Atlas Of Zeolite Framework Types Ch Baerlocher Wm Meier And Dh Olson Auth

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PREFACE
A forerunner of the ATLAS was first published in 1970 (1). This early survey comprised 27 zeolite
structures known at the time. Then the "Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types" by W.M. Meier and D.H.
Olson, with 38 entries, was published by the Structure Commission of the IZA in 1978. This was
followed by the much expanded 2 nd edition of the ATLAS in 1988 comprising 64 entries, the updated
3 'a edition in 1992 with 85 entries, and the fully revised 4 th edition in 1996 with 98 entries. This 5 th
edition is again an updated version of the previous compilation, and the number of entries has risen
significantly to 133.
The ATLAS contains an entry for each unique zeolite framework type. The term zeolite
framework refers to a comer-sharing network of tetrahedrally coordinated atoms. In compliance with
the changes in zeolite nomenclature recommended by IUPAC in 2001 (2) the title of the Atlas had to be
changed from 'Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types' to 'Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types'. This is
because the term 'structure' implies both the framework and the extra-framework constituents of a
zeolite and the latter are excluded in the framework description.
As a frequently quoted work of reference, the ATLAS must be updated on a regular basis to be of
full use. Not only must new framework types be added, but corrections and new information on
existing entries must also be disseminated. This compilation is based on information that was
available to the authors by the end of 2000. We have been very grateful for preprints and unpublished
data in a number of instances and this is acknowledged on the respective pages. New framework types
(formerly called structure types) will be published on the world wide web (http://www.iza-
structure.org/databases/) as they are approved.
To make it easier for the reader we have rearranged some of the data and prepared new stereo
drawings. We have separated the information pertinent to the Framework Type from that
corresponding to the Type Material only. In addition, we have included idealized cell parameters for
the framework types, added the vertex symbols for each T-atom in a framework and have re-
introduced the secondary building units (SBU's) which had been dropped in the 4 th edition. The data
sheets have all been generated from a zeolite database built by Ch. Baerlocher and L.B. McCusker
using the contents of the 4 'h edition of the ATLAS as a basis. This zeolite database is also used to
publish the data on the world wide web under http://www.iza-structure.org/databases/.
We wish to acknowledge the assistance and collaboration of many fellow scientists in our field.
We are indebted to the members of the IZA Structure Commission for their extensive proof reading
and for providing additional information. In particular we wish to express our appreciation to Dr.
Lynne McCusker for maintaining the reference database, for her help in preparing the stereo drawings
and last but not least for her highly valued advice throughout this work. It does not seem possible to
assemble such a compilation absolutely free of errors, so the authors will be grateful for any additions
and/or corrections for future updates.
February 2001 Ch. Baerlocher W.M. Meier D.H. Olson

Structure Commission of the International Zeolite Association
D. Akporiaye
G. Artioli
Ch. Baerlocher
W. H. B aur
A. Chippindale
H. Gies
R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
J. B. Hi ggins**
R.M. Kirchner
R.F. Lobo
L.B. McCusker*
W. M. Meier***
W.J. Mortier
D.H. Olson***
J. V. Smith
M.M.J. Treacy
H. van Koningsveld
P.A. Wright
* Chairperson
** Co-Chairperson
*** Honorary Life Member
Previous IZA Special Publications:
9 W.J. Mortier, "Compilation of Extra Framework Sites in Zeolites" (1982)
9 W.M. Meier and D.H. Olson, "Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types", 2nd edition (1987)
9 W.M. Meier and D.H. Olson, "Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types", 3rd edition (1992)
9 W.M. Meier, D.H. Olson and Ch. Baerlocher, "Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types", 4 th edition
(1996)
9 R. von Ballmoos and J.B. Higgins, "Collection of Simulated XRD Powder Patterns for
Zeolites", 2nd edition (1990)
9 M.M.J. Treacy, J.B. Higgins and R. von Ballmoos, "Collection of Simulated XRD Powder
Patterns for Zeolites", 3rd edition (1996)
9 H. Robson and K.P. Lillerud, "Verified Synthesis of Zeolitic Materials" (1998)

INTRODUCTION AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
Zeolites and zeolite-like materials do not comprise an easily definable family of crystalline solids.
A simple criterion for distinguishing zeolites and zeolite-like materials from denser tectosilicates is
based on the framework density (FD), the number of tetrahedrally coordinated atoms (T-atoms) per
1000 ,~3. Figure 1 shows the distribution of these values for porous and dense frameworks whose
structures are well established ~3~. A gap is clearly recognizable between zeolite-type and dense
tetrahedral framework structures. The lower boundary ranges from 19 to over 21 T-atoms per 1000
,~3, depending on the type of smallest rings present. Strictly speaking the boundaries defined in Figure
1 for the framework densities apply to fully crosslinked frameworks only. Therefore, Figure 1 does
not include interrupted frameworks.
For each framework type code (see below), two pages of data are included in the ATLAS. The left
hand page lists the information that characterizes the framework type. This includes crystallographic
data (highest possible space group, cell constants of the idealized framework), coordination sequences,
vertex symbols and loop configurations. Taken together the last three pieces of information define the
framework type. On the second page, data for the type material (i.e. a real material) can be found.
Although the channel dimensionality is a property of the framework type, the channel description also
includes the observed ring dimensions, and must therefore refer to the type material. For all
framework types, a list of isotypic materials and their references are also given. The different entries
in the data sheets are described in more detail below in the order in which they appear on these pages.
Framework Type Page
Framework type codes (previously called structure type codes)
Following the rules set up by an IUPAC Commission on Zeolite Nomenclature in 1978 (4), designations
consisting of three capital letters (in bold face type) have been used throughout. The codes are
generally derived from the names of the type materials (see Appendix D) and do not include numbers
and characters other than capital Roman letters. The assignment of Framework Type codes is subject
to review and clearance by the IZA Structure Commission according to a decision of the IZA Council
(taken at the time of the 7th IZC in Tokyo, 1986). Codes are only assigned to established structures
that satisfy the rules of the IZA Structure Commission (see Appendix B for a listing of these rules).
For interrupted frameworks, the 3-letter code is preceded by a hyphen. These mnemonic codes should
not be confused or equated with actual materials. They only describe and define the network of the
comer sharing tetrahedrally coordinated framework atoms. Thus, designations such as NaFAU are
untenable. However, a material can be described using the IUPAC crystal chemical formula (2), as
INa581 \[A158Si134 O384\]-FAU or INa-! \[A1-Si-O\]-FAU (Note that the chemical elements must be enclosed
within the appropriate brackets, i.e. I I for guest species and \[ \] for the framework host). Framework
types do not depend on composition, distribution of the T-atoms (Si, A1, P, Ga, Ge, B, Be, etc.), cell
dimensions or symmetry.

Fig. 1. Framework density vs. smallest ring in loop configuration. The + sign indicates that there are some
T-positions associated with only larger rings (See Loop Configurations).

The framework types have been arranged in alphabetical order according to the framework type
code, because structural criteria alone do not provide an unambiguous classification scheme. This also
facilitates later insertion of new codes and allows simple indexing. The framework type code is given
at the top of each page. On the left hand page this is supplemented with the maximum space group
symmetry for the framework, and on the fight hand page with the full name of the type material.
Idealized cell parameters
The idealized cell parameters are obtained from a DLS-refinemen( 5~ in the given (highest possible)
symmetry for the framework type. The refinement was carried out assuming a (sometimes
hypothetical) SiO2 composition and with the following prescribed interatomic distances" ds~_o = 1.61,~,
do_o = 2.629,~ and dsi_si = 3.07,~ using the weights of 2.0, 0.61 and 0.23, respectively.
Coordination sequences (CS) and vertex symbols
The concept of coordination sequences was originally introduced by Brunner and Laves ~6) and first
applied to zeolite frameworks by Meier and Moeck ~7). In a typical zeolite framework, each T-atom is
connected to N~ = 4 neighboring T-atoms through oxygen bridges. These neighboring T-atoms are
then linked in the same manner to N2 T-atoms in the next shell. The latter are connected with N3
T-atoms etc. Each T-atom is counted only once. In this way, a coordination sequence can be
determined for each T-atom of the 4-connected net of T-atoms. It follows that
No = 1 N~ < 4 N 2 < 12 N 3 < 36... Nk < 4 9 3 k-1
CS's are listed from N~ up to N10 for each topologically distinct T-atom in the framework structure
along with the site multiplicity and the site symmetry (both in parenthesis).
The vertex symbol was first used in connection with zeolite-type networks by M. O'Keefe and S.T.
Hyde ~8~. This symbol indicates the size of the smallest ring associated with each of the 6 angles of a
tetrahedron (T-atom). The symbols for opposite pairs of angles are grouped together. For FAU the
vertex symbol reads 4.4.4.6.6.12, indicating that one pair of opposite angles contains 4-rings, a second
pair contains a 4-ring and a 6-ring, and the final pair of opposite angles contains a 6-ring and a 12-
ring. It is useful for determining the smallest tings in a framework. In the case of DOH, for example,
these are 4- and 5-rings, i.e. 4+. Sometimes more than one ring of the same size is found at a vertex..
This is indicated by a subscript like 62 or 82.
The coordination sequence and the vertex symbol together appear to be unique for a particular
framework topology, i.e. they can be used to distinguish different zeolite framework types
unambiguously. In this way, isotypic frameworks can be easily recognized.
Secondary building units (SBU's)
Zeolite frameworks can be thought to consist of finite or infinite (i.e. chain- or layer-like)
component units. The finite units which have been found to occur in tetrahedral frameworks are
shown in Figure 2. These secondary building units a, which contain up to 16 T-atoms, are derived
a The primary building units are single TO 4 tetrahedra.

V
3
(1)
4 6 8
(61) (39) (15)
spiro-5 4-4 6-6 8-8
(1) (6) (10) (3)
4-I 4=I 4-2
(3) (3) (9)
5-1 5-2 5-3
(14) (4) (8)
6-2 2-6-2 6"1
(21) (3) (2)
<
4-4=1
(Z)
Fig. 2. Secondary building units and their symbols. Number in parenthesis = frequency of occurrence.
assuming that the entire framework is made up of one type of SBU only. It should be noted that
SBU's are invariably non-chiralt A unit cell always contains an integral number of SBU's. As far as
practicable, all possible SBU's have been listed. The number of observed SBU's has increased from
16 in 1992 to 20 at present. In some instances, combinations of SBU's have been encountered. These
a This means that SBU' s in the isolated state of highest symmetry are neither left- nor right-handed.

have not been listed in extenso because this can arbitrary. The symbols given below the drawings in
Figure 2 are used in the data sheets to describe the SBU's. If more than one SBU is possible for a
given framework type, all are listed. The number given in parenthesis in Figure 2 indicates the
frequency of the occurrence of that SBU.
The SBU's are only theoretical topological building units and should not be considered to be or
equated with species that may be in the solution/gel during the crystallization of a zeolitic material.
Loop configuration of T-atoms
The loop configuration is a simple graph showing how many 3- or 4-membered tings a given
T-atom is involved in. Solid lines represent T-O-T linkages whereas dotted lines indicate non-
connected T-O bonds found in interrupted frameworks. Sato ~9) used the term "second coordination
networks". Loop configurations are likely to be of interest to spectroscopists. These data can also be
used for classification purposes and for deducing rules relating to these structures which might be of
predictive value <1~ Figure 3 shows all observed loop configurations and their frequency of
occurrence. The information given in the loop configuration is a subset of the vertex symbol.
Framework description
For all 15 framework types belonging to the so-called ABC-6-family the ABC stacking sequence is
listed here. Listed are also some other structural relationships which are thought to be helpful.
Isotypic framework structures
Under this heading as-synthesized materials that have the same framework type but different
chemical composition or have a different laboratory code are listed. Materials obtained by post
synthesis treatment (e.g. ion exchange, dealumination, etc.) are generally not included. The type
material (defined on the fight hand page) is given first and marked with an asterisk. Isotypic species,
which have sometimes been termed "homeotypic ''<~), are very frequent and are also listed in the
isotypic material index.
Zeolite-type silicates and phosphates apparently constitute two distinctive categories of
microporous materials. Table 1 (which is based on the isotypes listed in the ATLAS) shows, however,
that there are three, rather than two distinct groups of framework types. Apart from those associated
with silicates and phosphates there is a sizable group of structure types which have been found to
occur both in silicates and phosphates.
References
The list of references cited is far from complete. As a general rule, references to the type materials
are to the work first establishing that framework type and to subsequent work adding significant
information regarding the framework topology. Thus papers on non-framework species have not been
included. References to isotypes are limited to the work in which sufficient data are provided to
establish the identity.

1
T
(4s)
J I
Y
(i)
l
(2)
....... l- l
(~) (s2) (2)
~~ I i I i i ,' '! 7
(5) (6) (33) (3)
I ILl
T
A
W q
A
77q
I
(49) (21) (1) (3)
-q
!
/X
q
(44) (1) (1)
Fig. 3. Loop configurations. Number in parenthesis = frequency of occurrence.
For the 42 codes from ABW to CZP, complete references, cell constant data, space groups, site
symmetries, symmetry relationships, structural diagrams, positional coordinates for all types and
chemical compositions for all crystal structure determinations published up to April 2000 are to be
found in: W.H. Baur and R.X. Fischer: Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry ~2~.

