). ―rainwater Harvesting: a Lifeline For Human Well-being‖. United Nations Environment Programme and Stockholm Environ ment Institute Prepared by Gizachew.G 39 Urban Design Studio III (UDSD 2044) What is Causes of Urban Decay. (2017). Retrieved Dec 29, 2020, from classroom.synonym.com: https://classroom.synonym.com/urban-sprawl-pros-vs-cons-12080399.html Urban decay . (n.d.). Retrieved Novemer 29, 2020, from en.wikipedia.org: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_decay Urban decay. (2020, October 22). Retrieved December 29, 2020, from www.designingbuildings.co.uk: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Urban_decay US Department of Health and Human Services. 2009. Surgeon General's Call to Action to Promote Healthy Homes. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General.