Audio - Visual Aids / Instructional media and method

Audiovisual aids is most important thing in Nursing

1. Audio-visual aids For Bsc Nursing, GNM, and Msc Nursing

2. Introduction Audio-visual aids are devices which are used to enhance learning of the subject. Media is a term which is used as inclusive of audio-visual aids, films, film-strips, recording, computer assisted instruction, educational television, etc.

3. Definition According to Kinder S. James, "Audio-visual aids are any devices which are used to make learning more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic".

4. Cone experiences

5. Purposes 1. To help to clear concepts and bring accuracy in learning. 2. To help to motivate, to learn and create interest in learning. 3. To help to attract attention of learners. 4. To help to create clear images by seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and smelling as the experiences 5. To provide vicarious experiences: When true live experiences cannot be provided, experiences substituted through audio-visual aids such as by seeing a film or film strip on how to help victims of flood or other disasters in teaching.

6. 6. To provide a variety of experiences. 7. To help in maintaining continuity and sequence. 8. To help reinforce learning. 9. To provide reality to learning situation. 10. To save energy and time of students and teachers. 11. To encourage healthy classroom interaction. 12. To promote scientific temper. 13. To develop higher faculties such as thinking and reasoning.

7. Types of av aids

8. Auditory Aids These include radio, tape recorder, microphones, amplifiers, earphones, CD player, public address system and gramophone. These are the devices which make use of sense of hearing and touch. The repetition of the communication and education of health messages, slogans, information and notices can be done through auditory aids. Health education can be imparted by the direct transmission or recorded version of seminar, interviews, songs, drama, lecture series, etc. through radio.

9. Advantages 1. Health topics and information can be recorded on a cassette. CD also can be used whenever necessary. A systems consisting of a microphone, a mixer amplifier and one or more loud speakers to convert electrical signals into sound are often used in small venues such as college auditorium, for health education in the community and for informing the people about immunization camps and health camps, etc. 2. These aids are the most common, effective and easily available medium, even in distant areas, e.g. radio. 3. For wider publicity of health programmes and messages 4. These are useful for visually handicapped.

10. limitations Unawareness regarding broadcasting time, sound pollution, wrong and misleading messages, excessive use and forgetting the message Cannot be used for the deaf

11. types of Auditory Aids Radio tape recorder Microphone Amplifier Earphones CD player public address system gramophone.

12. 1. Radio Radio is sound communication by radio waves, usually through the transmission of music, news, and other types of programs from single broadcast stations to multitudes of individual listeners equipped with radio receivers.

13. 2. tape recorder A tape recorder is a device that records and plays back sound using magnetism.

14. 3. microphone A microphone is a device that converts sound waves into an electrical signal.

15. 4.amplifier An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the voltage, current, or power of a signal.

16. 5.earphones

17. 6. CD player A CD player is an electronic device designed to play audio compact discs

18. 7. public address system An electronic sound amplification and distribution system that uses microphones, amplifiers, and loudspeakers to allow a person to address a large audience, making announcements, or playing music in a public venue.

19. gramophone. An old type of record player.

20. Visual Aids These devices use the sense of vision and touch in learning.

21. Advantages 1. Such aids are especially useful for teaching people with auditory deficits. 2. In many aids electricity is not required for displaying for example, flash cards, flannel graphs, etc. 3. These aids can be prepared in different sizes and instantly as per the audience requirement and the learners can write notes also 4.Use of poster is less expensive. It is easy to prepare and transport them. These can be used for all age groups.

22. Disadvantages or Limitations 1. Some aids if not used cautiously, the conversation between the speaker and the audience can break, become unclear, boring and can create difficulty in seeing or writing. 2. Some aids are expensive in commercial use and unfit for bigger groups. 3. Posters, charts, graphs are unsuitable for long term use. 4. Cannot be of use for the visually impaired.

23. Types of Visual aids Requiring projection Slides Filmstrips Over head projector Silent films Films Not Requiring projection Visual Three dimensional Printed Activity

24. 1.Visual Chalk board (black/green) Flip charts Posters Flash cards Bulletin board Charts Cartoons Flannel graphs

25. 2.Three Dimensional (Visual Aids) Models Objects/exhibits Specimens Puppets 3.Printed (Visual Aids) Leaflets Pamphlets Newspapers Magazines

26. 4.Activity Aids Computer Assisted instruction Demonstration Field trip Programmed instruction

27. Combined Television Sound Films Slide-tape combination LCD projector Powerpoint slides Computer* VCR/VCD

28. Chalk Board (Black Board) It can be prepared by using black paint on wooden board or wall. Some special articles and glass are also used in making more useful boards which are called green boards or glass boards. Clean the board properly at the end of use

29. Advantages: This is a convenient, cheap, easy to use, traditional and effective educational aid. It provides live experience. It creates interest in learning.