Table 1: Microporous zeolite-type materials
Silicates a
AFG IFR OFF
ASV ISV OSO
*BEA ITE -PAR
BIK JBW PAU
BOG KFI -RON
BRE LIO RSN
CAS LOV RTE
CFI LTN RTH
-CHI MAZ RUT
CON MEI SFE
DAC MEL SFF
DDR MEP SGT
DOH MFI STF
DON MFS STI
EAB MON STT
EMT MOR TER
EPI MSO TON
ESV MTF TSC
EUO MTN VET
FER MTT VNI
FRA MTW VSV
GME MWW -WEN
GON NAT YUG
GOO NES
HEU NON
Both Silicates
and Phosphates
ABW
AET
AFI
AFX
ANA
AST
BPH
CAN
CGS
CHA
DFT
EDI
ERI
FAU
GIS
LAU
LEV
LOS
LTA
LTL
MER
PHI
RHO
SOD
THO
Phosphates b
ACO
AEI
AEL
AEN
AFN
AFO
AFR
AFS
AFT
AFY
AHT
APC
APD
ATN
ATO
ATS
ATT
ATV
AWO
AWW
CGF
-CLO
CZP
DFO
OSI
SAO
SAS
SAT
SAV
SBE
SBS
SBT
VFI
WEI
ZON
~' including germanates
b including arsenates

10
Type Material Page
The type material is the species first used to establish the framework type.
about the material is given on this page.
Detailed information
Crystal chemical data
The composition, expressed in terms of cell contents, has been idealized where necessary for
simplicity. The chemical formula is given according to the new IUPAC roles(a( The space group and
cell parameters listed for each type material are those taken from the reference cited. In many
instances, further refinement of the structure taking into account ordering etc. would yield a lower
symmetry. It should also be noted that the space group and other crystallographic data related to the
type material structure do not necessarily apply to isotypes.
In some cases, the space group setting of the type material differs from that of the framework type.
In these cases, the relationship of the unit cell orientation with respect to the framework type is listed.
This relationship is important when comparing the orientation of the channel direction and the viewing
direction of ring drawings (which are both given for the axis orientation of the type material) with that
of the framework drawing.
Framework density (FD)
The framework density is defined as the number of T-atoms per 1000 A3. The figures given refer
to the type materials. For non-zeolitic framework structures, values of at least 20 to 21 T/1000 \]k 3 are
generally obtained, while for zeolites with fully crosslinked frameworks the observed values range
from about 12.1 for structures with the largest pore volume to around 20.6. To date, FD's of less than
12 have only been encountered for the interrupted framework cloverite (~3~, and for hypothetical
networks (~4). The FD is obviously related to the pore volume but does not reflect the size of the pore
openings. For some more flexible zeolite structure types, the FD values can vary appreciably. In
these cases (e.g., gismondine) values are given for the type material and for the framework in its most
expanded state. The flexibility of a framework structure is, to some extent, revealed by the possible
variation in the FD. FD values may also depend on chemical composition.
Channels
A shorthand notation has been adopted for the description of the channels in the various
frameworks. Each system of equivalent channels has been characterized by
9 the channel direction (relative to the axes of the type material structure),
9 the number of T-atoms (in bold type) forming the tings controlling diffusion through the
channels, and
9 the crystallographic free diameters of the channels in Angstrom units.
The number of asterisks in the notation indicates whether the channel system is one-, two- or three-
dimensional. In most cases, the smaller openings simply form windows (rather than channels)

11
connecting larger cavities. Interconnecting channel systems are separated by a double arrow (<---~). A
vertical bar (I) means that there is no direct access from one channel system to the other. The
examples from Table 2 have been selected to illustrate the use of these notations. Cancrinite is
characterized by a 1-dimensional system of channels parallel to \[001\] or c with circular 12-ring
apertures. In offretite, the main channels are similar but they are interconnected at fight angles by a 2-
dimensional system of 8-ring channels, and thus form a 3-dimensional channel system. The channel
system in mordenite is essentially 2-dimensional with somewhat elliptical 12-ring apertures. The 8-
ring limiting diffusion in the \[001\] direction is an example of a highly puckered aperture. Zeolite rho
is an example of a framework type containing two non-interconnecting 3-dimensional channel systems
which are displaced with respect to one another (<100> means there are channels parallel to all
crystallographically equivalent axes of the cubic structure, i.e., along x, y and z.). In gismondine, the
channels parallel to \[100\] together with those parallel to \[010\] give rise to a 3-dimensional channel
system which can be pictured as an array of partially overlapping tubes.
Table 2: Examples illustrating the notation for the crystallographic characterization of the
Channels
Cancrinite
Offretite
Mordenite
Zeolite Rho
Gismondine
\[001\] 12 5.9 x 5.9*
\[001\] 12 6.7 x 6.8* ~ .1_ \[001\] 8 3.6 x 4.9**
\[001\] 12 6.5 x 7.0* ~ {\[010\] 8 3.4 x 4.8 ~ \[001\] 8 2.6x 5.7}*
<100> 8 3.6 x 3.6*** I <100> 8 3.6 x 3.6***
{\[100\] 8 3.1 x 4.5 ~ \[010\] 8 2.8 x4.8}***
Please note: The channel direction is given for the axis orientation of the type material. This
orientation may be different from the orientation given in the framework drawing (see the cell
relationship given under "crystal chemical data" for these cases).
A summary of the channel systems, ordered by decreasing number of T-atoms in the largest tings,
is given in Table 3. The free diameter values (effective pore width) given in the channel description
and on the ring drawings are based upon the atomic coordinates of the type material and an oxygen
radius of 1.35~,. Both minimum and maximum values are given for noncircular apertures. In some
instances, the corresponding interatomic distance vectors are only approximately coplanar, in other
cases the plane of the ring is not normal to the direction of the channel. Close inspection of the
framework and ring drawings should provide qualitative evidence of these factors. Some ring
openings are defined by a very complex arrangement of oxygen atoms, so in these cases other short
interatomic distances that are not listed may also be observed. It should be noted that crystallographic
free diameters may depend upon the hydration state of the zeolite, particularly for the more flexible
frameworks. It should also be borne in mind that effective free diameters can be affected by non-
framework cations and may also be temperature dependent.

12
Table 3: Channel dimensions
-CLO Cloverite
VFI VPI-5
AET AIPO-8
CFI CIT-5
DON UTD- 1F
OSO OSB-I
AFI
AFR
AFS
AFY
ASV
ATO
ATS
*BEA
BOG
BPH
CAN
CON
CZP
DFO
EMT
FAU
GME
GON
IFR
ISV
LTL
MAZ
A1PO-5
SAPO-40
MAPSO-46
CoAPO-50
ASU-7
AIPO-31
MAPO-36
Beta
Boggsite
Beryllophosphate-H
Cancrinite
CIT-1
Chiral Zincophosphate
DAF-1
EMC-2
Faujasite
Gmelinite
GUS-1
ITQ-4
ITQ-7
Linde Type L
Mazzite
20-, 18- &14-Ring Structures
<100> 20 4.0 x 13.2"** I <100> 8 3.8 x 3.8***
\[001\] 18 12.7 x 12.7"
\[001\] 14 7.9 x 8.7*
\[010\] 14 7.2 x 7.5*
\[010\] 14 8.1 x 8.2*
\[001\] 14 5.4 x 7.3* +-~ 2. \[001\] 8 2.8 x 3.3**
12-Ring Structures
\[001 \] 12 7.3 x 7.3"
\[001\] 12 6.7 x 6.9* <-~ \[010\] 8 3.7 x 3.7*
\[001\] 12 7.0 x 7.0* ~-~ \[001\] 8 4.0 x 4.0**
\[001\] 126.1 x 6.1" <-~ \[001\] 84.0x 4.3**
\[001\] 12 4.1x 4.1"
\[001 \] 12 5.4 x 5.4"
\[001 \] 12 6.5 x 7.5"
<100> 12 6.6 x 6.7** ~-, \[001\] 12 5.6 x 5.6*
\[100\] 12 7.0 x 7.0* ~-~ \[010\] 10 5.5 x 5.8*
\[001\] 12 6.3 x 6.3* <--> 1 \[001\] 8 2.7 x 3.5**
\[001\] 12 5.9 x 5.9*
\[001 \] 12 6.4 x 7.0* e-> \[ 100\] 12 7.0 x 5.9*
+-~ \[010\] 10 5.1 x 4.5*
\[001 \] 12 3.8 x 7.2*
{\[001\] 12 7.3 x 7.3 ~ _1_ \[001\] 8 3.4 x 5.6}***
{ \[001\] 12 6.2 x 6.2 ~ 2. \[001\] 10 5.4 x 6.4}***
\[001\] 12 7.3 x 7.3* ~ 2. \[001\] 12 6.5 x 7.5**
<111> 12 7.4 x 7.4***
\[001\] 12 7.0 x 7.0* ~ _1_ \[001\] 8 3.6 x 3.9**
\[001 \] 12 5.4 x 6.8*
\[001\] 12 6.2 x 7.2*
<100> 12 6.1 x 6.5** ~ \[001\] 12 5.9 x 6.6*
\[001\] 12 7.1 x 7.1"
\[001\] 12 7.4 x 7.4"11001\] 8 3.1 x 3.1"**

13
MEI
MOR
MTW
OFF
OSI
-RON
SAO
SBE
SBS
SBT
SFE
VET
AEL
AFO
AHT
CGF
CGS
DAC
EPI
EUO
FER
HEU
LAU
MEL
MFI
MFS
MTT
MWW
NES
-PAR
SFF
STF
ZSM-18
Mordenite
ZSM-12
Offretite
UiO-6
Roggianite
STA-1
UCSB-8Co
UCSB-6GaCo
UCSB- 10GaZn
SSZ-48
VPI-8
A1PO- 11
A1PO-41
A1PO-H2
Co-Ga-Phosphate-5
Co-Ga-Phosphate-6
Dachiardite
Epistilbite
EU-1
Ferrierite
Heulandite
Laumontite
ZSM-11
ZSM-5
ZSM-57
ZSM-23
MCM-22
NU-87
Partheite
SSZ-44
SSZ-35
12-Ring Structures (cont.)
\[001\] 12 6.9 x 6.9* ~ \[001\] 7 3.2 x 3.5**
\[001\] 12 6.5 x 7.0* ~ {\[010\] 8 3.4 x 4.8 ~-~ \[001\] 8 2.6 x 5.7}*
\[010\] 12 5.6 x 6.0*
\[001\] 12 6.7 x 6.8* ~ 1 \[001\] 8 3.6 x 4.9**
\[001 \] 12 5.2 x 6.0*
\[001 \] 12 4.3 x 4.3"
<100>12 6.5 x 7.2** ~ \[001\] 12 7.0 x 7.0*
<100> 12 7.2 x 7.4** ~-~ \[001\] 8 4.0 x 4.0*
\[001\] 12 6.8 x 6.8* ~-> \[001\] 12 6.9 x 7.0**
\[001\] 12 6.4 x 7.4 * ~-> 1 \[001\] 12 7.3 x 7.8**
\[010\] 12 5.4 x 7.6*
\[001\] 12 5.9 x 5.9*
10-Ring Structures
\[001 \] 10 4.0 x 6.5"
\[001 \] 10 4.3 x 7.0*
\[001\] 10 3.3 x 6.8*
{\[ 100\] 10 2.5 x 9.2* + 8 2.1 x 6.7*} <--> \[001 \] 8 2.4 x 4.8*
{\[001\] 10 3.5 x 8.1 ~ \[100\] 8 2.5 x 4.6}***
\[010\] 10 3.4 x 5.3* <-> \[001\] 8 3.7 x 4.8*
\[100\] 10 3.4 x 5.6* ~-> \[001\] 8 3.7 x 4.5*
\[100\] 10 4.1 x 5.4*
\[001\] 10 4.2 x 5.4* <-> \[010\] 8 3.5 x 4.8*
{ \[001\] 10 3.1 x 7.5* + 8 3.6 x 4.6*} ~ \[100\] 8 2.8 x 4.7*
\[ 100\] 10 4.0 x 5.3"
<100> 10 5.3 x 5.4***
{\[100\] 10 5.1 x 5.5 ~ \[010\] 10 5.3 x 5.6}***
\[100\] 10 5.1 x 5.4* <---> \[010\] 8 3.3 x 4.8*
\[001\] 10 4.5 x 5.2*
3_ \[001\] 10 4.0 x 5.5** I_1_ \[001\] 104.1 x 5.1"*
\[100\] 10 4.8 x 5.7**
\[001\] 10 3.5 x 6.9*
\[001\] 10 5.4 x 5.7*
\[001 \] 10 5.4 x 5.7*

14
STI
TER
TON
WEI
-WEN
-CHI
LOV
NAT
RSN
STT
VSV
ABW
ACO
AEI
AEN
AFN
AFT
AFX
ANA
APC
APD
ATN
ATT
ATV
AWO
AWW
BIK
BRE
Stilbite
Terranovaite
Theta- 1
Weinebeneite
Wenkite
Chiavennite
Lovdarite
Natrolite
RUB-17
SSZ-23
VPI-7
Li-A
ACP-1
A1PO-18
A1PO-EN3
A1PO-14
A1PO-52
SAPO-56
Analcime
A1PO-C
A1PO-D
MAPO-39
A1PO-12-TAMU
A1PO-25
A1PO-21
A1PO-22
Bikitaite
Brewsterite
10-Ring Structures (cont.)
\[100\] 10 4.7 x 5.0* <---> \[001\] 8 2.7 x 5.6*
\[100\] 10 5.0 x 5.0* ~ \[001\] 10 4.1 x 7.0*
\[001 \] 10 4.6 x 5.7*
\[001\] 10 3.1 x 5.4* ~ \[100\] 8 3.3 x 5.0*
<100> 10 2.5 x 4.8** <---> \[001\] 8 2.3 x 2.7*
9-Ring Structures
\[001\] 9 3.9 x 4.3*
\[010\] 9 3.2 x 4.5* ~ \[001\] 9 3.0 x 4.2* +--> \[100\] 8 3.6 x 3.7*
<100> 8 2.6 x 3.9** <---> \[001\] 9 2.5 x 4.1"
\[100\] 9 3.3 x 4.4* ~ \[001\] 9 3.1 x 4.3* ~ \[010\] 8 3.4 x 4.1"
\[101\] 9 3.7 x 5.3* ~ \[001\] 7 2.4 x 3.5*
\[01-1\] 9 3.3 x 4.3* <---> \[011\] 9 2.9 x 4.2*
+--> \[011\] 8 2.1 x 2.7*
8-Ring Structures
\[001\] 8 3.4 x 3.8*
<100> 8 2.8 x 3.5** ~ \[001\] 8 3.5 x 3.5*
{\[100\] 8 3.8 x 3.8 ~ \[110\] 8 3.8 x 3.8
\[001\] 8 3.8 x 3.8}***
\[100\] 8 3.1 x 4.3* <---> \[010\] 8 2.7 x 5.0*
\[ 100\] 8 1.9 x 4.6* <---> \[010\] 8 2.1 x 4.9* <---> \[001\] 8 3.3 x 4.0*
2. \[001\] 8 3.2 x 3.8***
.1. \[001\] 8 3.4 x 3.6***
irregular distorted 8-rings
\[001\] 8 3.4 x 3.7* ~ \[100\] 8 2.0 x 4.7*
\[010\] 8 2.3 x 6.0* ~ \[201\] 8 1.3 x 5.8*
\[001\] 8 4.0 x 4.0*
\[100\] 8 4.2 x 4.6* <---> \[010\] 8 3.8 x 3.8*
\[001\] 8 3.0 x 4.9*
\[100\] 8 2.7 x 5.5*
\[001 \] 8 3.9 x 3.9*
\[010\] 8 2.8 x 3.7*
\[100\] 8 2.3 x 5.0* ~ \[001\] 8 2.8 x 4.1"

