Audio visual aids 2

Education

1. Audio Visual Aids By / Mahmoud Shaqria محمود محمد شقريه

2. Out Lines: INTRODUCTION Definition of Audio visual aids Purpose and Importance of Audio Visual Aids Factors Affecting Media Selection Types of Audiovisual aids 1- AUDIO-AIDS 2- Visual aids 3- AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS

3. INTRODUCTION Education is necessary for everyone. Teaching and learning are important elements of education. The teacher use different methods and materials to teach their students and their effective learning. Audio visual aids are effective tools for teaching and learning. In audio visual teaching, attention is paid to the audio and visual presentation of the material with the goal of effective learning and retention.

4. INTRODUCTION Using audio visual technology sensory experiences are stimulated. This method includes pictures, slides, radios, videos and other audio visual tools. In the current digital world, audio visual aids have grown exponentially with several multimedia such as educational DVDs, power point, online lectures. The objective of audio visual aids is to enhance teacher’s ability to present lesson in simple, effective and easy to understand for students. The outcome is to promote audiovisual material in secondary school. The visual instruments make ideas more concrete to the learners.

5. A udio-visual aids Definition :- Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic . Audio visual aid is the combination of two media : Auditory aids: Any instructional device that can be heard but not seen. E.g. Tape record, Microphones, Ear phones etc.. Visual aids: Any instructional device that can be seen, but not heard. Slide, film strips etc..

6. 30% of what we SEE We Learn and Retain: 10% of what we READ 20% of what we HEAR 50% of what we HEAR and SEE Higher levels of retention can be achieved through active involvement in learning.

7. Purpose and Importance of Audio Visual Aids Best motivation. Clear image. Save energy and time. Antidote of the disease of verbal instructions. Capture attention. Reinforcement to learner. Positive transfer of learning. Gain & hold student interest. Increase understanding and retention. Stimulate the development of understanding and attitudes .

8. Factors Affecting Media Selection 1. Domain of educational objectives “relevant to subject”. 2. Level of education of learner. 3. Age of learner. 4. Availability or according to facilities of equipment and resources.

9. 5. Cost of equipment. 6. Environment “equipped or not”; as: size of place, electricity etc. 7. Ability, interest & skills of teacher to use some sort of media. 8. Number of learner.

10. Types of Audiovisual aids AUDIO-AIDS VISUAL-AIDS (projected / non projected) AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS

11. AUDIO-AIDS

12. 1- AUDIO-AIDS 1- AUDIO-AIDS The first category of aids is Audio-Aids. Audio-aids help in developing the listening skill of an educated . Audio-aids are those aids which can be only listened. Examples, of such types of aids include, radio, recording One way communication: no possibility of students feed back

13. (I) RADIO Radio program is called education radio-broadcasts, which provides opportunity to the teachers and students to listen to the program and take notes on them . As a follow-up activity, these programs also supplement the presentation of a teacher in the classroom, whenever they are deemed fit for the discourse .

14. Advantages 1- widely available. 2- beneficial to visually impaired and low -literate patients may be listened to repeatedly. 3- most forms very practical, cheap, small, and portable.

15. Disadvantage relies only on sense of hearing some forms may be expensive lack of opportunity for interaction between instructor and learner.

16. (II) Recording A tape recorder consists mainly of three parts-the microphone, the amplifier and the receiver . The talks of eminent personalities, educationists, academicians and scientists can be recorded and reproduced in the classroom through this teaching aid

17. Advantages: Recording can play when we required the speech of a person can be recorded at any time It can be used for introducing as well as summarizing the topic To evaluate the speech defect in one’s own speech To teach good pronunciation in foreign language Recording can be stopped at will

18. Visual aids

19. 2- Visual aids (a) Projected PROJECTED VISUAL AIDS Definition of terms: Projected visual aids are pictures shown upon a screen by use of a certain type of machine such as a filmstrip projector, slide projector , overhead projector .  PROJECTED materials are useful for groups of 30 people or less.

