Architecture under guptas

history

1. SUBMITTED TO: Miss Kirti Varandani PRESENTED BY: Deepika Khotwani Hardik Kapil Pratibha Dashora Priya Pearl Priyanka Rajawat Ritika Pareek Siddharth Saini NORTH INDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE

2. ARCHITECTURE UNDER GUPTAS The temple architecture that flourished during the golden era of I ndian history was one of the aspects of all round development of the art and culture during Gupta period. There are two types of art classified as:- a)Static Art b)Dynamic Art

3. There is historical importance of temple construction in Gupta period architecture. As a result it several statues were constructed and temples were during this period Mathura, Banaras & Patna were the centers of artistic activities during this period.

4. There are two main features of the art constructions of building design of this period :- a)There was development of original Indian art after disentangling from the foreign influence. Most of its examples have use of stone instead bricks. b)They restored to use of Indian relief work for depiction of beauty in place of foreign influence ornamentation .the outer form and inner meaning are linked up in the same way as body and mind.

5. CAVE TEMPLE The earliest caves temples of the country were constructed during third century BC. These temples of Brahamanical order were constructed from 350AD to 650AD during G upta period. Example: Temple at Udyagiri hills near Bhilasa,Madhya Pradesh 55km East of Bhopal is partly rock cut and partly stone built.

6. TEMPLE ARCHIRECTURE Brahamanical order was revived during this period. Several temples were constructed because of the religious spirit. The characteristic features of the temples of this period are:- Temples were constructed on high platform. There were steps on all four sides to reach platform. Earlier temples had flat roof but later temples had shikhara on them. The outer walls of the temples use to be plain and simple without any ornanmentation.The stone masonry is finely dressed. Garbh Grigh use to house to statue.Ordinarliy entrance was decorative. There use to be statues of Ganga and Yamuna on the entrance pillars. A covered Pradakshina Path was provided around Garbh Grih .

7. The roof of the temple was supported on four ornamented columns. A square stone piece use to use rest on each of the capitals of the four columns. Each of these square blocks use blocks use to support statues of fours half lions seated back to back. Most of the time there use to be a pillared entrance foyer or verandah in front of such temples. The door way leading to the Garbh Grih was chief center of attraction in most of the temples. Gupta period temples can classified in two categories based on their architecture:- Early G upta period(319-550AD) temples, under which Bhoomra’s Shiv temple & Nachna’s Parvati temples can be grouped, which have flat roofs. Late Gupta Period (550-605AD)temples, under which Deogarh’s Dashavatar temple can be grouped, which have Shikhara on it.

8. TEMPLE AT TIGWA Situated on a high hill mount in a place called Tigwa in district Jabalpur of Madhya Pradesh. it is believed that there two temples at this places, one is flat roof and other with a Shikhara and Amalak . It similar to Gupta period temple at Udaygiri . At present, a Garbhgrih is remains which is a square of 8ft i.e 2.4M in a plan and has an idol Narsingha established inside.

9. NAGARA STYLE ARCHITECTURE Also called North Indian Architecture Style Terminologies in Nagara Style Architecture are :- Kalash Amalaka : is a stone disk,ususally with ridges on the rim,that sits a top of temple’s main tower( Shikar ) Antarala : is a small antechamber or foyer between the Garbhagribha (Shrine)and the mandapan . Shikhara: called Shikar,the superstructure or toer above the santuary and also above the mandapas ( porches or halls) Mahamandapa : is the pavilion constructed right in front of the gudhamandapa of the temple and it is always bigger than the gudhamandapa .

10. Mandapa : is a pillared outdoor hall or pavilion for public rituals. Ardhamandapa : is a porch like structure through the entrance gate and leading to the temple. Garbhagriha : The prayer hall was generally built in front of temple’s sanctum sanctrum . Pradhakshinapatha( Parikrama ): refers to circumambulation of scared placed in Hindu, Jain or Buddhist.

