Art Pre - History Lesson powerpoint.pptx

Arts

1. Art History: Western Art from Prehistory: Cave Art from Ancient Egypt PREPARED BY: A.J MANUEL

2. Paleolithic Era(prior to 10,000 BC) CLASSICAL LITERATURE 2 Arts were carved in bone, ivory, stone and clay. Animals and unclothed women were the most common subject for these small sculptures from the Upper Paleolithic period. People from the Upper Paleolithic period were building shelters

3. Paleolithic Era(prior to 10,000 BC) CLASSICAL LITERATURE 3 Architecture is the art of designing and constructing buildings (structures) and other environmental features. The artists used paints made from chunks of red and yellow ocher ground into powder and applied with brushes or blown onto the surface with hollow bones.

4. Venus of Willendorf Her figure represents fertility, stability dignity and plentiful harvest She is the most famous female figure from this period. She was found in Austria and dates back to about 22,000-21,000BCE. Carved from limestone and was originally colored with red ocher.

5. Neolithic Era (New Stone Age 8000-3000 B.C.) As people began to move out of caves, protection from the natural elements came through the use of mud-bricks, grass and stone. An entire town has been uncovered in the city of Jericho. Another civilization preserved from the Neolithic Era was that of a settlement at Skara Brae, in the Orkney Islands off the northern coast of Scotland. This settlement was constructed entirely out of stone.

6. Stonehenge Sits on the Salisbury Plain in England, consists of round groupings of stones. The upright stones are called cromlech and these tones that were laid across the top are called lintels. Stonehenge is believed to have been created to help the people of that time know when the summer solstice and winter equinox would begin.

7. Ancient Egyptian Each summer the Nile River would flood its banks and deposit layers of fertile soil (at least 3 months at a time; rich soil deposits with a depth of more than 9m (30 feet) Agriculture Increase in growth of villages and towns

8. The Old Kingdom •Upper and Lower Egypt united by the Pharoah named Menes •Menes established capital at Memphis and founded the first of the 31 Egyptian dynasties •Period of about 500 years •Ended when the Pharaoh's rule was weakened by the rise of independent nobles •Nobles- split the country into smaller states; civil war and disorder

9. The middle kingdom •Time of law, order, and prosperity •However around 1800BC, Egypt was overrun by foreign invaders—the Hyksos (horse and chariot riding) from western Asia •Hyksos inhabited lower Egypt and for two hundred years forced Egyptians to pay tribute •Egyptians finally learned to use the horses and chariots and drove the invaders out of their country

10. The new Kingdom •Most brilliant period of Egyptian history •Warrior Pharaohs used knowledge of horses and chariots to extend Egypt’s rule over neighboring nations •Thutmose III- greatest of these Warrior Pharaohs Reigned for fifty-four years; great Military leader

11. The new Kingdom • Amenhotep III- New Kingdom reaches peak of its power and influence •Amenhotep IV- break with tradition: - changes in Egyptian religion - moved capital from Thebes to El Amarna - established Aton, symbolized by sun-disk as supreme god vs. past recognition of many gods

12. The new Kingdom • Name change to Ikhnaton (“it is well with Aton”) • Ikhnaton’s new religion died with him • El- Amarna destroyed and old religion with many gods restored Ended with Alexander the Great’s conquest in 332 BC

13. Egyptian Architecture Ancient Egyptian

14. Influence of Religion CLASSICAL LITERATURE 14 • Importance on the resurrection of the soul and eternal life in a spirit world after death • Soul= ka • At death, the ka would leave the body for a time; however it would eventually return and unite with the body again for the journey to the next world and immortality • If the body would be lost or destroyed it would be forced to spend eternity in aimless wandering

15. PYRAMIDS •Tombs of Pharaoh •Pharaoh was not only a king, but also a god in the eyes of the people •He was expected to join the other gods when he died •Ra/Re: the sun god •Osiris: god of the Nile and the underworld •Isis: the great mother god

16. Or Cheops

17. • 5.3 hectares (13 acres) (five of the larges cathedrals in the world could be placed within its base with room to spare) • Made by piling 2.3 million blocks of limestone, each averaging 2.3 metric tons, to a height of 146.3 meters (480 feet) • Wider than it is tall • Sarcophagus- stone coffin where the Pharaohs body was sealed in

18. • Placed in burial chamber located in the center of the pyramid. • Dead end passages and false chambers were also added to the building. • These were meant to confuse tomb robbers and enemies.

19. Evolution Of The Pyramid Shape

20. Mastaba tomb, Saqqara The word mastaba comes from the Arabic word for a bench of mud. A mastaba is a form of ancient Egyptian tomb in a form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure.