20. ADVANTAGE OF PROJECTED MATERIALS 1- Most effectively used with groups 2- may be especially beneficial to hearing-impaired , low-literate patients 3- excellent for use in teaching psychomotor skills

21. Disadvantages of projected materials 1- lack of flexibility due to static content for some forms. 2- some forms may be expensive. 3- requires darkened room for some forms. 4- requires special equipment for use

22. III. Types of projections used most frequently OVER HEAD PROJECTOR :   The over head projector is the most used in all a.v . aids. It projects transparencies with brilliant screen images suitable for use in a lighted room.

23. Tips during presentation : Keep the screen above the heads of the participants . Keep the screen in full view of participants Make sure you are not blocking any ones view when presenting . Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming near by . Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more than two . Talk to the audience, not to the screen  

24. Purposes concepts and sequences in a subject matter area . To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher that can carry with out exposing them to the class . To test students performances, while other classmates observe . To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting color . To give the illusion of motion in the transparency .

25. Advantages It permits the teacher to stand in front of the  class while using the projector, thus enabling her to point out features appearing on the  screen by pointing to the materials at the projector it self  and at the same  time, to observe the students reactions to her discussion . Gains attention of the student

26. OVER HEAD TRANSPERENCIES : Transparencies, are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare and easy to prepare and easy to operate with the over head projector which is light weight . A 10*10 inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of the projector and a large image is projected on a screen behind you . The projector is used from near to the front of the room with the teacher standing or sitting beside facing the student .

27. Tips for making effective transparencies Have one main idea an each transparency . Include only related figures and diagrams . Use simple lettering style in writing . Use diagrams in proposition to its lettering . Keep the message clear and simple . Emphasize the key messages . Use color and lettering with discretion .

28. Advantages Permits face to face interaction with the students . Can be used in daylight conditions . Can present information in systemic developmental sequences . Requires limited planning and can be prepared in variety of inexpensive methods . Easily available .  

29. SLIDE PROJECTOR slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise . Slides are a form of projected

30. media that are easy to prepare. They are still pictures on positive film which you can process and mount individually yourself or send to a film laboratory. The standard size of the slides is 2 “X 2 “any 35mm camera will make satisfactory slides.

31. Advantages 1- Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory . 2- Results in colorful, realistic, reproduction original subject . 3- Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses . 4-   Easy to revise and up-date . 5-   Easily handled, stored and re-arranged for various uses . 6- Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion . 7- May be adapted to group or individual use

32. FILM STRIPS Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on 35mm film. A tap recorded narration can be synchronized with film strip . Each strip contains from 12 to 18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related stills on a roll of 35mm film or 8mm film .

33. PRINCIPLES TO FILM STRIPS 1- Preview filmstrips before using them and selected carefully to meet the needs of the topic to be taught . 2- Show again any part of the filmstrip needing more specific study . 3- Use filmstrip to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and to point up problems . 4- It should be introduced appropriately and its relationship to the topic of the study brought out . 5- Use a pointer to direct attention, to specific details on the screen .

34.   Types of filmstrip 1- Discussion filmstrip : it is continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames arranged in sequence usually with explanatory titles . 2- Sound slide film : it is similar to filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken discussion recorded explanation is audible, which is synchronized with the pictures .

35. Films or movies provide action , color and sound it is best show films to groups of 30 people or less they are a useful communication medium some films provide mainly information and they look like lectures that use sound and visual aids . some demonstrate skills , while others are like play and show real-life situation . people can learn about new behavior , attitudes and values from films .

36. Advantages of films or movies 1- flexible for use with different audiences. 2- widely used educational tool inexpensive , for the most part uses visual and auditory senses. 3- powerful tool for role-modeling , demonstration , teaching projectors skills .

37. Disadvantages of films or movies 1- some commercial products may be expensive . 2- some materials may be too long or inappropriate for audience .

38. POSTERS Definition: “ Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with attention capturing paintings .”

39. Purposes To provide general motivation . To create an esthetic or atmospheric effect . To communicate a more general idea. To thrust the message for leading to action For the class room and community

40. Features of a good poster Brevity : message should be concise. Simplicity : message should be easily understandable. Idea : should base on single idea and it should be relevant . Color : suitable color and combination should be used to make the poster attractive and eye catching . Display : while displaying one should be sure to find a place where there is adequate light and where the larger population will see it .