11. NAGARA STYLE ARCHITECTURE

12. SAILENT FEATURES OF THE RELIGION HOLI: It signifies the victory of good (Prince Prahlad ) over evil ( Holika ) and the arrival of spring . KRISHNA JANMASTAHTMAI: It is the annual celebration of the birthday of Lord Krishna . GURUPURAB: It is the celebration of the anniversaries of the ten Sikh Gurus .

13. METHODS OF WORSHIP MURTI: an image or statute which express a divine spirit ( murta ) PUJA: is a religious ritual performed by Hindus and it is done on a variety of occasions, daily puja in home Aarti : is a Hindu temple religious ritual of worship of a part of puja. It is performed during almost all the Hindus ceremonies and occasions. SOME EXAMPLE OF NAGARA ARCHICTURE STYLE: Udaigri,near Sanchi Gupta Temple at Tigawa Lingaraj Temple at Bhubhaneshwar Sun Temple at Modhera Sun Temple Konark Kandheriya mahadev Temple at Khajuraho Cheenna Keshava Temple at B elur & Somnathpur Chaumukh Temple at Rankpur Dilwara Temple at Mount Abu

14. MODHERA SUN TEMPLE

15. The  Sun Temple  is a Hindu temple dedicated to the solar deity Surya located at Modhera village of Mehsana district, Gujarat, India . It is situated on the bank of the river Pushpavati. It was built in 1026-27 AD during the reign of Bhima I of the Chaulukya dynasty . The temple complex has three components:  Gudhamandapa , the shrine hall;  Sabhamandapa , the assembly hall and   Kunda , the reservoir . The place was later known as  Sita ni Chauri  and  Ramkund  locally.

16. The temple complex is built in Maru-Gurjara style (Chaulukya style). The temple complex has three axially aligned components; the shrine proper ( garbhagriha ) in a hall ( gudhamandapa ), the outer or assembly hall ( sabhamandapa  or  rangamandapa ) and a sacred reservoir ( kunda ). The  sabhamandapa  is not in continuation with  gudhamandapa  but is placed little away as a separate structure. Both are built on paved platform.  Their roofs have collapsed long ago leaving behind few lower-most courses. Both roofs are 15' 9" in diameter but are constructed differently. ARCHITECTURE

17. Plan of temple complex: ( from top to bottom )  Gudhamandapa , the shrine hall;  Sabhamandapa , the assembly hall and  Kunda , the reservoir

18. The  Gudhamandapa  measures 51 feet 9 inches by 25 feet 8 inches. It is almost equally divided into  Gudhamandapa , the hall and  garbhgriha , the shrine proper.  The  Gudhamandapa  measures 51 feet 9 inches by 25 feet 8 inches. It is almost equally divided into  Gudhamandapa , the hall and  garbhgriha , the shrine proper.  The three projections of outer wall of  Gudhamandapa  had windows on each side and the east projection had the doorway. These windows had perforated stone screens; the northern is in ruins and the southern is missing. Pradakshinamarga  is formed by the passage between the walls of  garbhgriha  and the outer walls of  gudhamandapa . GUDHAMANDAPA & GARBHGRIYA

19. Gudhamandapa with annotation of exterior mouldings. GUDHAMANDAPA

20. Sabhamandapa  or  Rangamandapa , the assembly hall or dancing hall is parallelogram in plan with rows of pillars opening entrance on each side diagonally. The extensively carved exterior has series of recessed corners giving impression of the star like plan of it. There are 52 intricately carved pillars representing 52 weeks of the year. SABHAMANDAPA

21. Sabhamandapa with ornately carved pillars and exterior Sabhamandapa with annotation of exterior mouldings  Ceiling of Sabhamanpada

22. Base mouldings- the pitha  is almost similar to the  Gudhamandapa  but smaller as two courses of fillets are omitted. The  padma  is carved richly here with floral ornamentation. Wall mouldings- above the  Narathara , there is a band with figures of dancers and gods known as  rajasena . The next is  vedi  which correspond to  jangha  of  mandovara  decorated with large panels of gods, goddesses and floral designs . Ceiling and  torana - The roof was in shape of stepped pyramid but it no longer exists. Inside, the walnut-shaped ceiling rises in tiers which has numerous floral girdles. It is 23 feet high. Torana  or the decorated cusped arches arise from the lower brackets of the pillars and touch the lintels in middle.

