Artificial classification system- Carolus Linneaus

Artificial classification system of Angiosperms for UG and PG (Botany) Students

1. Artificial Classification System
(Carolus Linnaeus)
Dr. VishalR. Marathe
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Botany, N.E.S. Science College,
Nanded–431 605
Email ID : [email protected]

2. Life history
CarolusLinnaeus(1707-1778),wasalsoknownasCarl
Linnaeus,CarlLinne,orCarlVonLinne.
Forhisoutstandingcontributionheiscalledthe“Father
ofTaxonomy”.
Bornon23
rd
May,1707atVillageofRashultinSwaland
(Sweden),hadbotanyattachedtohimatbirth,since
LinnaeusistheLatinnameforLindentree(Tiliaspp.).
Hisearlyinterestinbotanywaschanneledbyateacher
atVaxjo(Sweden),whoacquaintedhimwiththeplant
systemofFrenchbotanistJ.P.deTournefort.
In1727LinnaeusbeganhisstudiesinmedicineatLund
University,buthetransferredtoUppsalaUniversityin
1728.

3. From1730to1732hewasabletosubsidizehimselfby
teachingbotanyintheuniversitygardenofUppsala
In23June,1735receivedDoctorofMedicinedegree
fromtheUniversityofHarderwijkonthetopicof
‘intermittentfevers’.
ReturnedtoSwedenandpracticingmedicine(Specilized
intreatmentofsymphilis)
AfterappointedasProfessorinMedicineandBotanyat
Uppsalain1741,travelledthroughtheBalticislandsof
OlandandGotlandtosurveytheirnaturalhistoryand
economicproductsetc.
Inthe1750&1760hecontinuetocollectandclassify
plants,animalsandmineralswhilepublishingseveral
volumes

4. HewasthemostfamousScientistinEuropeatthetime
HehasbeencalledasPrincepsBotanicorum(Princeof
Botanist)and“PlinyoftheNorth”
HeisalsoconsideredasfounderofModernEcology
Diedon10
th
January,1778atUppsala
JamesEdwardSmithbuythecollectionsofLinnaeus
afterhisdeathfromhiswidowSarawhichincludes1400
plants,3198insects,1564shells,about3000lettersand
1600books.
JamesSmithfoundedLinneanSocietyofLondonin1788
whichisoldestworldfamous andlearned
societydedicatedtothestudyanddisseminationof
informationconcerningnaturalhistory,evolution
andtaxonomy

5. Publications
1)1730:HortusUplandicus(containstheplantsofUppsala
BotanicGardenatthattime).
2)1735:SystemaNaturae.
3)1737:HortusCliffortianus(containstheplantsinthe
GardenofGeorgeCliffordatHartecamp).
4)1737:GeneraPlantarum.
5)1738:ClassesPlantarum.
6)1751:PhilosophiaBotanica(containstherevised
revisionofhisearlierpublicationsSystemaNaturaeand
ClassesPlantarum.
7)1753:SpeciesPlantarum(containssome7,300species
describedandarrangedaccordingtohissystem
ofclassification).

6. Source: www.google.com

7. AlsoknownasSexualClassificationsystem
ItisWorldfamousArtificialSystemsbasedononeor
fewsuperficialmorphologicalcharacters
SpeciallyonthebasisofNumber,cohesionofstamen
andcarpel
Hehaspublishedsystemofclassificationasatwo-
volumeworkinfamousbookSpeciesPlantarumon1
st
May,1753.
Includesclassificationofmorethan7300species
belongsto935genera.
Itsprimeimportanceisperhapsthatitistheprimary
startingpointofplantnomenclatureasitexiststoday
Classification system of Linnaeus

8. SpeciesPlantarumwaspublishedon1
st
May1753by
LaurentiusSalviusinStockholm,intwovolumes.
Asecondeditionwaspublishedin1762–1763,and
Athirdeditionin1764,althoughthis"scarcelydiffered"
fromthesecond.
FurtherFourtheditionswerepublishedafterLinnaeus'
deathin1778,underthedirectionofKarlLudwig
Willdenow,thedirectoroftheBerlinBotanicalGarden;
Thefifthedition(1800)waspublishedinfourvolumes.
Becauseofbinomialnomenclaturewasconsistently
applied,SpeciesPlantarumwaschosenasthe"starting
point"forthenomenclatureofmostplants
Species Plantarum

9. Salient Features
Helistedanddescribedalltheknownspeciesofplantsat
thattime.
Linnaeususedthebinomialnomenclaturealongwith
Polynomialnomenclature
Foreachspeciestherewas
(i)agenericname;
(ii)apolynomialdescriptivephraseorphrase-name
commencingwithgenericnameandofuptotwelve
words,intendedtoserveasdescriptionofthespecies;
(iii)atrivialnameorspecificepithetonthemargin;
(iv)synonymswithreferencetoimportantearlierliterature;
(v)habitatsandcountries.