15
CAS
CHA
DDR
DFT
EAB
EDI
ERI
ESV
GIS
GOO
ITE
JBW
KFI
LEV
LTA
MER
MON
MTF
PAU
PHI
RHO
RTE
RTH
SAS
SAT
SAV
THO
TSC
VNI
YUG
ZON
8-Ring Structures (cont.)
Cesium Aluminosilicate \[001\] 8 2.4 x 4.7*
Chabazite
Deca-dodecasil 3R
DAF-2
TMA-E
Edingtonite
Erionite
ERS-7
Gismondine
Goosecreekite
ITQ-3
NaJ
ZK-5
Levyne
Linde Type A
Merlinoite
Montesommaite
MCM-35
Paulingite
Phillipsite
Rho
RUB-3
RUB-13
STA-6
STA-2
Mg-STA-7
Thomsonite
Tsch6rtnerite
VPI-9
Yugawaralite
ZAPO-M1
_1_ \[001\] 8 3.8 x 3.8***
_1_ \[001\] 8 3.6 x 4.4**
\[001\] 8 4.1 x 4.1" <---> \[100\] 8 1.8 x 4.7* <---> \[010\] 8 1.8 x 4.7*
2. \[001\] 8 3.7 x 5.1"*
<110> 8 2.8 x 3.8** ~ \[001\] 8 2.0 x 3.1"
_1_ \[001\] 8 3.6 x 5.1"**
\[010\] 8 3.5 x 4.7*
{\[100\] 8 3.1 x 4.5 <---> \[010\] 8 2.8 x 4.8}***
\[100\] 8 2.8 x 4.0* ~ \[010\] 8 2.7 x 4.1" ~ \[001\] 8 2.9 x 4.7*
\[010\] 8 3.8 x 4.3* <---> \[001\] 8 2.7 x 5.8*
\[001\] 8 3.7 x 4.8*
<100> 8 3.9 x 3.9*** ! <100> 8 3.9 x 3.9***
_1_ \[001\] 8 3.6 x 4.8**
<100> 8 4.1 x 4.1"**
\[100\] 8 3.1 x 3.5* <---> \[010\] 8 2.7 x 3.6*
\[001\] {8 3.4 x 5.1" + 8 3.3 x 3.3*}
\[100\] 8 3.2 x 4.4* ~ \[001\] 8 3.6 x 3.6*
\[001\] 8 3.6 x 3.9*
<100> 8 3.6x3.6"** I <100> 8 3.6 x 3.6***
\[100\] 8 3.8 x 3.8* <---> \[010\] 8 3.0 x 4.3* <-o \[001\] 8 3.2 x 3.3*
<100> 8 3.6 x 3.6*** I <100> 8 3.6 x 3.6***
\[001\] 8 3.7 x 4.4*
\[100\] 8 3.8 x 4.1" <---> \[001\] 8 2.5 x 5.6*
\[001\] 8 4.2 x 4.2*
_1_ \[001\] 3.0 x 5.5***
<100> 8 3.8 x 3.8** ~-> \[001\] 8 3.9 x 3.9*
\[100\] 8 2.3 x 3.9* ~ \[010\] 8 2.2 x 4.0* <---> \[001\] 8 2.2 x 3.0*
<100> 8 4.2 x 4.2*** ~ <110> 8 3.1 x 5.6***
{<110>8 3.1 x 4.0<---> \[001\] 8 3.5 x .3.6}***
\[100\] 8 2.8 x 3.6* ~ \[001\] 8 3.1 x 5.0*
\[100\] 8 2.5 x 5.1" ~ \[010\] 8 3.7 x 4.4*

16
Stability
In some cases, the type material is not stable to heating and/or removal of the template.
been indicated where the information was available.
This has
Stereographic figures
Stereographic drawings of the framework and of the limiting channel windows are presented for all
framework types. These drawings have been generated using the program CrystalMaker <~5). Although
the depth fading helps in viewing the drawings, the use of a stereo viewer is recommended (these can
be obtained from any electron microscopy supply house).
For the framework drawings, the coordinates of the idealized, highest symmetry structures were
used. Only the positions of the T-atoms are shown and the T-O-T bridges are represented by straight
lines. This idealization makes it easier to visualize the topology and the basic features of zeolite-like
framework structures, which are often relatively complex. The unit cell has been outlined wherever
possible.
In the ring drawings, all atoms are shown. Their positions are based on the crystal structure of the
type material, and therefore the ring dimensions and the viewing direction are also those of the type
material. As explained in the crystal chemical data section, for a few type materials, the orientation of
the crystallographic axes is different from that given for the framework type. In these cases, the
relationship given in the "crystal chemical data" section must be applied when comparing the viewing
direction of the ring drawings with that of the framework drawing.

17
Supplementary Information
Topological densities
The coordination sequences (CS) can be used to calculate a topological density (TD). As might be
expected, the CS is a periodic function. This has been established for all observed framework
topologies by Grosse-Kunstleve, Brunner and Sloane (~6). They showed that the CS of any T-atom can
be described exactly by a set of p quadratic equations
Nk=a~k 2+b~k+ci for k=i+np, n=0,1,2 .... and i-1,2,3 .... p
For example, the CS of ABW is exactly described by a set of three quadratic equations (p=3),
namely
Nk = 19/9k2 +1/9k+16/9
Nk = 19/9k2 -1/9k+16/9
Nk = 19/9k2 - 0 k+2
for k = 1 + 3n, n=0,1,2 ....
for k = 2 + 3n, n=0,1,2 ....
for k - 3 + 3n, n=0,1,2 ....
The number of equations p necessary to calculate all members of a particular coordination
sequence varies from p=l for SOD and p=42 for FAU to p=140,900,760 for EUO.
With growing index k (the shell number of the CS), the linear and constant coefficients, bi and ci,
respectively, become less and less important. Therefore we can define the exact topological density
TD as the mean of all ai divided by the dimensionality of the topology (i.e. 3 for zeolites)
TD- <a~> _ 1 ~~,
-----Y--- 3p=
This TD is the same for all T atoms in a given structure. The values are listed for all structure types
together with the TD~o, which was listed in the previous editions of the ATLAS, in Appendix C. There
is a simple relationship between TD and TD~0:TD~0 ~ TD *1155. Since TD10 is an approximation, i.e.
it is 'arbitarily' terminated at N~0, the values obtained by this formula deviate by 11% for-CLO and
5% for FAU but the differences are generally below 3%. It seem that for very open structures, 10
steps are not sufficient for a satifactory convergence. The correlation factor between the exact
topological density TD and the framework density FD is 0.82.
Origin of 3-letter codes and type material names
The derivation of the 3-letter codes for the zeolite minerals is fairly obvious, because the code
generally consists of the first 3 letters of the mineral name. For the synthetic materials this is
sometimes more obscure. One reason for this is that numbers are frequently included to distinguish
different products from a particular lab, and these numbers cannot be transferred directly to the
framework code. To help the reader better understand the origin of the codes, a table that includes all
framework type codes derived from synthetic type materials is given in Appendix D. In this table, the
letters taken for the code are written in bold. Also, an attempt has been made to decipher the origin of
the mnemonic sometimes used in the designations of these materials.

18
Isotypic material index
All materials are listed in alphabetical order in this index. To make the index as informative as
possible, all reported materials and designations have been included in this section, provided the
framework type assignment appears to be reasonably well established. Even a number of occasionally
used, but discredited, names of mineral species have been included for the same reason. A full list of
obsolete and discredited zeolite mineral names can be found in a report of the subcommittee on
zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association <~7). Moreover, the inclusion of a synthetic
material's designation in this index must not be interpreted to mean that the designation has been
formally recognized or generally accepted. References are to be found on the respective framework
type data sheets.
References
(5)
W.M. Meier and D.H. Olson, Adv. Chem. Ser. 101, 155 (1970).
L.B. McCusker, F. Liebau and G. Engelhardt, Pure Appl. Chem. 73 (2001), in press
G.O. Brunner and W.M. Meier, Nature 337, 146 (1989)
R.M. Barrer, "Chemical Nomenclature and Formulation of Compositions of Synthetic and Natural
Zeolites", Pure Appl. Chem. 51, 1091 (1979).
Ch. Baerlocher, A. Hepp. and W.M Meier, "DLS-76, a program for the simulation of crystal structures by
geometric refinement". (1978). Lab. f. Kristallographie, ETH, ZUrich.
(6) G.O. Grunner and F. Laves, Wiss. Z. Techn. Univers. Dresden 20, 387 (1971) H.2.
(7) W.M,. Meier and H.J. Moeck, J. Solid State Chem. 27, 349 (1979).
(8) M. O'Keeffe and S.T. Hyde, Zeolites 19, 370 (997)
(9) M. Sato, Proc. 6th IZC, Reno (Butterworth, 1984) p. 851.
(10) G.O. Brunner, Zeolites 13, 88 (1993)
(11) J.V. Smith: Geometrical and Structural Crystallography (Wiley, 1982) p. 328.
(12) Zeolite Structure Codes ABW to CZP. Subvolume B in Landolt-B6rnstein, Numerical Data and Functional
Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Group IV: Physical Chemistry, Volume 14,
Microporous and other Framework Materials with Zeolite-Type Structures, eds. W.H. Baur, R.X. Fischer,
VIII & 459 pp., Springer, Berlin, 2000.
(13) M. Estermann, L.B. McCusker, Ch. Baerlocher, A. Merrouche and H. Kessler, Nature 352, 320 (1991)
(14) W.M. Meier, Proc. 7th IZC Tokyo (Kodansha-Elsevier, 1986) p. 13.
(15) CrystalMaker, a Crystal Structure Program for MacOS Computers. CrystalMaker Software, P.O. Box 183,
Bicester, Oxfordshire, OX6 7BS, UK (http://www.crystalmaker.co.uk)
(16) R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve, G.O. Brunner and N.J.A. Sloane, Acta C~stallogr. A52, 879-889 (1996)
(17) D.S. Coombs, A. Alberti, T. Armbruster, G. Artioli, C. Colella, E. Galli, J.D. Grice, F. Liebau,
J.A. Mandarino, H. Minato, E.H. Nickel, E. Passaglia, D.R. Peacor, S. Quartieri, R. Rinaldi, M.
Ross, R.A. Sheppard, E. Tillmanns, G. Vezzalini, "Recommended nomenclature for zeolite
minerals: Report of the subcommittee on zeolites of the international mineralogical association,
commission on new minerals and mineral names", Can. Mineral. 35, 1571 (1997), or, Mineral.
Mag. 64, 533 (1998), or, Eur. J. Mineral. 10, 1037 (1998).
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

20
ABW Framework Type Imma
.....
Idealized cell constants:
Coordination
sequences
and vertex symbols:
Secondary building units:
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
framework viewed along [010]
orthorhombic, Imma, a = 9.9A, b = 5.3A, c = 8.8.~
Tl (8, m) 4 10 21 36 54 78 106 136 173 214
8 or 6 or 4
, l,lt
l Tl
4-6.4.6-6.82
Isotypic framework
structures:
*Li-A (Barrer and
White) (13)
[Be-As-O]-ABW ~4'5)
[Be-P-O]-ABW ~4,6)
[Ga-Si-O]-ABW (7)
[Zn-As-O]-ABW ~4)
[Zn-P-O]-ABW ~4)
ICs-I[Mg-P-O]-ABW (8)
ICs-I[A1-Si-O]-ABW ~9'1~
ICs-I[AI-Ti-O]-ABW (ll)
ILi-I[A1-Si-O]-ABW (12)
ILi-I[Zn-P-O]-ABW ~13)
ILi-I[A1-Ge-O]-ABW (14)
INa-I[Co-P-O]-ABW (15)
IRb-I[Co-P-O]-ABW (8)
IRb-I[A1-Si-O]-ABW (9'1~
ITI-I[A1-Si-O]-ABW (16)
References:
(1) BaiTer, R.M. and White, E.A.D.J. Chem. Soc., 1267-1278 (1951)
(2) Kerr, I.S.Z.
Kristallogr., 139, 186-195 (1974)
(3) Krogh Andersen, E. and Ploug-SCrensen,
G. Z. Kristallogr., 176, 67-73 (1986)
(4) Gier, T.E. and Stucky, G.D.
Nature, 349, 508-510 (1991)
(5) Harrison, W.T.A., Gier, T.E. and Stucky, G.D.
Acta Crystallogr., C51, 181-183 (1995)
(6) Robl, C. and Gobner,
V. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1911-1912 (1993)
(7) Newsam, J.M.J.
Phys. Chem., 92, 445-452 (1988)
(8) Rakotomahanina Ralaisoa, E.L.
Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Grenoble, (1972)
(9) Klaska, R. and Jarchow, O.
Naturwiss., 60, 299 (1973)