23. The pillars of  Sabhamandapa  and  Gudhamandapa  are of two types; short and tall. The short pillars rests on walls and supports the roof. The tall pillars rise from the floor. PILLARS SHORT PILLARS TALL PILLARS The shaft is square in shape till half of its height followed by vase and then followed by octagonal shaft. It is surmounted by a capital and a bracket. The square part has floral design in circle on each side of faces. The vase is decorated similarly on its corners. They arise from square or octagonal base,  kumbhi , with triangular ornamentation on each face. Above it is  kalasha . It is followed by a deep band and the next is  kevala  decorated with  chaitya -windows.

24. Long and short pillars, semicircular and triangular arches Pillars of  Kirti-torana  and steps leading to  kunda

25. Kunda , a tank or reservoir is known as Ramakunda or Suryakunda . The flight of steps through  kirti-torana  leads to the reservoir. It is rectangular. It measures 176 feet from north to south and 120 feet from east to west. It is paved with stones all around. There are four terraces and recessed steps to descend to reach the bottom of the tank. The main entrance lies on west. These steps are rectangular or square except the first step of each flight of steps which is semicircular. KUNDA

26. VIEW OF KUNDA

27. KIRTI TORANA- There was a  kirti-torana , the triumphant arch, in front of  sabhamandapa . The pediment and  torana  no longer exists but two pillars remains. The moulding and decoration is similar to that of walls of  sabhamandapa  and pillars.There were two more  kirti-torana  on each side of the  kunda  of which only one exists without upper part. STEPWELL- The stepwell on the west of  Kunda  has one entrance and two pavilion-towers. It is moderately ornamented. The door-frame has lotus and leaves and the  ruchaka  type pilasters indicate it belongs to 11th century. The small  mandapa  above the ground level and located on the second  kuta  of stepwell may belong to 10th century .

28. KANDARIYA MAHADEV TEMPLE KHAJURAHO

29. The  Kandariya Mahadeva Temple  meaning "the Great God of the Cave", is the largest and most ornate Hindu temple in the medieval temple group found at Khajuraho ( Chhatarpur district) in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India. Khajuraho was once the capital of the Chandela dynasty. The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, one of the best examples of temples preserved from the medieval period in India,  is the largest of the western group of temples in the Khajuraho complex which was built by the Chandela rulers. The Kandariya Mahadeva temples was built during the reign of Vidyadhara (r. c. 1003-1035 CE). At various periods of the reign of this dynasty many famous temples dedicated to Vishnu, Shiva, Surya, Shakti of the Hindu religion and also for the Thirthankaras of Jain religion were built.

30. The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, 31 metres (102 ft) in height, is in the western complex, which is the largest among the three groups of the Khajuraho complex of temples. This western group of temples, consisting of the Kandariya, Matangeshwara and Vishvanatha temples, is compared to a "cosmic design of a hexagon (a yantra or Cosmo gram)" representing the three forms of Shiva.  The temple architecture is an assemblage of porches and towers which terminates in a shikhara or spire, a feature which was common from the 10th century onwards in the temples of Central India. ARCHITECTURE

31. The temple is founded on a massive plinth of 4 metres (13 ft) height. The temple structure above the plinth is dexterously planned and pleasingly detailed. The superstructure is built in a steep mountain shape or form, symbolic of Mount Meru which is said to be the mythical source of creation of the world. The superstructure has richly decorated roofs which rise in a grand form terminating in the shikara , which has 84 miniature spires.  The temple is in layout of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi), of which 22 are extant including the Kaṇḍāriyā Mahādeva Temple. This temple is characteristically built over a plan of 31 metres (102 ft) in length and 20 metres (66 ft) in width with the main tower soaring to a height of 31 metres (102 ft), and is called the "largest and grandest temple of Khajuraho".