30. Limitations: The conversation between the speaker and the audience can break, become unclear, boring and can create difficulty in seeing or writing.

31. Flip Charts charts measuring 25 cm x 30 cms . These can be prepared at home or on-the-spot immediately and can be hung on a special board fitted with screws. Flip charts arranged in a sequence can explain a process, develop a theme and tell a story in simple drawing, symbols and captions. These may include picture, maps, cartoons, diagrams, photographs, etc.

32. Advantages: Electricity is not required for displaying. They can be prepared as per the audience's requirement and the learners can also write. Because these pictures are a good size, they can often be used with crowds. They also do the job of a filmstrip. Limitations: Expensive in commercial use, unfit for very large groups and it is difficult to make these.

33. Posters Common size is 20"x30". Posters are used to publicize any happening, programme , or health message through pictures, words, symbols, etc. These are prepared from large size papers. Poster should have a single idea, should be attractive, neat, well organized, bold and brief enough for a person They should be placed just above the eye level.

34. Advantages: Use of poster is less expensive. It is easy to prepare and transport them. These can be used for all age groups. They attract attention. Limitations: The importance of posters is lost if the site is unsuitable, the message is unclear Pasting and tearing makes them unsuitable for long term use. A poster displayed for a long time, loses its value.

35. Flash Cards Flash card size 25"x30“cm. They consist of a series of drawings on cards 12"x14" or smaller. Paper, card, pencil and colors are required to make flash cards. They are used for smaller groups. The message on the flash cards should be in a logical sequence and it should be clear or understandable.

36. Bulletin Board Bulletin boards are made out of soft and light cardboard boxes or soft wood A colored cloth is pasted within the frame on which paper, pictures or photographs can be displayed or exhibited. They are used to display related ideas and information with pictures, maps and other small objects. Draw attention to sections by arrows, circles and color, etc. It should also have central theme/- heading.

37. Advantages: It is easy to undarstand meaning and purpose of health education topic to a large group in an effective manner. Limitations: It is expensive and not easy to transport and use everywhere. It requires time for preparation

38. Charts Charts are a sort of low-cost visual short and Charts are prepared for exhibition They should have a heading for example, "Infant care". They should be beat and color combination should be good. Contents should be systematically arranged.

39. Advantages: Electricity is not required for displaying them. These can be prepared according to the needs of audience. They are easy to use. Limitations: These are unfit for large groups. Tearing and pasting makes them unsuitable for long term use. Illiterate people find it difficult to understand

40. Cartoons A cartoon is a humorous creature which gives an obvious message indirectly. It shows features of the object or person. The drawing in a cartoon should be simple and easily understandable.

41. Advantages: 1. They draw attention of the audience. 2. They are helpful in changing behavior and attitudes of the people. 3. They create humor and make learning interesting. 4. They present the reality in an interesting way.

42. Flannel Graph A board with a handle is prepared which can be bent. On this khadi or other cloth can be fixed. Pictures, slogans, drawings, etc. can be displayed or exhibited by putting them over this. The pictures, graphs or other exhibits are provided with a rough surface at the back by pasting pieces of sand-paper or rough cloth or a thin layer of cotton. They adhere well when put on the flannel board.

43. Advantages: It helps to maintain continuity and adds much to the presentation. It is very cheap and easy to transport. It promotes thought and criticism . Limitations: The use of flannel graph is not possible during blowing of wind.

44. 2.Three Dimensional (Visual Aids)

45. 1.Objects/exhibits It represents a real thing which can be seen and used to explain the various parts or the structure and its use. For example, Cu T, oral pills packet. Sometimes a replica of a real object is used when real object is not available or is too costly.

46. Model A model is a replica of an actual object, It has breadth, length and depth. It can easily recognized and understood. It should be made from cheap and easily available materials. Clay, paper, card-board, sand, glass, cut-out pictures and pieces of wood, etc.