21
Li-A (Barrer and White) Type Material ABW
Crystal chemical data:
Framework
density:
Channels"
ILi+4 (H20)41 [A14Si4 O16]-ABW
orthorhombic, Pna2~, a = 10.31A,, b = 8.18A,, c = 5.00A. (2)
(Relationship to unit cell of Framework Type: a'= a, b'= c, c'= b)
19 T/1000~ 3
[001] 8 3.4 x 3.8*
8-ring viewed along [001 ]
References (cont.):
(10) Klaska, R. and Jarchow, O. Z.
Kristallogr., 142, 225-238 (1975)
(11) Gatehouse, B.M.
Acta Crystallogr., C45, 1674-1677 (1989)
(12) Ghobarkar, H.
Cryst. Res. Technol., 27, 1071-1075 (1992)
(13) Harrison, W.T.A., Gier, T.E., Nicol, J.M. and Stucky, G.D.J.
Solid State Chem., 114, 249-257 (1995)
(14) Tripathi, A., Kim, S.J., Johnson, G.M. and Parise, J.B.
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 34, 273-
279 (2000)
(15) Chippindale, A.M., Cowley, A.R., Chen, J.S., Gao, Q. and Xu, R.
Acta Crystallogr., C55, 845-847 (1999)
(16) Krogh Andersen, I.G., Krogh Andersen, E., Norby, P., Colella, C. and Degennaro, M.
Zeolites, 11, 149-154
(1991)

22
ACO Framework Type
n
Im3m
framework viewed along [001]
Idealized cell constants:
o
cubic, Im3m, a = 9.9A
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
T~(16,3m) 4 9 19 35 52 72 100 131 163 201 4.82-4.82.4.82
Secondary building units:
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
4-4 or 4
Vl'
Isotypic framework
structures:
9 ACP_I ~)
References:
(1) Feng, P.Y., Bu, X.H. and Stucky, G.D.
Nature, 388, 735-741 (1997)

23
ACP-1 Type Material ACO
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density:
I(C2HloN22+)4 (H20)21 [Alo.88Cov.12P8 O32]-ACO
C2HsN2 = ethylenediamine
tetragonal, I42m, a = 10.240A, c = 9.652A ~
15.8 T/1000,~ 3
Channels: <100> 8 2.8 x 3.5** ~ [001] 8 3.5 x 3.5*
8-ring viewed along [001]

24
AEI Framework Type Cmcm
Idealized cell constants:
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
Secondary building units:
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
framework viewed along [001]
orthorhombic, Cmcm, a = 13.7/~, b = 12.6,~, c = 18.5]k
Tj(16,1) 4 9 17 29 45 64 85 111 143 177
T2(16,1) 4 9 17 29 45 65 88 113 143 178
T3(16,1) 4 9 17 29 45 65 87 113 143 176
6-6 or 4-2 or 6 or 4
1
I TI.3
4.4.4.8-6.8
4-4.4.8.6.8
4.4.4.8.6-8
Isotypic framework
structures:
*A1PO- 18
(l)
References-
(1) Simmen, A., McCusker, L.B., Baerlocher, Ch. and Meier, W.M.
Zeolites, 11,654-661 (1991)

25
AIPO-18 Type Material AE!
Crystal chemical data"
Framework density"
[A124P24 096]-AEI
monoclinic, C 12/c 1
a = 13.711~, b= 12.732,~,, c= 18.571X, 13 =90.01 ~
14.8 T/1000,~ 3
Channels: {[100] 8 3.8 x 3.8 +-~ [110] 8 3.8 x 3.8 ~ [001] 8 3.8 x 3.8}***
8-ring viewed along [001]

26
AEL Framework Type Imma
Idealized cell constants:
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
framework viewed along [100] orthorhombic, Imma, a = 8.3A,, b = 18.7/~, c = 13.4A,
T~(16,1) 4 11 21 37
T2(16,1) 4 11 22 38
T3(8, m) 4 12 24 40
Secondary building units: 6-2
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
59 85 114 150 189 232
58 85 115 148 188 234
59 84 115 150 186 230
I ! l
I T,2 ]
T3
4-62.6.63.62.63
4-62-6.63.62.63
6.62.62.62-62.62
Isotypic framework
structures: *A1PO-11 (12)
MnAPO- 11 (3)
SAPO-11 plus numerous compositional variants (4"5)
References:
(~)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) Bennett, J.M., Richardson Jr., J.W., Pluth, J.J. and Smith, J.V. Zeolites, 7, 160-162 (1987)
Richardson Jr., J.W., Pluth, J.J. and Smith, J.V.
Acta Crystallogr., B44, 367-373 (1988)
Pluth, J.J., Smith, J.V. and Richardson Jr., J.W.J.
Phys. Chem., 92, 2734-2738 (1988)
Flanigen, E.M., Lok, B.M., Patton, R.L. and Wilson, S.T.
Pure Appl. Chem., 58, 1351-1358 (1986)
Flanigen, E.M., Lok, B.M., Patton, R.L. and Wilson, S.T. In
Proc. 7th hzt. Zeolite Con~,
(eds. Y. Murakami, A. Iijima and J.W. Ward), pp. 103-112 (1986), Kodansha, Tokyo

27
AIPO-11 Type Material AEL
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density:
[A12oP2o O8o]-AEL
orthorhombic, Ibm2, a = 13.534.4,, b = 18.482,~,, c = 8.370]k (2)
(Relationship to unit cell of Framework Type: a' = c, b' = b, c' = a )
19.1 T/1000,~, 3
Channels:
[001] 10 4.0 x 6.5*
lO-ring viewed along [001]

28
AEN Framework Type Cmca
Idealized cell constants:
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
Secondary building units:
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
framework viewed along [001]
orthorhombic, Cmca, a = 18.5,~, b = 13.4,~,, c = 9.6/~
Tl(16,1) 4 11 24 41 60
%. (16,1) 4 11 22 39 64
T3(16,1) 4 11 22 38 63
86 123 162 199 248
90 119 155 201 250
90 116 155 204 250
8or4
1
TI.3
4.63.62.82.63-8
4"6"6"62"62"64
4.63.62.63-62.8
Isotypic framework
structures: * A 1PO-EN 3 <1) JDF-2 ~5)
[Ga-P-O]-AEN C2) MSC- 1 (6)
AIPO-5 3(A) ~3~ UiO- 12-500 {7)
AIPO-5 3(B){3) UiO- 12-as {7)
CFSAPO-1A <4)
References:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Parise, J.B.
Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 24, 271-278 (1985)
Glasser, F.P., Howie, R.A. and Kan, Q.B.
Acta Co'stallogr., C50, 848-850 (1994)
Kirchner, R.M., Grosse-Kunstleve, R.W., Pluth, J.J., Wilson, S.T., Broach, R.W. and Smith, J.V.
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 39, 319-332 (2000)
He, H. and Long,
Y. J. Incl. Phenom., 5, 591-599 (1987)
Chippindale, A.M., Powell, A.V., Jones, R.H., Thomas, J.M., Cheetham, A.K., Huo, Q.S. and Xu, R.R.
Acta Co'stallogr., C50, 1537-1540 (1994)
Simmen, A.
Ph.D. Thesis, ETH, Ziirich, Switzerland, (1992)
Kongshaug, K.O., Fjellv~.g, H., Klewe, B. and Lillerud, K.P.
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 39,
333-339 (2000)

29
AIPO-EN3 Type Material AEN
Crystal chemical data:
Framework
density"
Channels:
I(C2HsN2)4 (H20)161 [AI24P24 096]-AEN
C2HsN2 = ethylenediamine
orthorhombic, P2~2~2~, a = 10.292 A, b = 13.636~, c = 17.344/k ~1)
(Relationship to unit cell of Framework Type: a'= c, b'= b, c'= a) 19.7 T/1000,~ 3
[100] 8 3.1 x 4.3* ~ [010] 8 2.7 x 5.0*
8-ring viewed along [010]

30
AET Framework Type Cmcm
Idealized cell constants:
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
framework viewed along [001]
orthorhombic, Cmcm, a = 32.8/~, b = 14.4]k, c = 8.4~
T~(16,1) 4 11 21 35 53
T2(16,1) 4 11 21 35 52
T3(16,1) 4 11 22 38 55
T4(16,1) 4 12 23 36 52
Ts(8, m) 4 10 18 32 52
Secondary building units: 6-2
78 108 140 172 208
74 102 136 172 212
74 98 132 173 216
75 103 135 172 215
76 105 140 171 202
,i n|, ,,
I
Loop configuration of ~
T-Atoms:
T4 I T5
4.62.6-63.62.63
4.62-62.63.62.63
4.62-6-63.62.63
6"62"62"62"62"62
4.63-4.63.6.64
Isotypic framework
structures:
9 A1PO_8 (1,2)
MCM.37 (3)
References:
(1) Dessau, R.M., Schlenker, J.L. and Higgins, J.B. Zeolites, 10, 522-524 (1990)
(2) Richardson Jr., J.W. and Vogt, E.T.C.
Zeolites, 12, 13-19 (1992)
(3) Chu, C.T.W., Schlenker, J.L., Lutner, J.D. and Chang, C.D.U.S.
Patent 5,091,073 (1992)

31
AIPO-8 Type Material AET
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density:
[A136P36 O144]-AET
orthorhombic, Cmc2~, a = 33.29A, b = 14.76A, c = 8.257A ~)
17.7 T/1000A 3
Channels: [001] 14 7.9 x 8.7*
14-ring viewed along [001]

32
AFG Framework Type P63/mmc
Idealized cell constants:
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
Secondary building units:
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
Framework description:
framework viewed normal to [001]
hexagonal, P63/mmc, a = 12.5~, c = 20.8A,
T~ (24, 1) 4 10 20 34 53 76 103 135 170 208 4.6.4.6.6.6
T2(12, m) 4 10 20 34 54 78 104 134 168 210 4.6.4.6.6.6
T3(12,2) 4 10 20 34 54 78 104 134 168 210 4.4.6.6.6.6
6or4
I [
Tl2 ! 1 T3
ABABACAC sequence of 6-rings
Isotypic framework
structures:
, (
Afghanite 1-4)
References:
(1) Bariand, P., Cesbron, F. and Giraud, R. Bull. Soc. ft. Mineral. Cristallogr., 91, 34-42 (1968)
(2) Merlino, S. and Mellini, M.
Zeolite 1976, Program and Abstracts, Tucson, (1976)
(3) Pobedimskaya, E.A., Rastsvetaeva, R.k., Terenteva, L.E. and Saposhnikov, A.N.
Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR,
320, 882-886 (1991)
(4) Ballirano, P., Merlino, S., Bonaccorsi, E. and Maras, A.
Eur. J. Mineral., 9, 21-31 (1997)

33
Afghanite Type Material AFG
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density:
ICa2+9.8 Na§ C12
5042-5.3 C032- (H20)41 [A124Si24096]-AFG
hexagonal, P63mc, a = 12.761,~, c = 21.416,~ ~3)
15.9 T/1000ik 3
Channels: apertures formed by 6-rings only

34
AFI Framework Type P6/mcc
......
framework viewed along [001] (bottom left: projection down [001])
Idealized cell constants: hexagonal, P6/mcc, a = 13.8*, c = 8.6A
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols: T1(24,1) 4 11 21 35 53 77 105 137 172 212
Secondary building units: 6 or 4
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
[
l
Tl
4-62.6-63-62-63
Isotypic framework
structures: *A1PO_5 ~I)
CoAPO.5 ~2)
CrAPO-5 (3)
SAPO-5 and numerous compositional variants (4'5)
SSZ_24 ~6)
TPAF A1PO-5 ~7)
References:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Bennett, J.M., Cohen, J.P., Flanigen, E.M., Pluth, J.J. and Smith, J.V.
ACS Sym. Ser., 218, 109-118 (1983)
Chao, K.J., Sheu, S.P. and Sheu, H.S.J.
Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 88, 2949-2954 (1992)
Radaev, S., Joswig, W. and Baur, W.H.J.
Mater. Chem., 6, 1413-1418 (1996)
Flanigen, E.M., Lok, B.M., Patton, R.L. and Wilson, S.T.
Pure Appl. Chem., 58, 1351-1358 (1986)
Flanigen, E.M., Lok, B.M., Patton, R.L. and Wilson, S.T. In
Proc. 7th Int. Zeolite Co~, (eds. Y.
Murakami, A. Iijima and J.W. Ward), pp. 103-112 (1986), Kodansha, Tokyo
Bialek, R., Meier, W.M., Davis, M. and Annen, M.J.
Zeolites, 11,438-442 (1991)
Qiu, S., Pang, W., Kessler, H. and Guth, J.L.
Zeolites, 9, 440-444 (1989)

35
AIPO-5 Type Material AFI
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density:
I(C12H28 N+) (OH) (H20)x I[All2Pl2 O48]-AFI
C12H28 N+ = tetrapropylammonium
hexagonal, P6cc, a = 13.726A, c = 8.484,~ (~>
17.3 T/1000/k 3
Channels: [001] 12 7.3 x 7.3*
12-ring viewed along [001]