32.   A series of steep steps with high rise lead from the ground level to the entrance to the temple.The layout of the temple is a five-part design, a commonality with the Lakshmana and Vishvanatha temples in the Khajuraho complex. Right at the entrance there is torana, a very intricately carved garland which is sculpted from a single stone; such entrances are part of a Hindu wedding procession. The carvings are of circles, undulations giving off spirals or sprays, geometric patterns, masks of lions and other uniform designs which has created a pleasant picture that is unique to this temple, among all others in the complex. In the interior space from the entrance there are three mandapas or halls, which successively rise in height and width, which is inclusive of a small chamber dedicated to Shiva, a chamber where Shiva's wife,  Parvati  is deified, and a central sanctum or garbhagriha (literal meaning "womb chamber") where the Shiva linga , the phallic emblem of Shiva is deified. 

33. PLAN OF KANDARIYA MAHADEV TEMPLE

34. Various features of the temple marked on the Kandariya Mahadev Temple. The main temple tower with 84 mini spires.

35. Kornak Sun temple, Kornak,Orissa Also known for foerotic sculptures of maithunal Built in 13 th century Built by King Narashimadeva of Eastern Ganga Dynasty Built from Khonadalite rock Built in form of giant ornamented chariot of sun god’Surya ’ Temple built at month of silver Chandragupta

36. The temple complex is in the shape of a Gigantic Chariot Having elaborated carved stone wheels, pillars and walls Konark drives from combination of Sanskrit word, Kona(corner or angle)Ark(sun) Monument also called Black pagoda by European sailor Have twelve pairs of elaborately carved stone pulled by set of seven horses Follows traditional style of Kalinga architecture Carefully orientated towards East so that fast rays of sunrise strike the principle entrance Temple is UNCSO World Heritage Site

37. LINGARAJA TEMPLE Lingaraja Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Harihara , a form of Shiva and Vishnu and is one of the oldest temples in Bhubaneswar, the capital of the East Indian state of Odisha. The temple is the most prominent landmark of the Bhubaneswar city and one of the major tourist attractions of the state. The Lingaraja temple is the largest temple in Bhubaneswar. Lingaraj , literally means the king of Lingam, the iconic form or Shiva. Shiva was originally worshipped as Kirtivasa and later as Harihara and is commonly referred as Tribhuvaneshwara (also called Bhubaneswar), the master of three worlds, namely, heaven, earth and netherworld. His consort is called Bhuvaneshvari . The temple is believed to have been built by the Somavanshi king Yayati I (1025-1040), during the 11th century CE.The temple in its present form dates back to the last decade of the eleventh century. There is evidence that part of the temple was built during the sixth century CE as mentioned in some of the seventh century Sanskrit texts.

38. Temple plan of Lingaraja temple: from the top vimana (structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), natamandira (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings)

39. It is enshrined within a spacious compound wall of laterite measuring 520 ft (160 m) by 465 ft (142 m). The wall is 7.5 ft (2.3 m) thick and surmounted by a plain slant coping. Alongside the inner face of the boundary wall, there is a terrace to protect the compound wall against outside aggression. The tower is 45.11 m (148.0 ft ) high and the complex has 150 smaller shrines in its spacious courtyard. Each inch of the 55 m (180 ft ) tall tower is sculpted. The door in the gate of the entrance porch is made of sandalwood. The Lingaraja temple faces east and is built of sandstone and laterite. The main entrance is located in the east, while there are small entrances in the north and south. The temple is built in the Deula style that has four components namely, vimana (structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), natamandira (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings), with all four in axial alignment with descending height. The dance hall was associated with the raising prominence of the devadasi system that existed during the time. The various units from the Hall of offering to the tower of the sanctum increase in height.