47. There are different types of models for example, cross-sectional models, working models solid model. Working model of heart can be used to teach people how heart works.

48. Advantages: Models such as of a primary health centre , sanitary well and smokeless chullah can be easily seen and examined. They draw attention to the essentials. Models can be used for small as well as large groups. They helps to simulate reality when real objects are not easily accessible.

49. Disadvantages: They are fragile if made from clay or mud. They may convey a wrong idea of the size of the actual thing. Some cannot be transported from place to place.

50. Specimens an individual animal, plant, piece of a mineral, etc. used as an example of its species or type for scientific study or display:

51. Puppets a movable model of a person or animal that is typically moved either by strings controlled from above or by a hand inside it:

52. 3.Printed (Visual Aids)

53. Leaflets A leaflet is a written or pictorial presentation of a health message on a single sheet of paper that can be printed on both the sides and folded in half, in thirds or in fourths. There is no standard size, shape or format. Commonly recommended size is 6" x 3". The size depends upon the length of the message and purpose.

54. Properly designed leaflet has a long term effect on the learner. 1. There should be a heading and contents should be presented briefly. 2. The first sentence of the text should have the essence of the message. 3. Pictures should be used to complement the text.

55. Advantages: 1. Leaflet can be passed from one person to other, child to parent. 2. Learning is facilitated by means of drawings, photographs 3. It is a permanent record of the health message. 4. It can be used for individual as well as for group.

56. Disadvantages: 1. It can be used by literate persons 2. It is time consuming and costly. 3. It requires trained and knowledgeable person to prepare it.

57. Pamphlets It is a small booklet which is unbound or without a hard cover. It is also used to propagate health messages. It consists of a few pages folded in half and stapled at the crease to make it simple. UNESCO advocates to have at least 5 but not more than 48 pages. Pamphlet conveys more information than a leaflet for example, a pamphlet on iron-deficiency anemia can include its meaning, causes, signs and symptoms diagnostic criteria and its prevention and management.

58. Advantages: 1. Pamphlet can be passed from one person to other, child to parent. 2. Learning is facilitated by means of drawings, photographs and illustrations. 3. It is a permanent record of the health message. 4. It can be used for individual as well as for group.

59. Disadvantages: 1. It can be used by literate persons. 2. It is time consuming and costly to prepare. 3. It requires trained and knowledgeable person

60. Newspapers

61. Magazines

62. 4.Activity Aids

63. Computer Assisted instruction By the help of CAI , we can provide health related information Use for long distance audience

64. Demonstration An act of showing or explaining to somebody how to do something or how something works

65. Field trip It involves students or professionals visiting real-world healthcare settings, like hospitals or clinics, to gain practical experience and observe healthcare practices

66. Programmed instruction breaking down complex topics into small, sequential steps with frequent questions and immediate feedback, promoting self-paced learning and active engagement.

67. Requiring projection

68. Slides Slides are projected by shining light through glass. These are transparent pictures. The commonly used sizes of slides are 2" x 2" and 3" x 4“. They are projected with the help of slide projectors. Slides can be used for small and large audience. Their use can be repeated.

69. Quality of a Good Slide: 1. It should be clear. 2. Table should not contain more than four columns. 3. Fonts with uniform letters should be used. 4. Title should be underlined or different font should be used. 5. Avoid full stops. 6. Data should be preferably in figures or charts.

70. Advantages: 1. Slides explain the concept very well. 2. Arise interest among students and make learning easy. 3. These can be shown in semi darkened room 4. These can be viewed by a large group such as class. 5. Slides can be used conveniently. Their use can be repeated.

71. Types of Slides: There are two types of slides: 1. Hand made 2. Photographic1

72. Hand made slides: These slides can be prepared easily with inexpensive material such as etched glass, binding tape, cellophane, using colored pencils or inks. By having a little artistic skill the slides can be prepared. Hand made slides are nowadays prepared by drawing or writing on transparent films.

73. Photographic slides: These slides are prepared on glass plates coated with an emulsion similar to that used for making film negatives. The plates are developed, fixed and dried as other photographic plates. After they are dried, can be projected in semi-darkened room. The preparation of these slides requires expertness of the individual.

74. Filmstrips a form of multimedia that consist of a series of images on a reel of film

75. R Sudha :- “Nursing education principles and concepts” Jaypee , page no.- 119- 154