36
AFN Framework Type
, ,
C12/ml
framework viewed normal to [010]
Idealized cell constants:
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
monoclinic, C12/ml, a = 14.0A, b = 13.5,~, c = 10.2,~, 13 = 107.2 ~
Tt(8,1) 4 9 19 33 51
T 2 (8, 1) 4 9 18 31 49
T3(8,1) 4 9 17 30 49
T4(8,1) 4 10 21 35 50
Secondary building units: 4
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
76 98 123 162 203
72 99 130 160 198
75 102 125 157 202
71 100 132 164 198
4"4.4"82"6-84
4"4.4"82"6"62
4.6-4.8.4"87
4.4"6.8"8"82
h I i
TL: T3 U
Isotypic framework
structures:
*AIPO_14 (1)
GaPO.14 (2)
References:
(1) Broach, R.W., Wilson, S.T. and Kirchner, R.M. In
Proc. 12th Int. Zeolite Conf., (eds. M.M.J. Treacy, B.K.
Marcus, M~E. Bisher and J.B. Higgins), pp. 1715-1722 (1999), MRS, Warrendale, PA
(2) Parise, J.B.
Acta C~'stallogr., C42, 670-673 (1986)

37
AIPO-14 Type Material AFN
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density:
Channels: [A18P8 O32]-AFN
triclinic, P]-, a = 9.704.~, b = 9.736,~, c = 10.202.~
ct= 77.81 ~ ~ = 77.50 ~ ~,= 87.69 ~ ~)
17.4 T/1000A 3
[100] 8 1.9 x 4.6* ~ [010] 8 2.1 x 4.9* ~ [001] 8 3.3 x 4.0*
8-ring viewed along [001]

38
AFO Framework Type Cmcm
Idealized cell constants:
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
Secondary building units:
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
framework viewed along [001]
orthorhombic, Cmcm, a = 9.8,~,, b = 25.6A, c = 8.3~,
T~(16,1) 4 11 22 38 58
T2(8, m) 4 11 22 41 65
T3(8, m) 4 11 21 36 56
T 4 (8, m) 4 12 23 37 55
85 115 149 190 235
88 111 145 186 231
82 115 156 195 231
82 118 155 189 232
2-6-2 or 4-1
I I l
l TI.3 l T,
4"62"6"63"62"63
4-62"6"63"6"63
4"62"62"63"62"63
6"62"62"62"62"62
Isotypic framework
structures: *A1PO-41 c l)
References:
(1) Kirchner, R.M. and Bennett, J.M. Zeolites, 14, 523-528 (1994)

39
AIPO-41 Type Material AFO
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density:
Channels:
[AlloPlo
O4o]-AFO
monoclinic, P112~, a = 9.718/k, b = 13.792~, c = 8.359A, 7= 110.6 ~ ~)
(Relationship to unit cell of Framework Type:
a'= a, b'= b.sin(y)/2, c'= c
or, as vectors, a' = a, b' = (b - a)/2, c' = c)
19.1 T/1000~, 3
[001] 10 4.3 x 7.0*
1 O-ring viewed along [001 ]

40
AFR Framework Type Pmmn
Idealized cell constants:
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
Secondary building units:
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
framework viewed along [001 ]
orthorhombic, Pmmn (origin choice 2), a = 22.3A,, b = 13.6A., c = 7.0A,
T~(8,1) 4 9 16 27 43 63 88 115 141 171 4.6.4.62.4.8
T 2(8,1) 4 9 18 30 43 64 90 111 140 181 4.4.4.8.63.8
Ts(8, 1) 4 9 18 29 42 66 93 112 139 177 4.4.4.12.6.63
T4(8,1) 4 10 17 28 47 65 86 117 144 169 4.6.4.6.6.12
6-2 or 4
A
Vl'q
I T,
I 1" '1 .... !
Isotypic framework
structures: *SAPO_40 ~13)
A1PO-40 (4)
CoAPSO-40 (5)
ZnAPSO-40 (5)
References:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) Estermann, M.A., McCusker, L.B. and Baerlocher, Ch. J. Appl. Co'smllogr., 25, 539-543 (1992)
Dumont, N., Gabelica, Z., Derouane, E.G. and McCusker, L.B.
Microporous Materials, 1, 149-160 (1993)
McCusker, L.B. and Baerlocher, Ch.
Microporous Materials, 6, 51-54 (1996)
Ramaswamy, V., McCusker, L.B. and Baerlocher, Ch.
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 31, 1-8
(1999)
Lourenco, J.P., Ribeiro, M.F., Borges, C., Rocha, J., Onida, B., Garrone, E. and Gabelica, Z., 38, 267-278
(2000)

41
SAPO-40 Type Material AFR
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density" I(C12HzsN+)4 (OH)41 [SisAI28P28 O12s]-AFR
C12H28 N+ = tetrapropylammonium
orthorhombic, Pccn, a = 21.944A,, b = 13.691.A,, c = 14.249.A, ~3)
(Relationship to unit cell of Framework Type: a'= a, b'= b, c'= 2c)
15.0
Y/1000A 3
Channels: [001] 12 6.7 x 6.9* ~ [010] 8 3.7 x 3.7*
8-ring viewed along [010]

42
AFS Framework Type P63/mcm
fi'amework viewed normal to [001 ] (top left: projection down [001])
Idealized cell constants: hexagonal, P63/mcm, a = 13.1A,, c = 25.9~
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
T1(24,1) 4 9 17 28 42 60
T2(24,1) 4 9 16 25 39 61
T3(8,3) 4 9 18 30 43 62
83 111 138 166
86 109 134 163
85 105 135 180
Secondary building units: 6* 1
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
I I I
[ I
Tl,:
/%
Vl'q
I T,
4.4.4.82.62.8
4.4.4.6.6-12
4.8.4.8.4.8
Isotypic framework
structures: *MAPSO-46 (l)
References:
(1) Bennett, J.M. and Marcus, B.K. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 37, 269-279 (1988)

43
MAPSO-46 Type Material AFS
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density: I(C6HI6N+)8 (H20)14l [Mg6A122P26Si20ll2]-AFS
C6H15N = dipropylamine
trigonal, P3cl, a = 13.225,~, c = 26.892A ~
13.7 T/1000A 3
Channels:
[001] 12 7.0 x 7.0* <---> .1_[001] 8 4.0 x 4.0**
8-ring viewed normal to [001]

44
AFT Framework Type P6Jmmc
framework viewed normal to [001] (top left: projection down [001])
Idealized cell constants: hexagonal, P63/mmc, a = 13.7A., c = 29.4.A.
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
Tt(24,1) 4 9 17 29 45 64 85 110 140 173
T2(24,1) 4 9 17 29 45 64 86 113 144 178
T3(24,1) 4 9 17 29 45 65 88 113 141 175
Secondary building units: 6-6 or 6 or 4
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms: 1
1
TI-3
Framework description: AABBCCAACCBB sequence of 6-rings
4-4.4.8.6.8
4.4.4.8.6.8
4.4.4-8.6.8
Isotypic framework
structures:
*AlPO.52 ~1,2)
References:
(1) Bennett, J.M., Kirchner, R.M. and Wilson, S.T. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 49, 731-739 (1989)
(2) McGuire, N.K., Bateman, C.A., Blackwell, C.S., Wilson, S.T. and Kirchner, R.M.
Zeolites, 15, 460-469
(1995)

45
AIPO-52 Type Material AFT
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density:
[A136P36 OI44]-AFT
trigonal, P-31c, a = 13.715A, c = 29.676.A, (2)
14.9 T/1000A 3
Channels: [001] 8 3.2 x 3.8***
CHA cage 8-ring viewed normal to [001]

46
AFX Framework Type P6a/mmc
framework viewed nom zal to [001] (top left: projection down [001])
Idealized cell constants: hexagonal, P63/mmc, a = 13.7/~, c = 19.7,~
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
T1(24,1) 4 9 17 29 45 65 89 116 144 175
T2(24,1) 4 9 17 29 45 64 85 110 141 178
Secondary building units: 6-6 or 6 or 4
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
I
TI,2
Framework description: AABBCCBB sequence of 6-rings
4.4.4.8.6.8
4.4.4.8.6.8
Isotypic framework
structures: *SAPO_56 ~l)
SSZ-16 (2)
References:
(1) Wilson, S.T., Broach, R.W., Blackwell, C.S., Bateman, C.A., McGuire, N.K. and Kirchner, R.M.
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 28, 125-137 (1999)
(2) Lobo, R.F., Zones, S.I. and Medrud, R.C.
Chem. Mater., 8, 2409-2411 (1996)

47
SAPO-56 Type Material AFX
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density:
IH+31[A123SisP2o O96]-AFX
trigonal, P31 c, a = 13.762A, c = 19.949,A, (2) 14.7 T/1000~, 3
Channels: 2.[001] 8 3.4 x 3.6***
8-ring viewed normal to [001]

48
AFY Framework Type P31m
framework viewed along [001 ] (bottom left: projection down [001 ])
Idealized cell constants- trigonal, P-31m, a = 12.3.A,, c = 8.6.A,
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
Tl(12,1)
4 8 14 25 39 53
T2(4,3) 4 9 16 23 34 57
71
82
96 124 152
98 115 141
Secondary building units: 4-4 or 4
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
/X
ll,
Tl
4.4.4.8.4.12
4.8.4.8.4.8
Isotypic framework
structures:
*CoAPO_50 ~1,2)
MgAPO-50 ~3)
References:
(1) Wilson, S.T. private communication
(2) Bennett, J.M. and Marcus, B.K. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 37, 269-279 (1988)
(3) Akolekar, D.B. Zeolites, 15, 583-590 (1995)

49
CoAPO-50 Type Material AFY
Crystal chemical data:
Framework density: I(C6HI6N+)3 (H20)71 [Co3A15P8 O32]-AFY
C6H15N = dipropylamine
trigonal, P3, a = 12.747A,, c = 9.015A, (2)
12.6 T/1000A 3
Channels:
[001] 12 6.1 x 6.1" <---> .L [001] 8 4.0 x 4.3**
Stability" Unstable to removal of template (~)
8-ring viewed normal to [001]

50
AHT Framework Type Cmcm
....
Idealized cell constants:
Coordination sequences
and vertex symbols:
framework viewed along [001 ]
orthorhombic, Cmcm, a = 15.8A,, b = 9.2A,, c = 8.6A
Tl (16, 1) 4 11 21 36 56 81 109 142 179 221 4-62"6"63"6"63
T2(8, m) 4 10 18 32 53 78 105 140 179 218 4.63-4.63.6.64
Secondary building units" 4-2
Loop configuration of
T-Atoms:
, ,,,,i, , i ,,,
I I L i
lsotypic framework
structures: *AIPO_H2 ~1"2)
References:
(1) Li, H.X., Davis, M.E., Higgins, J.B. and Dessau, R.M. Chem. Commun., 403-405 (1993)
(2) Kennedy, G.J., Higgins, J.B., Ridenour, C.F., Li, H.X. and Davis, M.E.
Solid State Nucl. Mag. Res., 4, 173-
178 (1995)

51
AIPO-H2 Type Material AHT
Crystal chemical data: I(H20)81 [A16P6 024 ]-AHT
monoclinic, P112~, a = 9.486', b = 9.914,~, c = 8.126A, y= 121.49 ~ (1)
(Relationship to unit cell of Framework Type: a'= a/2 sin(y), b' = b, c' = c
or, as vectors, a' = (a - b)/2, b' = b, c' = c)
Framework density: 18.4 T/1000A 3
Channels: [001] 10 3.3 x 6.8*
Stability: Transforms to A1PO4-tridymite on heating ~2)
1 O-ring viewed along [001]

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Scripture and tracts in Arabic, Turkish, and Hebrew, as they did all
along the coast at our various stopping-places, so sowing much
good seed, some of which at least may, we hope, take root and bear
fruit.
The whole of the following day was spent in coasting along that part
of Anatolia formerly called Lycia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia, keeping very
near the shore. It was a great privilege to pass near scenes of such
interest as those regions through which Paul and his companions
passed, and to see the very places on which their eyes must have
rested. Cyprus was visible on the right, but too distant from us to
obtain much idea of its appearance. Early in the morning of the 29th
we found ourselves in the harbor of Mersina, the port of Tarsus,
about ten miles from that city, of which Paul was a citizen. This latter
place itself we could not see, but we were shown the direction in
which it lay among the mountains, and the point where the Cydnus
flows into the sea with its cold waters fresh from Taurus, whose
snowy tops we plainly saw. The ship remained here till the
afternoon, shipping wheat, and we were much interested in seeing a
train of one hundred and fifty camels winding down from the
direction of Taurus and moving slowly along the shore to discharge
their freight at the warehouses upon the quay. We then turned our
faces southward, passing not far from Antioch, which, however,
cannot be seen from the sea. We stopped a few hours at Latakia,
near which rises the cone-shaped Mount Cassius. Soon after passing
this we had our first view of one of the spurs of Mount Lebanon,
crowned with snow. This grand and extensive range became more
and more conspicuous until we reached Tripoli, which lies beautifully
at its feet in a fine wide bay. We sailed very near the island of
Aradus, the ancient Arvad, opposite to which lies "the entering in of
Hamath" so often mentioned in the Bible, the boundary of the Land
of Promise, though never of that really possessed by the Israelites.
The weather was very fine, but extremely hot, all the time we were
on the water.