10. BeforeSpeciesPlantarum,thisplantwasreferredtoas:
PolynomialNamenclature:"Plantagofoliisovato-
lanceolatispubescentibus,spicacylindrica,scapotereti";
LinnaeusrenameditPlantagomedia(Binomial
Nomenclature).
Source: www.google.com

11. Outline of classification
ThesystemofLinnaeus,verysimplein
itsapplication,recognized24classes,
mostlyonthebasisofstamens.
Theseclasseswerefurthersubdivided
onthebasisofcarpelcharacteristicsinto
orderssuchasMonogynia,Digynia,etc.
Suchaclassificationbasedonstamens
andcarpelsresultedintheartificial
groupingofunrelatedtaxaand
separationofrelatives.
Heusedhierarchicalclassification,Each
kingdomwassubdividedintoclasses,
orders,generaandspecies
Source: www.google.com

12. Outline of Classification
Sr. No.Class Characters Examples
1 Monandria stamen one Canna, Lemna
2 Diandria stamen two Veronica, Lepidium
3 Triandria stamen three Iris, Grasses
4 Tetrandria stamen four Ulmus, Protea
5 Pentandria stamen five Ipomoea, Primula
6 Hexandria stamen six Lilium, Allisma
7 Heptandria stamen seven Trientalis
8 Octandria stamen eight Vaccinium
9 Ennandria stamen nine Rheum, Ranunculus
10 Decandria stamen one Oxalis, Acer
11 Dodecandriastamens 11-19 Reseda, Calla
12 Icosandria stamens 20 or more, on the calyxRosa, Rubus

13. SNClass Characters Examples
13Polyandriastamens 20 or more, on the receptacleTilia, Papaver
14Didynamia stamens didynamous; 2 short, 2 longLabiatae
15Tetradynamiastamens tetradynamous; 4 long, 2 shortCruciferae
16Monadelphiastamens monadelphous; united in 1
group
Malvaceae
17Diadephia stamens diadelphous; united in 2 groupsPapilionatae
18Polyadelphiastamens polyadelphous; united in 3 or
more groups
Hypericum
19Syngenesiastamens syngenesious; united by
anthers only
Compositae
20Gynandria stamens united with the gynoecium Orchidaceae
21Monoecia plants monoecious Morus,Typha
22Dioecia plants dioecious Salix,Juniperus
23Polygamia plants polygamous Acer
24Cryptogamiaflowerless plants Fern, Algae, Fungi

14. Source: www.google.com

15. Postage stamps released by Sweden in honor of Linnaeus
Linnaea borealis
National Flower of Sweden
named after Linnaeus
Source: www.google.com

16. Merits:
1.Itaidsinquickandeasyidentificationbymeansofoneorafew
easilyobservablecharacters
2.Modernbiologicalclassificationhasitsrootinthework
ofCarolusLinnaeus
Demerits/Limitations:
1.Sincethissystemisbasedondifferencesratherthanonsimilarities
ofthesexorgans,veryoftencloselyrelatedplantshavebeen
placedinwidelyseparatedgroups,whilethosequitedifferentfrom
eachotherhavebeenplacedinthesamegroup.
2.Affinitiesandrelationshipsamongstthetaxahavenotbeen
considered.
3.Thereisnodistinctionbetweenthedicotyledonesand
Monocotyledonesandhavebeenmixedupandputtogether.
4.Theplacementofgymnospermsintheclass14(Didynamia)along
theangiospermfamilyLabiataeismostunsatisfactory.

17. Thank
you!
“If you do not know
the names of things,
the knowledge of
them lost,
too……….”
-Carl Van Linnaeus
Source: www.google.com