Baroque art and art movements

introduction to Baroque art, brief to different art movements and list of art schools in Indian and world

1. Presented by : Aesha Dholakia 18ID201 BAROQUE CIVILISATION

2. The Baroque is a highly ornate and extravagant style of architecture, music, painting, sculpture and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17 th until the mid 18 th century. It followed the Renaissance style and preceded the Rococo (in the past often referred to as "late Baroque") and  Neoclassical styles. The style began at the start of the 17th century in Rome, then spread rapidly to France, northern Italy, Spain and Portugal, then to Austria and southern Germany .  By the 1730s, it had evolved into an even more flamboyant style, called  rocaille  or  Rococo , which appeared in France and central Europe until the mid to late 18th century.

3. What is Baroque Art? In fine art, the term Baroque (derived from the Portuguese 'barocco' meaning, 'irregular pearl or stone') describes a fairly complex idiom, originating in Rome, which flowered during the period c.1590-1720, and which embraced painting, and sculpture as well as architecture .  After the idealism of the Renaissance (c.1400-1530), and the slightly 'forced' nature of Mannerism (c.1530-1600), Baroque art above all  reflected the religious tensions of the age  - notably the desire of the Catholic Church in Rome (as annunciated at the Council of Trent, 1545-63) to reassert itself in the wake of the Protestant Reformation . Thus it is almost synonymous with Catholic Counter-Reformation Art of the period.

4. In order to fulfill its propagandist role, Catholic-inspired Baroque art tended to be large-scale works of public art, such as monumental wall-paintings and huge frescoes for the ceilings and vaults of palaces and churches

5. Baroque painting illustrated key elements of Catholic dogma, either directly in Biblical works or indirectly in mythological or allegorical compositions. Along with this monumental, high-minded approach, painters typically portrayed a strong sense of movement, using swirling spirals and upward diagonals, and strong sumptuous color schemes, in order to dazzle and surprise. New techniques of tenebrism and chiaroscuro were developed to enhance atmosphere. Brushwork is creamy and broad, often resulting in thick impasto.

6. TENEBRISM In fine art, the word "tenebrism" (from the Italian word " tenebroso " meaning dark) describes a style of painting characterized by deep shadows and a distinct contrast between light and dark areas. In essence, it is a compositional technique (often confused with chiaroscuro) in which some areas of the painting are kept completely black, allowing one or more areas to be strongly illuminated - usually from a single source of light. These pictures are sometimes referred to as "night pictures" painted in the "dark manner."   Tenebrism is most often used in connection with works created during the  Baroque eras, notably by Caravaggio (1571-1610), as well as other tenebristi in Naples, the Netherlands and Spain.

7. However, the theatricality and melodrama of Baroque painting was not well received by later critics, like the influential  John Ruskin  (1819-1900), who considered it insincere.  Baroque sculpture , typically larger-than-life size, is marked by a similar sense of dynamic movement, along with an active use of space.

8. BAROQUE SCULPTURE The Baroque period did not lack sculptors, although few of them were outstanding - perhaps only Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680), who was even greater as a sculptor than as an architect. Those sculptors who did rank as the foremost in their occupation were employed with unprecedented intensity, for despite the importance of Baroque architecture, sculpture was the most characteristic Christian art form of the Baroque age and was certainly the most widespread. Not only did it succeed, unlike architecture and painting, in the creation of an artistic idiom largely common to all Europe, but it affected the appearance of almost every artistic artifact produced during that period. In short, the first recognizable characteristic of Baroque sculpture is its omnipresence.

9. Famous baroque sculptures ITALY Stefano Maderno  (1576-1636) Foremost Mannerist/Baroque sculptor in Rome before Bernini.  -  Statue of Saint Cecilia  (1600) Church of Santa Cecilia, Trastevere. Francesco Mochi  (1580-1654) First Baroque sculptor; the sculptural equal of Caravaggio and Carracci. -  Angel Annunciate  (1605-08) Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Orvieto.

10. Bernini  (1598-1680) The greatest ever Baroque architect and sculptor. -  The Ectasy of St Teresa  (1647-52) Marble, Capella Cornaro, Rome. FRANCE Pierre Puget  (1620-94) The greatest French sculptor of the 17th century. -  Milo of Crotona  (1671-82) Marble, Louvre, Paris

11. Francois Girardon  (1628-1715) Along with Coysevox, the finest sculptor of Louis XIV's reign. -  The Rape/Abduction of Proserpine  (1693-1710) Bronze, Palace of Versailles Antoine Coysevox  (1640-1720) Court sculptor to King Louis XIV. -  Portrait Bust of Charles Le Brun  (1676) Wallace Collection, London

12. Greatest Baroque Sculptures The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa  (1647-52, Marble, Capella Cornaro, Rome) Pluto and Proserpina  (1621-2, Marble, Galleria Borghese, Rome) Apollo and Daphne  (1622-5, Marble, Galleria Borghese, Rome) By Giovanni Bernini (1598-1680). Tomb of Pope Leo XI  (1634-44, Marble, St Peter's Rome) The Ecstasy of Saint Philip Neri  (1638, Santa Maria in Vallicella, Rome) Pope Leo Driving Attila from the Gates of Rome  (1646-53, St Peter'sRome) By Alessandro Algardi (1598-1654). Statue of St Andrew  (1629-33, Marble, Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican) By Francois Duquesnoy (1594-1643). Milo of Crotona  (1671-82, Marble, Louvre, Paris) By Pierre Puget (1620-94).