The first day we were in Beirut the sirocco was blowing a hot,
enervating wind. Beirut looks beautiful, either from the sea or land.
It is built along the shore at the foot of Mount Lebanon. We find
several American and English missionaries, many of whose schools
we have visited and have been much interested in them; also
attended some religious meetings. As it is the rainy season, the
Friends are not able to get on quite so fast with their work as might
otherwise be the case; but they have been warmly received, and
their visit seems to be a very opportune one. Our party are all in
usual health. The dear Friends think their health is improved,
decidedly so, since they left America.
Thine sincerely,
EllÉn ClarÉ MillÉr.
Another letter from Ellen Clare Miller, from Mount Lebanon in 11th
mo., 1867, to the editor of the Friends' Review, says:
"The last account forwarded to thee of our dear friends E. and S.
Jones was brought down to the 12th of this month. The great
storms which had prevailed up to that time, severer for the season
than had been known for many years, passed away on that day. A
remarkably fine rainbow, double and sixty degrees in height, one
foot resting on the sea and the other on the base of Lebanon,
appeared that evening just before sunset, giving very welcome
promise of the return of fine weather. This was very cheering, as the
heavy rains had for the time suspended the work of visiting schools,
except that of E. B. Thompson, which adjoins M. Mott's house. We
are not able yet to give a very clear statistical account of the many
schools in Beirut and Lebanon for the education of boys and girls,
but there is, indeed, a great work going on through their agency—a
work of very widely extended influence. E. B. Thompson has
fourteen schools under her influence, some in Beirut, some in the
mountains. E. Saleeby, a Syrian, who has spent some time in
Scotland and England, and whose efforts are principally supported
by subscriptions from the former country, has many more under his

care. The American missionaries have stations at Beirut and in
several towns in the mountains, and we are at present at a
boarding-school for training Syrian girls for teachers, conducted by
two young ladies from England, sent out by the Society for
Promoting Female Education in the East. They have at present only
eighteen girls, on account of their limited means; the school will
accommodate thirty, and the education given and the Christian
influence extended, here as at other schools which we have seen,
are very telling, and are raising the women to a very different
position from that which they formerly occupied even among the
nominal Christians in the country. The prejudice against their
education was very great among all sects, and still exists, from the
Mohammedans, who believe that woman has no soul, among the
Druses, Maronites, and Catholics, and the somewhat more
enlightened Protestants, who are now, through these schools,
awaking to the advantage of having their daughters educated.
"The people everywhere seem very intelligent, and there seems
much openness to receive missionaries from the Society of Friends,
whose spiritual teaching is much needed in these parts; and we
hope the feet of some may be directed to this Bible land, where the
fields are already white unto harvest and the laborers few, and that
Friends may see their way to lend funds to carry on this great work
of Christian education among the females of the East. There is an
innate nobility in them, and a gentleness and warmth of feeling in
the women, which, when so developed, produce a fine character.
Those who cannot speak English look at us with eyes full of love and
interest, and by their expressive gestures convey more than many of
our words would do. We became much interested in the girls of E. B.
Thompson's principal school, which we frequently visited, Eli Jones
taking the Scripture class several times. He found their knowledge of
the Bible and their understanding of its truths equal, if not superior,
to what we should find in our own schools in America and England.
Besides this school, E. and S. J. visited the infant school in
connection with it, also three smaller branch schools under E. B.
Thompson's direction, and a boys' school conducted by two very

superior young men, native teachers, but also under her
superintendence. They also went to the Prussian Deaconesses'
Institution, where the children receive a good education under
Christian influences; then to the school for girls under the care of Dr.
Bliss, the American missionary: of this latter a native Syrian and his
wife have the immediate superintendence, residing in the house with
the boarders. The children everywhere are well instructed in the
Bible, and commit a great deal to memory both from the Arabic and
English Scriptures. In all the schools the Friends delivered their
message, exhorting all to use diligence to advance in their
education, that through the instrumentality of her young men and
young women Syria may rise among nations, and encouraging them
to seek earnestly and prayerfully after a knowledge of Him without
knowing whom, with all their learning and knowledge, they cannot
be truly great—often kneeling in prayer with the teachers and
scholars before leaving the school. They attended also a meeting for
the Home Mission Society, where they addressed, through the
medium of M. Bosistani, its principal, the college for the education of
Syrian young men, as well as the American and E. B. Thompson's
school, who were all present.
"On Sixth day morning we started for Sook-el-Gharb, a little village
twelve miles from Beirut on the side of Lebanon, two thousand feet
above the sea, where we intended to remain an hour or two visiting
the schools there, and then to continue our journey a little farther to
a village which we might make our headquarters while visiting the
schools in that neighborhood, it being considered that the mountain-
roads would have sufficiently recovered from the effects of the storm
to be passable. The wind and the rain had, however, been so much
more violent than is usual at this season that the road was much
worse than had been expected, the path being in some places
washed away by the torrents, which, wearing themselves a rough
channel down what had been the road, had thrown up a wall of
large loose stones on each side, making the journey in some parts
dangerous, and so fatiguing that Sybil Jones was very much
exhausted on arriving at Sook, and unable to proceed farther

without a rest of two or three days. As much care as possible had
been used in getting her up the mountain, riding being the only
means of travelling on these steep, rough mountain-roads, with their
ascents and descents more precipitous than can be well imagined
without being seen; but the shaking and exertion were quite too
much for her back, unused to such exercise, and she was confined
to bed, suffering much from pain and weakness, until Third day, the
19th, when she was carried in a chair to this place, twenty minutes'
ride distant from Sook, by a comparatively level path. The exertion
of this so tired her that with great reluctance she had to decide that
she must give up the prospect of going farther into the mountains.
Eli Jones and A. L. Fox are accordingly visiting the various mountain-
schools, while she is remaining at the school in Shumlan. It is a
great disappointment and a trial of faith to both the dear Friends
that it has thus been ordered so differently from what had been
planned; but we cannot but believe that it will be overruled for the
best. The ride from Beirut to Sook-el-Gharb is a very interesting one.
We halted for some time at a little rude khan at the side of a little
stream of clear cold water, where we rested a while under the shade
of a fine evergreen oak, and had some refreshments, being offered
cakes of the Arab bread, which is very thin and flat and baked of
coarse flour, producing the effect of a small sheet of chamois
leather; though rather tough, it is sweet and quite edible, and in
constant use in this part of the country. They tear off a piece, roll it
up, and dip it into their food, instead of using knives and forks; and
we were much interested in hearing that it was still the practice in
doing honor to another at table to present him with such a piece
dipped in the choicest part of the mess, reminding us of our
Saviour's gift to Judas. Our view from this village is very fine. We
look down on the Mediterranean, ten miles or more distant, but
looking in this deceptive atmosphere not more than three or four
miles off. Between us and it intervene the terraced sides of Lebanon,
laid out in mulberry-gardens or newly sown with wheat. Our stay at
Sook, though unintentional, seemed to be in right ordering, for
service opened up there. The mistress of the house where we were,
E. Saleeby's wife, was dangerously ill, and has since died, and her

husband felt the dear Friends' visit one of great comfort and
entertained us with much kindness. E. Jones and A. Fox visited the
boys' and girls' school there, as well as at Abeih and Bhamdûn, some
hours' ride from Sook, E. J. examining the children in Scripture and
in other branches, speaking to and praying with them, and
distributing English and Arabic books. He also held meetings at Sook
and Shumlan in the school-house, attended by the schools and
several of the villagers, where the words earnestly spoken were
attentively and gladly received. We have heard twice from E. J. and
A. L. F. since they left us—good accounts. We were hoping to have
seen them back last evening, but they did not appear. We suppose
that they must have gone farther than was at first intended."
The following is a letter from Eli Jones, written to the Friends'
Review a few days later than the above letter from E. C. Miller:
SYRIA AND PALESTINE.
Shumlan, 12th, 21st, 1867.
My dear Sybil feeling unable to go farther over these almost
trackless mountains without time for more rest, it seemed best for
her and E. C. Miller to remain at the boarding-school for girls at this
place under the care of two English ladies, Lucy Hicks and Mary M.
Jacombs, while A. L. Fox and I should proceed in the work.
Accordingly, on the 22d of last month we left at eight o'clock in the
morning on horseback, attended by an efficient dragoman named
Georgius, an interpreter, Ibrahim, and Abdallah and Hassan,
muleteers. After a ride of two hours we reached Abeih, and were
kindly cared for at the house of Simon Calhoun and wife, American
missionaries. He has been many years in this country, and is, we
learn, much esteemed by all classes. Our first call was at the school
of the Druses. The provost of the school and the teacher of English

met us at the gate and gave us a cordial welcome; then led us to an
apartment where sweetmeats and coffee in tiny cups, according to
the custom of the country, were served. In answer to our question
whether the Holy Scriptures were read in the school, the teacher of
English assured us that they were read by his class. He is a student
from the American school, and will do what he can, I doubt not, in
his delicate position to inculcate Christian sentiment among this
peculiar people.
In the afternoon we visited the boys' and also the girls' school,
under the care of the American mission, and were pleased with the
advance they have made in their education: we spoke to the
children in each school, William Bird interpreting, as he did in the
evening, when we met the young men at the Abeih seminary for the
education of native teachers. This institution has been in successful
operation for the last twenty-five years. Each student is expected to
devote from one to two hours each day to the study of the Holy
Scriptures. These students may now be met in almost all parts of
Syria and in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Seventh day, 23d. Rode to Deir-el-Kamr; found lodgings at the
school-house, where E. B. Thompson has a small school. After
dinner took an hour's ride to Beteddin; called at the palace of Douad
Pasha, governor of the pashalic of the Lebanon. The governor was
not at home; we were met by some of his subordinate officers, with
whom we had interesting discourse.
First day, 24th. At an early hour we mounted our trusty steeds, and
reached Mukhtârah about ten A. M. Riding up to the palace of the
great Druse chief, Said Beg Jumplatt, we found the two young
princes about to set out on a ride to pass the day with friends in a
neighboring town, accompanied by N. Gharzuzee, the tutor of the
younger prince, and other officials. They offered us the hospitalities
of the house as long as we were disposed, which we accepted, and
were soon informed that the princes had given up their anticipated
pleasure, saying they preferred to spend the time with us. The elder
prince is nearly eighteen years of age, and married; the younger is

about thirteen years old, bright and intelligent, and really "the hope
of my house." His tutor, N. Gharzuzee, who is a native of Syria, has
spent several months in England; he speaks our language well and
appears to be an earnest Christian. As Christians we could not fail to
feel greatly interested in seeing such a man in so important a
position, where he is teaching this young man, destined, so far as
we can see, to fill the highest place of influence among this
heterodox people—not only sciences and languages, but the pure
and unsophisticated doctrines of the Bible. At one P. M. we met the
children of the American mission and of E. M. Thompson's schools,
with several of the parents. After listening to a very satisfactory
examination of the children in the Scriptures, I addressed them, N.
Gharzuzee interpreting in an able manner. The meeting was one to
which I recur with sincere satisfaction.
25th. Had our morning reading in Arabic, after which prayer was
offered in English, in which strong desires were expressed in the
name of Jesus, on behalf of the young princes, for the various
members of the household and for Syria. We left after many a
cordial shake of the hand and with many a "God bless you!" and
"May you return to your own country in peace!" Near one o'clock P.
M. we saw in the distance the snow-clad top of Hermon, which we
seemed approaching. What thoughts filled our minds—thoughts too
big for utterance—as we stood upon "the heights of that goodly
mountain Lebanon," and saw the noble cone of Hermon rising
majestically toward the meridian sun, while southward near its base
lay the division of Naphtali, a portion of the "land of possession,"
where we hoped to arrive on the following day! "The north and the
south, Thou hast created them; Tabor and Hermon shall rejoice in
Thy name."
Passed near a peasant at work with a curious plough drawn by a
pair of tiny bullocks. We each took a turn in guiding the plough, and
felt a pleasure for the time in occupying a place so often honored by
prophets and good men of old in this historic land. About the time of
the going down of the sun we reached Jezzin. Weary from the long

journey, I lay for a time upon a rug near the fountain while our
dragoman went to look for lodgings. During that brief time many a
maiden came forth with her pitcher to draw water. What strong
evidence this that we are nearing the Bible land! Lodgings were soon
announced. On reaching the room intended for our reception we
found several members of the family busily engaged in covering the
floor with matting, and near the seat of honor a fine carpet was
spread. Presently, finding I was weary, a thin mattress—or perhaps,
as would be better understood in our country, a thick comfortable—
was added as a bed. Here, stretching my weary limbs, I sought
needed rest. By the time, however, that we were fairly domiciled a
large circle of men came in and engaged in their favorite occupation,
smoking. Though the fumes of the pipe have for us no attraction,
but rather the contrary, still, finding our neighbors inclined to be
social, we strove to make the conversation profitable and if possible
edifying. In the course of the evening our kind hostess inquired if we
would like water for our feet? On our replying in the affirmative, "a
lordly dish" well filled was brought, and we were told all things were
ready. Think what must have been our surprise on being told that
the young woman standing near had volunteered to wash the
strangers' feet! Fearing that our refusal might be misunderstood, we
placed them at the disposal of the "little Syrian maid." With what
thrilling interest ought we hereafter to read the account of what
transpired when He whose blood cleanses from all sin "girded
Himself and washed His disciples' feet," saying to them, "If I then,
your Lord and Master, have washed your feet, ye also ought to wash
one another's feet; for I have given you an example that ye should
do as I have done unto you!"
The morning of the 26th the priest of the place came in, with whom
we had some pleasant intercourse. After breaking our fast we told
the family that it was our practice, before proceeding on the journey
of the day, to read a portion of Scripture and endeavor to lift up our
hearts to God in prayer, and we gave them an invitation to be
present. They all remained with us, as did the priest. We need not
inquire to what society these people belonged; suffice it to say, they