41. Advantages It attracts attention It conveys the message very quickly It does not require a detailed study . Good poster leads to action with good motivation It can stand alone and is self explanatory

42. Disadvantages Poster does not always give enough information. When a poster is seen for longer time it may not attractive.

43. Flip chart A set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and hang on a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or messages in sequence

44. Advantages Inexpensive easy to move from room to room and don’t require electricity . They are small group enough that several may be used simultaneously e.g. for small group work . They are possible use by teacher and student .

45. Pages of information can be prepared in advance and revealed at appropriate points on the presentation. Can be converted to slides

46. Disadvantages May require the use of graphics talent . Not suitable for large audience setting . May be difficult to transport

47. FLANNEL BOARD Is a storytelling system that uses a board covered with flannel fabric, usually resting on an easel, although its primary use is as a storytelling medium, rather than as a toy

48. ADVANTAGES Permits numerous and varied arrangements of visual materials. Permits the use of either chart or small pieces of material Materials can be packed and transported complete notes .

49. development of a complete story. Promotes conscientious planning, which must precede the development of the material in the first place. Challenges one to develop symbols to portray such things as abstractions

50. Disadvantages 1- Transportation and storing of boards and materials is a problem. Suitable tables to support boards must be available . 2- Time and cost of making material for presentation present a problem . 3- Cost of boards themselves can't be overlooked

51. 4- Presentation is limited a new idea involves material can be added. 5- Might tend to deter one from using other more effective methods and techniques when it is evident that other methods might be more appropriate . 6- To tell a complete story it often takes either too much board space or smaller designs and materials some of which cannot be seen well

52. Magnetic board Having the properties of a magnet, i.e. of attracting iron or steel the hard disk is covered with a thin coat of magnetic It can be used to display pictures, cutouts and light objects with disc magnets or magnetic holders .

53. Advantages Used frequently and repeatedly. prepared from available material. Movement of visual material is easy . Suitable for group participation and develop thinking.

54. Disadvantages Limited number of learner Need good skills to use this technique convincingly

55. AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS

56. 3- AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS The third category of aids is Audio-Visual aids. In these aids both the listening (ears) and viewing faculties (eyes) are involved . Such aids include television programs, video films, computers and computer-assisted instructions

57. (I) FILMS Films represent an effective instructional device to Cato the students’ attention and create interest and motivation among them towards effective learning . Educational films may be prepared on any content material or any aspect of knowledge, and behavior

58. (II) TELEVISION Television is a versatile medium of transmitting education through different programs. It combines the sound and sight ,thus makes the experience more concrete, real, and immediate. It is an exciting means of communication. Useful instructional programs are being telecasted regularly for the student community on television .

59. A teacher should utilize the T.V. programs and make them the basis for discussions on relevant occasions . * In the health field, it has already served as powerful advocate of healthy behavior

60. Advantages 1- Adaptable to large and small audiences in widely distributed area. 2- Capable of gaining and maintaining attention . 3- Can stimulate emotions, build attitudes and develop problems .

61. Disadvantages 1- Program expensive to produces and demands highly skilled staff. 2- Electricity required. 3- No interaction or feedback. 4- Learner must adapt to fixed schedule .

62. (III) VIDEO Video is a viable aid towards effective learning and teaching. Teaching with the help of video is called video-aided instruction . Video is clearly an instructional medium that generates a much greater amount of interest and enjoyment than the more traditional printed material .

63. Advantages Instant replay of subject material Permanent and reusable Versatile media Allows both the audio and visual to be recorded

64. Disadvantages Requires practice May be bulky to handle all the equipment May distract students while they are being Videotaped

65. Tips for using videos: Make sure the clip is not too long. While a 30-second video can illustrate your ideas in a memorable way, anything much longer will distract attention from the speech itself . Make sure the video is cued to start exactly where you want it .