13. Fountain of Apollo  (1671, Stone, Chateau de Versailles) By Jean Baptiste Tuby (1635-1700). Horse Restrained by a Groom  ("The Marly Horse") (1739-45, Louvre, Paris) By Guillaume Coustou (1677-1746). Mercury Tying his Talaria  (1753, Lead, Louvre, Paris) Voltaire  (1776, Marble, Louvre, Paris) By Jean Baptiste Pigalle (1714-85). Monument to Peter The Great  ("The Bronze Horseman") (1766-78, Decembrist Square, St Petersburg) By Etienne-Maurice Falconet (1716-91). Woodcarving of a Cravat  (c.1690, Limewood, Victoria & Albert Museum) By Grinling Gibbons (1648-1721). Apollo  (1715, Marble, Staatliche Kunstsammulungen, Dresden) Balthasar Permoser (1651-1732). Equestrian Statue of Prince Elector Friedrick William The Great  (1689-1708, Bronze, Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin) By Andreas Schluter (1660-1714).

14. Apollo Tended by Nymphs of Thetis  (1666-72, Marble, Palace of Versailles) The Rape/Abduction of Proserpine  (1693-1710, Bronze, Versailles) ~By Francois Girardon (1628-1715).

15. ART MOVEMENTS An  art movement  is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years. Art movements were especially important in modern art, when each consecutive movement was considered as a new avant-garde.

16. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ART From the 14th through 17 century, Italy underwent an unprecedented age of enlightenment. Known as the  Renaissance —a term derived from the Italian word  Rinascimento , or “rebirth”—this period saw increased attention to cultural subjects like art and architecture. Italian Renaissance artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael found inspiration in classical art from Ancient Rome and Greece, adopting ancient interests like balance, naturalism, and perspective. In Renaissance-era Italy, this antiquity-inspired approach materialized as humanist portrait painting, anatomically correct sculpture, and harmonious, symmetrical architecture. Artists to Know :  Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Iconic Artwork : David  by Michelangelo  

17. BAROQUE Toward the end of the Renaissance, the  Baroque  movement emerged in Italy. Like the preceding genre, Baroque art showcased artistic interests in realism and rich color. Unlike Renaissance art and architecture, however, Baroque works also emphasized extravagance. This opulence is evident in Baroque painting, sculpture, and architecture. Painters like Caravaggio suggested drama through their treatment of light and depiction of movement. Sculptors like Bernini achieved a sense of theatricality through dynamic contours and intricate drapery. And architects across Europe embellished their designs with ornamentation ranging from intricate carvings to imposing columns. Artists to Know :  Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Bernini Iconic Artwork : The Ecstasy of St. Teresa  by Bernini

18. REALISM Realism  is a genre of art that started in France after the French Revolution of 1848. A clear rejection of Romanticism, the dominant style that had come before it, Realist painters focused on scenes of contemporary people and daily life. What may seem normal now was revolutionary after centuries of painters depicting exotic scenes from mythology and the Bible, or creating portraits of the nobility and clergy. French artists like Gustave Courbet and Honoré Daumier, as well as international artists like James Abbott McNeill Whistler, focused on all social classes in their artwork, giving voice to poorer members of society for the first time and depicting social issues stemming from the Industrial Revolution. Photography was also an influence on this type of art, pushing painters to produce realistic representations in competition with this new technology. Artists to Know :  Gustav Courbet, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet Iconic Painting :   The Gleaners  by Jean-François Millet

19. IMPRESSIONISM Breaking from Realism, Impressionist painters moved away from realistic representations to use visible brushstrokes, vivid colors with little mixing, and open compositions to capture the emotion of light and movement.  Impressionism  started when a group of French artists broke with academic tradition by painting  en plein air —a shocking decision when most landscape painters executed their work indoors in a studio. The original group, which included Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille, formed in the early 1860s in France. Additional artists would join in forming their own society to exhibit their artwork after being rejected by the traditional French salons, who deemed it too controversial to exhibit. This initial underground exhibition, which took place in 1874, allowed them to gain public favor. Artists to Know :  Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Mary Cassatt Iconic Painting:  Water Lilies  series by Claude Monet