entertained strangers, they washed our feet, they fed the hungry,
they bade us go in peace, and refused our money as a recompense.
After a ride of two hours we halted at Cafer Huney, a little village on
our route, to have our horses' feet examined by a blacksmith and
shoes set if needful. While waiting we went to the fountain, where
several persons collected. After a time spent in pleasant
conversation we spoke to them of the heavenly country and of
salvation by Jesus Christ. We left with them copies of our Lord's
miracles in Arabic, which they received gladly. One of these rustic
villagers, a lame man, offered me his cane as a walking-stick with
such hearty good-will, saying he had others at home, that I took it
and found it very useful in making the steep descent of Lebanon in
the afternoon. Near sunset we reached the foot of the Lebanon
range, and then crossed the Litany (named on many maps Leontes)
on one of the few bridges to be found in this country. An hour and a
half more brought us to the little town of Abbel, toward which we
had looked as an Arab village where it might be difficult to find
secure and comfortable lodging for the night. Ere we entered all was
shrouded in darkness, for the night had set in, but, as it proved, a
glad surprise awaited us. In reply to our first inquiry for lodgings we
were told that "the American church would be the best place for us
to stop at." A little farther on we were accosted by one with
whitened locks, who, taking our hands, shook them with both of his
with brotherly cordiality, and then with a light led the way to the
comfortable house erected within the past year as a place for
worship and a school-house by that devoted band of men whose
praise is in all the churches in this land—the American missionaries.
By the time we had entered several of the brethren had arrived. The
house is without seats. Mats were quickly arranged for us; then
followed the arrangements for supper. A canoon filled with charcoal
with which to heat the water for tea first arrived; then one brought
bread, another eggs, a third sugar, and another melons; and such
melons! worthy the land that produced them. All things being ready,
the travellers sit upon the floor about the inviting meal, and while
they are busily engaged in satisfying the calls of hunger the
company increases; and here our responsibilities widen, for as we

have been privileged to partake of their good things for the
sustenance of the body, we are in duty bound, as far as may be our
power, to meet their spiritual and intellectual wants. I trust this
evening, our first in Palestine, was spent to the mutual benefit of all
concerned. On the morning of the 27th the school-children and
several of the parents came in, to whom we spoke words of
encouragement in the pursuit of useful knowledge, and especially
that which "maketh wise unto salvation." An hour more brought us
to Krhyam, where we met another school. We spoke to them of Him
who is the only "Hope of Israel." Again in the saddle, we rode away
across the extensive and fertile valley of Marjaiyum.
Just before reaching D'Mimas we met William Eddy of New York
State, a minister in connection with the American mission. On
learning our intentions, he kindly proposed to return to D'Mimas,
that he might be with us during our stay; his presence and kind care
contributed largely to our comfort. Here we visited another school
and met several of the brethren socially. The subject of education,
and especially the education of women, was freely discussed. We
endeavored to show them that no people can be happy or
prosperous while woman holds a degraded position among them,
and that it is in vain to look for great men where good and virtuous
mothers are not to be found. As we press onward what a view opens
before us! One short hour farther we stand upon a rocky knoll near
the ancient town of Abel, where Joab claimed Sheba the son of
Bichri as a condition of peace. Looking eastward, toward our right
are the hills of the ancient Bashan, thickly dotted with oaks, those
emblems of strength; toward the left Hermon lifts his head to
heaven in solemn and solitary majesty. Not far are the sites where
stood Laish, Dan, and Cæsarea Philippi of the Scriptures, which we
hope to visit before nightfall, and all around on either hand we have
spread out before us one of the great battlefields of the Bible. We
spent a short time in the town distributing a few Arabic books, and
met with, as far as we could learn, the only school-teacher, who told
us he had under his instruction fourteen boys. We tried to give him
encouragement in the work, and gave him a copy of the Psalms.

Soon after mid-day we reached Tell-el-Kady, "the hill of the judge,"
the Dan of Scripture. Two things are here worthy of special notice:
the fountain of the Jordan and the site of the ancient city of Dan.
The Tell is cup-shaped, and bears evidence of being an extinct
crater. On an island of rocks in size little more than sufficient to
accommodate our party, and beneath the wide-spreading branches
of an ancient oak, we took our humble mid-day meal. We had
scarcely begun to satisfy our own appetites when a mounted Arab,
armed to the teeth, rode up and asked for food, to whom we gladly
gave a portion, for, once fed from our store, he becomes an ally, not
a foe. Perhaps I ought here to add that on our way to this place
from Abel we were accosted by an armed Arab, who demanded
"backsheesh" as I rode abreast of him: feeling that we owed him
naught but love and good-will, we gave him no money, and were
suffered to pass without further molestation. The ruin of the ancient
city of Dan is very complete; a few broken walls, fallen stones, and
pieces of pottery are all that are left to tell of a people long since
passed away.
The story of Dan is soon told. Originally an agricultural colony of the
Phœnicians, called Lessem or Laish, it was captured by six hundred
Danites from the towns of Zorah and Eshtaol. The capture of Laish
by the Danites in the north was the fulfilment of Moses's prophetic
blessing to the tribe: "Dan is a lion's whelp; he shall leap from
Bashan." Deut. xxxiii. 22.
Another hour's ride brought us to Banias, standing amid the ruins of
the ancient Cæsarea Philippi. The modern village is inhabited by
some one hundred persons of the Moslem faith, who live in
wretched ignorance and poverty. We lodged at the house of the
sheik; a room was assigned us and mats spread. There we stretched
our weary limbs, but, as the sequel proved, not so much to sleep as
to contemplate upon the fact that we had nearly reached the base of
Hermon and the site of Cæsarea Philippi, and upon the record that
our Lord, after healing the blind man at Bethsaida, "came into the
coast of Cæsarea Philippi"—that not far from this place He made

that striking appeal to His disciples: "Whom say ye that I am?" and
soon after, taking three of His disciples, "He went up into a
mountain, and was transfigured before them." Yes,

"I tread where the Twelve in their wayfaring trod,
I stand where they stood with the Chosen of God—
Where His message was heard and His lessons were taught,
Where the blind were restored and the healing was wrought."
The next morning, before leaving, we conversed with a son of the
sheik, himself a husband and father, upon the importance of
education. He acknowledged his own inability to read, and further
said that the children were all needed by their parents to work; and
as to woman, her business was to care for the house and meet the
wants of men, and if she did not do this well she must be beaten to
make her do it. Such is the state of civilization where once stood a
great and prosperous city, whose architectural ruins attest the fact
that its citizens must have been men of skill and taste. Again in the
saddle, we turned our course northward. Near noon we ascended a
high elevation, where our dragoman halted and called out, "Look!
look!" Facing southward, we looked and saw Hermon on our left
standing in majestic greatness, and beyond, far to the south, the
waters of the Sea of Galilee. Mid the glare of a noonday sun the little
sea seems a molten mass of silvery hue. We have within the scope
of our vision a mountain whose name is accepted as a word of
beauty, a valley of great natural fertility, and the arena of mighty
deeds done by men whose record is found in the "Book of books,"
and whose God is the Lord. Here young Jordan springs into life and
links its destiny with the waters of Merom, and onward the eye
stretches to that now placid sheet where in a dark and stormy night
the chosen band were troubled, and where a compassionate Saviour
allayed their fears.
We dined at Rasheiyet,
[8]
at the house of a native Protestant
minister, where we were kindly entertained. He accompanied us to
the school of the American mission. We were pleased with what we
saw, more especially with the students' knowledge of scriptural
history. Several hours more brought us to Hasbeiya; we lodged at
the school-house and had our mats spread upon the seats, thus
extemporizing a bedstead. Next morning about twenty of the girls

came in to meet us, and also two of the female teachers. We spoke
of the way of life and salvation, with such words of encouragement
as we found in our hearts. A ride of several hours brought us to
Rasheyyá el-Wady. We lodged at the house of one Moses, the first
person of the place who embraced Protestant views.
Next day, 1st of 12th mo., held a meeting at the school-house. I felt
strengthened, as I trust, to preach "Christ, and Him crucified," as the
only way of life and salvation. On the following day at an early hour
we passed out of the town by the light of a lantern. At half-past one
P. M. we began to ascend Lebanon. At one place near the top we
found our path literally strewed with fossils (bivalves); some of these
we collected to take home with us. After a journey of nearly fifteen
hours we reached Shumlan, our mountain-home, and were glad to
find our companions in comfortable health, and I trust a feeling of
thankfulness was felt to our heavenly Father for His protecting care
so mercifully granted during our separation. Very sincerely, thy
friend,
Elá Jones.
We give below some extracts from letters written to the Friends'
Review by Ellen Clare Miller, giving a definite account of the number
and working of the schools in Beirut and Lebanon for the education
of the young sons and daughters of Syria. E. and S. Jones have
visited the greater number of them, and found many different kinds
of laborers—Americans, English, Scotch, and Syrian—all doing a
good work for the land:
"Most of those among the natives who are true Christians, and who
are exerting a good influence upon the people here, refer gratefully
to the American missionaries as those who were instrumental in
bringing them to the truth. The American mission has stations at
many places among the mountains, most of which have been visited
by Eli Jones and A. L. Fox; and besides those in the north of Syria,
which we shall not see, they have three in Sidon and its
neighborhood under the care of W. Eddy, which we hope soon to

visit. The Syrian Protestant college of which Dr. Bliss is president is
an institution where Druses, Maronites, Greeks, Armenians, and
Protestants together receive a literary, scientific, and medical training
under Protestant influence. E. and S. Jones visited this college last
week, when they met twenty-eight of the young men, whom they
were invited to address. Eli Jones set before them clearly and
forcibly the great power of individual influence possessed by each
student, the influence their institution must exert on the land, the
measure it was of the power of the country, as no stream can rise
higher than its source, and as the fountain is the stream will be.
Sybil Jones, as an American mother who knew much of such
institutions in her own land, affectionately urged them to work
perseveringly and prayerfully in their studies, that each one might
leave the world better for his having been in it. It was a very
interesting visit; the young men, a fine, intellectual-looking company,
listened with great attention, and afterward gathered round the
Friends to express their thanks for their kind interest in them.
"There is a large girls' school in Beirut, under the immediate care of
a Syrian and his wife, but superintended by the wife of Dr. Bliss, Dr.
Thompson's wife, and other ladies. This we have visited more than
once, when E. and S. Jones have spoken to the children."
"Besides the school at Shumlan, which is under the care of the
English Society for Promoting Female Education in the East, the
schools supported by England are all in the hands of Elizabeth
Bowen Thompson, whose work is a very extensive one. Her schools
are at present twelve in number—five at villages in the mountains—
all (with the exception of one recently opened at Ainzabatté, where
an English young lady is stationed) taught by natives who have been
trained by E. B. Thompson herself. Her work here began in 1860,
when the fearful struggle between the Druses, Maronites, and
Mohammedans made so many widows and orphans. These Elizabeth
Thompson gathered around her at Beirut, providing for and
educating them. Since then the field has gradually opened before
her, until she has now seven day-schools in Beirut and its immediate

neighborhood, and a normal training-school of upward of sixty
boarders. All of these E. and S. J. have visited, many of them
frequently."
"There are many daughters of Jews and Mohammedans among E. B.
Thompson's scholars, and it is very interesting to hear these little
girls singing Christian hymns with the others and repeating and
listening to passages predicting the coming of the Messiah alike of
the Jew and the Christian, and testifying of Jesus as the Christ. E.
and S. Jones had a very interesting meeting with about forty of the
native teachers and others connected with these British schools.
There is a large girls' school, with an orphanage, under the care of
the Prussian deaconesses, similar to the one we visited at Smyrna.
Here Sybil Jones had an interesting time with the sisters and the
children. She also visited the hospital, an establishment in beautiful
order, under the care of four of the sisterhood, where, in a large
house finely situated near the seashore, the very poor are kindly
nursed and cared for. A school for Jewish children, conducted by
missionaries sent out by the Jews' society in Scotland, has lately
been established in Beirut. To this also the Friends paid a visit, which
was spoken of by teachers as very helpful."
"We left the terraced sides of Lebanon on the last day of the year,
returning to the region of the palm, orange, and prickly pear. The
weather has this month been very fine, though broken now and then
by one of the fierce, sudden winter storms with their rushing rain
and violent thunder and lightning. This wild climate suits Sybil Jones
remarkably well; she has been better since returning to Beirut than
she remembers to have been before, and she enjoys the riding on
donkey-back. Eli Jones is better than when we first landed in Syria,
though the bracing air of the mountains suits him better than this
more relaxing temperature. We have visited most of the
missionaries. Friends and their principles were almost unknown here,
but we have been most kindly received, and we hope way has been
made for others of our Society who may come to this country. E. and
S. Jones one day visited the Beirut prison, into which they were

admitted without hesitation, and where they had the pleasure of
speaking to about forty poor creatures, and of pointing them to Him
who alone has power to break our spiritual fetters."
Below we give extracts from a letter of Eli Jones to the Friends'
Review, written from Jaffa in Palestine:
"2d mo. 17th, 1868. E. C. Miller's health appearing not quite equal to
a long journey, and finding it not possible to obtain more than three
seats in the diligence for Damascus on the 25th of 1st mo., it was
arranged that our young friend should 'stay by the stuff' in Beirut
while the other members of our party went forward. Accordingly, at
the early hour of two o'clock A. M. we arose, breakfasted at half-past
two, and at three took conveyance for the station, and at four
precisely, with shawls, wraps, sandwiches, etc., were nicely packed
in the coupée of the diligence."
"Our ride increased in interest as the young day grew upon us, and
by the time the sun had thrown his full blaze of light athwart the
western slope of Lebanon the objects seen through the transparent
atmosphere of this land presented a most delightful view. Our
course was sufficiently tortuous to enable us at times to look down
upon Beirut and its surrounding olive- and mulberry-orchards, stately
palms, and suburban villages, while beyond lay the Great Sea,
dotted here and there with the sail of many a merchant-ship, and
then again Sunnin, the highest western point of Lebanon, snow-
capped, stood majestically before us clad in the changing hues of
early morning."
"Reached the summit near ten, and after another hour's ride of
almost flying speed we looked down upon the great valley of Buka'a
or Cœle-Syria, bounded on the east by the Anti-Lebanon, clothed in
its snowy vesture, while far to our right Hermon, the imperial