66. If necessary, edit the video to the precise length you need so it will blend smoothly into your speech . Beware of low-resolution video. This is particularly important in the case of YouTube clips, which may look fine on a computer but are blurry and distorted when projected on a large screen or monitor .

67. (IV) Computer Presentations The use of a computer and a projector to show information, Versions like PowerPoint tm and Corel Presentations tm, directly produces and image on the screen, Good for showing graphics

68. Advantages Handling large number of student Multi-dimensional learning through works and graph. The high storage capacity of a computer allows completing many activities at a time.

69. Disadvantages  It lacks human and emotional factor Computers are very costly Problem in developing language

70. PowerPoint Presentations PowerPoint uses slides with a horizontal or "Landscape" orientation. The software was designed as a convenient way to display graphical information that would support the speaker and supplement the presentation .

71. The slides themselves were never meant to be the "star of the show". People came to hear you and be moved or informed (or both) by you and your message . Don't let your message and your ability to tell a story gets derailed by slides that are unnecessarily complicated, busy, or full of junk .

72. ADVANTAGES Projects a professional image . Minimal expense Compact and portable . Slide shows are easy to email . Visuals easily edited . Allows easy insertion of graphics .

73. Slide show can be printed, copied and provided as handout material during presentation . Expands options through the use of multimedia such as animation, video clips and sound .

74. Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids 1-Prepare visual aids in advance. 2-Keep visual aids simple. 3-Make sure visual aids are large enough. 4-Use fonts that are easy to read. 5-Use a limited number of fonts. 6-Use color effectively

75. 7-Avoid using the chalkboard. 8-Display visual aids where listener can see them. 9-Avoid passing the visual aids among the audience. 10-Display visual aids only while discussing them. 11-Talk to your audience, not to your visual aids. 12-Explain visual aids clearly and concisely.

76. TIPS for effective presentation : OUTLINE Present the outline of your presentation visually at the beginning of your speech Follow the order of your outline for the rest of the presentation . Only place main points on the outline slide

77. SLIDE STRUCTURE Use 1-2 slides per minute of your presentation Write in point form, not complete sentences Include 4-5 points per slide Avoid wordiness: use key words and phrases only

78. SLIDE STRUCTURE – GOOD Show one point at a time : Will help audience concentrate on what you are saying Will prevent audience from reading ahead Will help you keep your presentation focused

79. SLIDE STRUCTURE - BAD Do not use distracting animation Do not go overboard with the animation Be consistent with the animation that you use

80. FONTS Use at least an 18-point font Use different size fonts for main points and secondary points The title font is 44-point the main point font is 32-point, and secondary points font is 28-point Use a standard font like Times New Roman or Arial

81. FONTS - BAD If you use a small font, your audience won’t be able to read what you have written . Don’t use a complicated font. CAPITALIZE ONLY WHEN NECESSARY.

82. COLOR Use a color of font that contrasts sharply with the background Ex: blue font on white background Use color to reinforce the logic of your structure Ex: light blue title and dark blue text Use color to emphasize a point But only use this occasionally

83. COLOR – BAD Using a font color that does not contrast with the background color is hard to read Using color for decoration is distracting and annoying . Using a different color for each point is unnecessary Using a different color for secondary points is also unnecessary Trying to be creative can also be bad

84. BACKGROUND Use backgrounds that are simple Use backgrounds which are light Use the same background consistently throughout your presentation.

85. BACKGROUND – BAD Avoid backgrounds that are distracting or difficult to read from Always be consistent with the background that you use GRAPHS Use graphs rather than just charts and words Data in graphs are easier to comprehend & retain than are raw data Trends are easier to visualize in graph form

86. SPELLING AND GRAMMAR Proof your slides for : spelling mistakes the use of repeated words grammatical errors you might have make If English is not your first language, please have someone else check your presentation !

87. CONCLUSION Use an effective and strong closing Your audience is likely to remember your last words Use a conclusion slide to : Summarize the main points of your presentation Provide a sense of closure

88. QUESTIONS End your presentation with a simple question slide to : Invite your audience to ask questions Provide a visual aid during question period Avoid ending a presentation abruptly