21. Mastaba tomb, Saqqara The structure would rise for at least 30 ft in height above grade, and was built in a north, south, east and west orientation.

22. Mastaba tomb, Saqqara Most of these mastaba's are located to the west of the Nile, because Egyptians believed the death belongs to the west of the Nile just like the sun that dies every day to the west of the Nile.

23. Temples • Evidence of genius of architects of New Kingdom. • Built by the command of the Pharaoh and dedicated to the Pharaoh’s favorite god. • Became a chapel when the Pharaoh died; people would bring offerings for the Pharaoh’s ka.

24. Egyptian Sculpture • Despite precautions, tombs of pharaohs were soon broken into and robbed of treasures. • Sculpture of the king- carved by sculptors and placed near the King’s sarcophagus ; acted as substitutes for the body inside; alternative option for the Ka to use for the journey to the next world if the body were destroyed. • Egyptian word for sculpture translates as ‘He who keeps alive’.

25. Khafre, c. 2600 B.C • Seated portrait of the Fourth Dynasty Pharaoh Khafre. • Made from hard diorite stone. • Pharaoh is shown sitting up straight and attentive on a throne with inscriptions proclaiming him King of Upper and Lower Egypt. • Wears a pleated garment fastened to the waist.

26. Khafre, c. 2600 B.C • Left hand rests on knee, right hand forms a fist which must have once gripped some symbol of high office. • Descendant of Re (the sun god); to show Pharaoh’s divinity, sculptor has added a falcon. • Head of Khafre, not as stiff and rigid as the body; lifelike in appearance. •Beginning of a smile in firmly set mouth

27. Great Sphinx of Giza • Carved from rock at the site. • Presents the head of the Pharaoh (most likely Khafre) placed on the body of a reclining lion. • Towers to a height of almost 20 m (65 feet). • Massive size intended to demonstrate power of the Pharaoh. • Probably done to show the Pharaoh has the courage and strength of a Lion.

28. Portrait of Hesire c.2700 B.C. • Hesire : proud official of the Pharaoh Zoser . • Hesire stands straight with Baton in hand indicating high office. • Left hands hold staff and writing materials; indicating he was a secretary to the Pharaoh.

29. Queen Nefertiti Nefertiti was a queen of Egypt and wife of King Akhenaton, who played a prominent role in changing Egypt's traditional polytheistic religion to one that was monotheistic, worshipping the sun god known as Aton. An elegant portrait bust of Nefertiti now in Berlin is perhaps one of the most well-known ancient sculptures.

30. Rules of the Egyptian art

31. • Carving unusual features not due to lack of ability. • Head, arms, and legs are always shown in profile. • It was more important to make sure that all parts of the body were clearly shown than making the image beautiful or accurate. • The ka also thrives in this images, if an arm were hidden it would mean that the ka would enter the body without an arm.

32. Wall Painting from the Tomb of Nakht c.1450 BC

33. • When it became difficult and costly to carve reliefs in the Middle Kingdom, painting came into its own separate art form. • Rough walls of tombs were carved and scraped till they were flat and smoothed with a coating of plaster. • Artist then lined it with horizontal lines which they would fill with drawings about the life of the deceased. • Painting were colored with rich red and yellow hues, with black and green added for contrast. • Little shading was used making the painting appear flat.

34. • Figures of the priest and his wife are larger than the other figures showing that they are more important. • Stiff and solemn, because Egyptians believes such a pose was fitting for people of high rank. • Smaller servants are shown in more natural positions as they labor in the fields and take care of animals.

35. Egyptian Hieroglyphics

36. 3 Kinds Of Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics is a writing system invented in Egypt around 5000 years ago. It is the second oldest form of writing, originating a few hundred years after. cuneiform, which uses wedge-shaped characters and was devised by the Sumarians of Mesopotamia. Hieroglyph, meaning “sacred carving,” is a Greek translation of the Egyptian phrase “the god's words,” which was used at the time of the early Greek contacts with Egypt .

37. 3 Kinds Of Hieroglyphics a) phonetic – single consonant characters that function like an alphabet. b) logographs- represent morphemes or small units with semantic meanings. c) determinatives- symbols for divinities, people, parts of the body, animals, which helped in reading but were not pronounced.

38. The pride for the kings is displayed in the tomb art and architecture with the image of the king often being the center of interest. These kinds were hoping to live in eternal happiness which historians today are able to gather from the artwork found in their tombs (pyramids). Egyptians had learned to make bricks, sails for boats, and the wheel. They had also discovered ways to combine copper and tin to make bronze.

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