monarch of Syrian mountains, was seen, in its appearance fully
justifying the appellation sometimes applied to it—that of a silver
breastplate."
"Just as the darkness of night shut out from our view the fertile
valley in which Damascus stood, our last relay of animals was
attached to the carriage, consisting of six white horses; and fine
specimens they were. A little farther on our attention was arrested
by the sound of water on our right, and we were told that it was the
Barada River, the Abana of Scripture. 'Are not Abana and Pharpar,
rivers of Damascus, better than all the waters of Israel?' The
remainder of our journey lay along the fertile valley of this ancient
river. It may, with the strictest propriety, be termed a 'river of
Damascus,' as it divides the city into two parts and furnishes a liberal
supply of water to many of its inhabitants. We found comfortable
quarters at the Dimitris' hotel. The proprietor, a Greek, speaks
broken English and strives to make the stay of his guests as
agreeable as circumstances will admit.
"26th. Sent our certificates to the missionaries for their perusal. At
12 M. attended the prayer-meeting of the few persons here who
speak English. After some singing and prayers, and a rather long
theological discussion, liberty was given to others to speak. My dear
Sybil availed herself of the opportunity to express the feelings which
lay with weight upon her heart. This was done briefly, when she
knelt in earnest supplication on behalf of those present and for the
spread of the glorious gospel of God our Saviour."
"The next day visited two of the schools under the care of the
missionaries; strove to encourage teachers and pupils to act well
their part. Then went to the home of one of the Bible-women
employed by E. B. Thompson to go from house to house and teach
such women as desire to read the Bible."
"During our stay in the city we had frequently at our morning
readings of the Holy Scriptures the company of the Bible-women and
a few others, when our hearts were made glad in the Lord."... "A

few weeks previous to the abdication of Louis Philippe the French
obtained a foothold in Algeria, after a lengthened struggle of fifteen
years or more, when Abdel-Kader, the sultan of the Arabs and one of
the most remarkable men of his nation, was induced to surrender to
the power of the French, on the condition that he might be allowed
to retire to a Mohammedan country as a stipendiary exile."... "He is
a follower of Mohammed, the founder of Islamism, and has shown
his devotion to the teachings of the Koran by a pilgrimage to Mecca
and Medina and by a lifelong adherence to the religion of his fathers.
In 1860 thousands of Christians in the Lebanon and in Damascus
were massacred in cold blood, instigated by the deadly hate of the
followers of the false Prophet, while hundreds of others, men,
women, and children, fled from their pursuers and took refuge in the
house and about the premises of Abdel-Kader, who in the exercise of
the influence his position gives him, and from the promptings of a
kind heart, aided by his trusty followers, shielded the helpless ones
from the fury and fanaticism of his co-religionists. Once the mob
approached his house and demanded with frantic yells that the
Christians within it should be delivered up to them. He, accompanied
by a strong body of his followers, went out to confront the yelling
crowd. 'Wretches!' he exclaimed, 'is this the way you honor your
prophet? May his curse be upon you! Shame on you! shame! You will
yet live to repent. You think you may do as you like with the
Christians, but the day of retribution will come. The Franks will yet
come and turn your mosques into churches. Not a Christian will I
give up. They are my brothers.' The mob withdrew."... "Abdel-
Kader
[9]
was at length enabled to repose. He had rescued fifteen
thousand souls belonging to the Eastern churches from death, and
worse than death, by his fearless courage, his unwearied activity,
and his catholic-minded zeal. All the representatives of the Christian
powers then residing at Damascus, without one single exception,
had owed their lives to him. Strange and unparalleled destiny! An
Arab had thrown his guardian ægis over the outraged majesty of
Europe. A descendant of the Prophet had sheltered and protected
the (professed) Spouse of Christ. The day previous to our leaving

Damascus it seemed right to seek an interview with this noble exile,
and from a full heart, in my own name and in behalf of my country
and fellow-professors, thank him for his kind and humane
interposition, by which, under Providence, so many fellow-beings
were rescued from an untimely and a cruel death. Passing up the
street upon which the house of the great chief stands, and having
Abou Ibrahim for a guide (who, by the way, claims descent from
Aaron), we observed Abdel-Kader enter the gateway just before we
reached it, where he was standing when we arrived. Our guide
having addressed him, he kindly noticed A. L. Fox and myself, and,
cordially beckoning us to follow him, led us to a simple reception-
room, where, being seated, we had an opportunity of saying what
lay nearest to our hearts, and enjoyed the pleasure of feeling that it
was kindly taken.
[10]
While in Damascus we were in the 'street called
Straight,' and visited the place indicated by tradition as the house of
Judas, where the blind Saul of Tarsus lodged. We were shown the
house of Ananias, who was sent to cure the penitent of his
blindness, and the place in the wall where the disciples took him by
night and let him down in a basket. I am not surprised that the
Christian traveller feels some misgivings as to the identity of these
places when he remembers that the evidence is mainly traditional.
There is, however, scarcely room to doubt that the modern city
occupies the site of the Damascus of Scripture, and that the 'street
called Straight' is the identical one entered by Saul on that
memorable day that gave to the Gentile world a great apostle and to
the Christian Church one of its brightest luminaries."... "The
conversion of Paul was one of the most momentous events of
Scripture history. The fiery zeal of Saul the persecutor was not
extinguished—it was sanctified."...
"Paul the missionary retained all his former energy, boldness, and
determination. In Damascus he first preached 'Christ crucified;' then
he went into Arabia, then to Antioch, then through Asia Minor; then
he passed the Hellespont to Greece; and then he went a prisoner to
Rome, where he preached the gospel though chained to a heathen
soldier. The apostle Paul occupies the first place among the New-

Testament worthies."... "Damascus is as old as history itself. It has
survived generations of cities that have risen up in succession
around it and have passed away. While they all lie in ruins,
Damascus retains the freshness and vigor of youth."... "Outside of
the eastern gate of the city is a leper hospital, which to this day is
supposed by the inhabitants to occupy the site of Naaman's
house."... "There are in the city about thirty thousand Christians, ten
thousand Jews, one hundred thousand Mohammedans, and of
Protestant Christians less than one hundred, all counted."
"On the 31st of the month we returned to Beirut by diligence. During
our stay of five days at Damascus snow had fallen upon the
mountains, but not so as materially to retard our progress until we
had nearly reached the summit of Lebanon, when, being furnished
with a train of twelve animals and four outriders, aided by a strong
force of men, we proceeded without much detention, arriving at our
comfortable quarters in good time."... "We anticipate leaving in a
few days for Jerusalem, should the weather permit and the health of
our party prove equal to the effort."... "With love to all who love the
truth as it is in Jesus Christ,
"Elá Jones."
The following are extracts from a letter from Ellen Clare Miller,
written a few days after the return of Eli Jones and A. L. Fox from
Damascus:
"Eli Jones had a meeting at Beirut with some of the young Syrian
men of the town, which, though it was a stormy night, was well
attended and an interesting time. On First day, the 9th, he had a
very good meeting in a suburb of the town at the house of one of
the principal men in the neighborhood."... "It was a very interesting
group, upward of one hundred being present, some of the turbaned
old men leaning forward on their staves with their eyes fixed on Eli
Jones while, after the reading of the twelfth of Ecclesiastes from the
Arabic Bible, he addressed them through the aid of our kind
interpreter, Maalim Saleem, seeking to bring all before him, old and

young, to enter into the service of Him whom he had from his youth
proved to be a good Master."
"On the 7th, Sybil Jones had a meeting with the women connected
with E. M. Thompson's school, at which she spoke to them for about
an hour of our need of a Saviour."... "Many of these women have
learned to read, and they are very anxious that a school should be
opened for them where they may be taught to read and sew by a
native teacher."... "She visited also some of the poor women at their
own homes and the Bible-women employed by E. M. Thompson, all
of whom seemed very ready to receive a visit from one having their
best interests at heart, and to listen gladly to the word spoken."...
"On Second day evening a meeting was held by Eli and Sybil Jones
with the Arabic-speaking congregation at Beirut, who readily
responded to the invitation to meet them. Eli Jones addressed them
from the words, 'The law was given by Moses, but grace and truth
came by Jesus Christ.'"... "Sybil Jones followed, urging the necessity
of a heart-changing repentance."... "Sybil Jones paid interesting
visits to some of the harems at Beirut, the first time we had been
inside any of those 'gilded cages,' where the poor women, without
the resource of books, for they cannot read, or of work, for they
cannot sew, talk, sleep, dream, and smoke life away, without the
variety of walking out, for they cannot be trusted abroad, and
unable to look out into the world except through a lattice. We went
under the care of E. M. Thompson, who obtains ready access."...
"We were driven as near the first house as the carriage could be
taken, but on alighting had to ascend a steep, rough, narrow road,
crossing a watercourse here and there, then a branch road of steps,
then another torrent-path. The roads of ill-governed Syria are
deplorable indeed. At last we reached the door of a large but
unpretending-looking house, or rather group of houses, for one
opened out of another. Here lived four families, related to each
other, of the first rank in Beirut, the grandmothers, the wives of the
house, girls, and children, in the flowing dress of the East, sitting on
the floor by the ashes of the braziers or crouching on the divan, all
but the youngest smoking the unfailing nargileh with its long flexible

tube. They received us most cordially and affectionately, and seated
us by their sides, and through the medium of one of E. M.
Thompson's native teachers Sybil Jones spoke to them, and also E.
M. Thompson; but it was very difficult to secure the attention of the
company for any length of time; they could not refrain from laughing
and chatting together. Poor creatures! some of them looked almost
devoid of intellect with the long pipe-tubes in their mouths; others
were very pretty and seemed quite to appreciate the loss they
sustained by being uneducated. Some of the highest Mohammedan
families are very anxious that E. M. Thompson should open a school
for their elder girls, where they would send them if no man was
allowed to look upon them. The desire for education is waking up
among them in a remarkable manner."... "The ladies are all waited
upon by dark, white-teethed African female slaves in scanty clothing.
Sherbet, coffee, and sweetmeats were handed round, and it is an
insult to decline partaking, however many houses we may have
visited."... "Poor creatures! we could not but desire that the true
light might enter their dwellings and shine into their hearts."
"We sailed from Beirut on the 12th, and came down the coast in the
night, passing in the darkness Sidon, Tyre, Mount Carmel, and
Cæsarea. After a rather stormy passage we anchored next morning
before Jaffa, which rises up from the sea on a round hill, at each
side of which is a sandy bay."... "It is difficult by description to give
much idea of Jaffa with its steep, narrow, dirty, and muddy lanes,
and street-stairs which climb up the hill among the old, dilapidated
houses crowded irregularly together."... "Jaffa is very ancient, and,
notwithstanding its extreme dirtiness, an interesting place."... "The
most interesting place to visit in the town itself is the supposed—
and, indeed, well-authenticated—site of the house of Simon the
tanner, which stands by the sea-side, rising up above the town-wall.
The building now standing is not supposed to be the very one in
which Peter lodged, but to have been built on the spot where it
stood. In the courtyard is a very ancient well which helps to identify
the place, and beside it is a large stone trough of undoubted

antiquity, probably used to soak hides in, and partly covered by a
large flat stone like a currier's table."
"There is mission-work going on at Jaffa; P. Metzler, a German
educated at the Basle institution, carries on a mill, with part of the
profits of which he supports a girls' day-school."... "Eli Jones with A.
L. Fox visited this school the other day, when he spoke to and
examined the children, with whose intelligence and answers he was
much pleased."
"While the Friends were in Damascus I was present at a native
wedding, where the honored guests were each furnished with a
taper to hold; which had a great interest as a remnant of the going
forth with lamps to meet the bridegroom alluded to in the parable of
the Ten Virgins. New light too has been thrown on the expression
'heaping coals of fire on his head' by finding that it is customary for
the baker when he clears his oven at night to give away the living
embers to those who will accept the kindness; and we have met
persons in the evening carrying these coals away on their heads in
large open braziers. It is remarkable how little the customs of the
people have changed within the last two or three thousand years."
After the above letter was written the Friends went from Jaffa to
Jerusalem, thence to Marseilles, having held many meetings and
interviews with teachers and scholars in the schools, which are doing
a great work toward causing the light of day to dawn upon
unfortunate Syria. The following extracts from a letter written by Eli
Jones to the Friends' Review from London will state clearly the
reasons for their leaving Palestine sooner than was expected: "We
are again in this great city, and comfortably quartered at the house
of our very kind friends Stafford and Hannah S. Allen, where we are
seeking rest and a renewal of strength for further service for our

good Master. For more than two months past my dear Sybil has been
suffering from an attack of disease, leaving her at times very weak;
consequently, we were unable to accomplish fully what we had in
view in the Orient, leaving several places in Palestine and in Egypt
that we might hasten the time of embarkation at Alexandria in order
to bear our invalid to a more favorable climate, as the only thing
likely to facilitate a cure. The voyage, with the use of remedies
prescribed by the physician on shipboard, arrested the disorder for a
time, and we hoped the cure might prove permanent; but the
journey by train from Marseilles to Nismes proved too much for the
strength of our charge, and the disorder rallied with fresh force and
continued for some time, but again yielded to skilful treatment and
nursing by our dear friend Lydia Majolier, whose kindness and
sympathy, with those of our much-loved friends in the south of
France, greatly cheered all our party. Near noon of the 8th we took
the train for Paris, and thence to London by way of Boulogne, where
we arrived after a journey of thirty-three hours' continuance. Dear S.
bore the journey admirably, and we now entertain the hope that a
few days of quiet and rest may be of great use, so that we may be
able to proceed to Dublin in season for the yearly meeting. Our long
sojourn in the East has not been without its trials. Sometimes they
seemed to us peculiar, and when we attempted to look into the
future it seemed doubtful if not dark. Still, that kind Hand always
stretched out to save has gently led the way and shielded us from
harm. Blessed be the name of the Lord!"... "A. L. Fox left us last
evening for his home, where we now fancy him in the society of wife
and child, father and mother, brothers and sisters, to whom he is
tenderly attached and by whom he is greatly beloved. Dear E. C.
Miller intends to remain until Second or Third day of next week
before she leaves to join the home-circle, by whom she will receive a
warm welcome, but saddened by the thought that one dear sister
waits not on earth to welcome the coming one, but in another and
higher scene of existence."

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