40. The bhogamandapa (Hall of offering) measures 42 ft (13 m)*42 ft (13 m) from the inside, 56.25 ft (17.15 m)*56.25 ft (17.15 m) from the outside and has four doors in each of the sides. The exterior walls of the hall has decorative sculptures of men and beast. The hall has a pyramidal roof made of up several horizontal layers arranged in sets of two with intervening platform. It bears an inverted bell and a kalasa in the top. The natamandira (festival hall) measures 38 ft (12 m)*38 ft (12 m) from the inside, 50 ft (15 m)*50 ft (15 m) from the outside, has one main entrance and two side entrances. The side walls of the hall has decortive sculptures displaying women and couples. It has a flat roof sloping in stages. There are thick pylons inside the hall. The jagamohana (assembly hall) measures 35 ft (11 m)*30 ft (9.1 m) from the inside, 55 ft (17 m)*50 ft (15 m) from the outside, entrances from south and north and has a 30 metres (98 ft ) tall roof. The hall has a pyramidal roof made of up several horizontal layers arranged in sets of two with intervening platform as in the Hall of offering. The facade to the entrances are decorated with perforated windows with lion sitting on hind legs. The inverted bell above second unit is adorned by kalasa and lions.

41. CHENNA KESHAVA TEMPLE AT SOMNATHPUR

42. ABOUT TEMPLE KESHAVA IS THE FAMOUS TEMPLE BUILT BY ARCHITECT JAKANACHARI IN YEAR 1268 A.D. MATERIAL USED FOR THE TEMPLE IS SOAPSTONE. IT IS ALSO SYMMETRICAL IN ITS DESIGN, IT HAS 3 SHRINE, TRIPLE CELLED TEMPLE. THE TEMPLE HAS STAR SHAPED PLAN AND STANDS ON BASEMENT WHICH IS BEAUTIFULLY CARVED, WITH ROWS OF ELEPHANT MARCHING HORSES IN SECOND ROW VALIS IN THIRD ROW SWAN IN TOP ROW

43. FEATURES THE TEMPLE STANDS ON A JAGATI(PLATFORM) AND THE THREE VIMANAS ARE LOCATED AT THE BACK AND ARE CONNECTED BY A COMMON RECTANGULAR CLOSED HALL. THE WIDE JAGATI INVITES DEVOTEES TO FOLLOW THE RITUALISTIC CLOCKWISE CIRCUM-AMBULATION BEFORE ENTERING THE HALL. THE HALL HAS 16 BAYS. ALL THE THREE SHRINES ARE 16 POINTED STELLATE(STAR-SHAPED) IN DESIGN AND THEIR TOWERS FOLLOW THE SAME PATTERN. THE CEILINGS ARE CARVED WITH INTRICATE GEOMETRIC FIGURE.

44. DOMICAL CEILING IN THE MANTAPA

45. IMAGE OF THE HINDU GOD KRISHNA PLAYING FLUTE IN A SCANTUM OF THE KESHAV TEMPLE.

46. MINOR SHRINE INSIDE THE TEMPLE

47. CHENNA KESHAVA TEMPLE AT BELUR

48. ABOUT TEMPLE THE CHENNA KESHAVA TEMPLE, ORIGINALLY CALLED VIJAYANARAYANA TEMPLE. THE TEMPLE IS BUILT BY VISHNU VARDHAN. IT HAS A STAR SHAPED PLAN AND CONTAINS THE GARBHA-GRIHA, A SUKHANASI AND A NAVARANGA i.e CENTRAL PILLARED HALL. THE VIJAYA DEEP STAMBA OR VICTORY PILLAR IS INSTALLED IN FRONT OF THE TEMPLE

49. ENTRANCE IT HAS THREE ENTRANCE ON EAST, SOUTH AND NORTH. THE EASTERN ENTRANCE FACES THE MAHADWARA. THE ENTRANCE IS CARVED MOST BEAUTIFULLY BY CARVING ON ITS JAMBS THE FIGURE OF MADAN(CUPID) AND RATI (HIS CONSERT). THE NORTHERN ENTRANCE DOORWAY CONTAINS CARVED FIGURE OF FEMALE CHAURI(FLY- WHISKS) BEARERS.

50. DECORATED PILLARS IN CHENNAKESHAVA TEMPLE AT BELUR

51. HOYSALA EMBLEM