20. POST-IMPRESSIONISM Again originating from France, this type of art developed between 1886 and 1905 as a response to the Impressionist movement. This time, artists reacted against the need for the naturalistic depictions of light and color in Impressionist art. As opposed to earlier styles,  Post-Impressionism  covers many different types of art, from the Pointillism of Georges Seurat to the Symbolism of Paul Gauguin. Not unified by a single style, artists were united by the inclusion of abstract elements and symbolic content in their artwork. Perhaps the most well-known Post-Impressionist is Vincent van Gogh, who used color and his brushstrokes not to convey the emotional qualities of the landscape, but his own emotions and state of mind. Artists to Know :  Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin Iconic Painting :   The Starry Night  by Vincent van Gogh

21. CUBISM A truly revolutionary style of art,  Cubism  is one of the most important art movements of the 20th century. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque developed Cubism in the early 1900s, with the term being coined by art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1907 to describe the artists. Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, the two men—joined by other artists—would use geometric forms to build up the final representation. Completely breaking with any previous art movement, objects were analyzed and broken apart, only to be reassembled into an abstracted form. This reduction of images to minimal lines and shapes was part of the Cubist quest for simplification. The minimalist outlook also trickled down into the color palette, with Cubists forgoing shadowing and using limited hues for a flattened appearance. This was a clear break from the use of perspective, which has been the standard since the Renaissance. Cubism opened the doors for later art movements, like Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism, by throwing out the prescribed artist’s rulebook. Artists to Know :  Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris Iconic Painting :   Les Demoiselles d’Avignon  by Pablo Picasso

22. SURREALISM This once avant-garde movement has staying power, remaining one of the most approachable art genres, even today. Imaginative imagery spurred by the subconscious is a hallmark of this type of art, which started in the 1920s. The movement began when a group of visual artists adopted automatism, a technique that relied on the subconscious for creativity. Tapping into the appeal for artists to liberate themselves from restriction and take on total creative freedom, Surrealists often challenged perceptions and reality in their artwork. Part of this came from the juxtaposition of a realistic painting style with unconventional, and unrealistic, subject matters. Artists to Know :  Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, René Magritte Iconic Painting :   The Persistence of Memory  by Salvador Dalí

23. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM Abstract Expressionism  is an American art movement—the first to explode on an international scale—that started after World War II. It solidified New York as the new center of the art world, which had traditionally been based in Paris. The genre developed in the 1940s and 1950s, though the term was also used to describe work by earlier artists like Wassily Kandinsky. This style of art takes the spontaneity of Surrealism and injects it with the dark mood of trauma that lingered post-War. Jackson Pollock is a leader of the movement, with his drip paintings spotlighting the spontaneous creation and gestural paint application that defines the genre. The term “Abstract Expressionism,” though closely married to Pollock’s work, isn’t limited to one specific style. Work as varied as Willem de Kooning’s figurative paintings and Mark Rothko’s color fields are grouped under the umbrella of Abstract Expressionism. Artists to Know :  Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Clyfford Still Iconic Painting:  Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)  by Jackson Pollock

24. POP ART Rising up in the 1950s,  Pop Art  is a pivotal movement that heralds the onset of contemporary art. This post-war style emerged in Britain and America, including imagery from advertising, comic books, and everyday objects. Often satirical, Pop Art emphasized banal elements of common goods, and is frequently thought of as a reaction against the subconscious elements of Abstract Expressionism. Roy Lichtenstein’s bold, vibrant work is an excellent example of how parody and pop culture merged with fine art to make accessible art. Andy Warhol, the most famous of the Pop Art figures, helped push the revolutionary concept of art as mass production, creating numerous silkscreen series of his popular works. Artists to Know :  Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Jasper Johns Iconic Painting :   Campbell’s Soup Cans  by Andy Warhol

25. INSTALLATION ART In the middle of the 20th century, avant-garde artists in America and Europe began producing  Installation Art . Installations are three-dimensional constructions that play with space to interactively engage viewers. Often large-scale and site-specific, these works of art transform museums, galleries, and even outdoor locations into immersive environments. Inspired by Marcel Duchamp’s Dadaist  Readymades —a series of found objects contextualized as sculptures— this important genre was pioneered by modern masters like Yayoi Kusama and Louise Bourgeois. Today, contemporary artists keep his practice alive, crafting experimental installations from mediums like string, paper, and flowers. Artists to Know :  Yayoi Kusama, Louise Bourgeois, Damien Hirst Iconic Artwork :   Mirror Rooms  by Yayoi Kusama

26. PHOTOREALISM Photorealism  is a style of art that is concerned with the technical ability to wow viewers. Primarily an American art movement, it gained momentum in the late 1960s and 1970s as a reaction against Abstract Expressionism. Here, artists were most concerned with replicating a photograph to the best of their ability, carefully planning out their work to great effect and eschewing the spontaneity that is the hallmark of Abstract Expressionism. Similar to Pop Art, Photorealism is often focused on imagery related to consumer culture. Early Photorealism was steeped in nostalgia for the American landscape, while more recently, photorealistic portraits have become a more common subject. Hyperrealism is an advancement of the artistic style, where painting and sculpture are executed in a manner to provoke a superior emotional response and to arrive at higher levels of realism due to technical developments. A common thread is that all works must start with a photographic reference point. Artists to Know :  Chuck Close, Ralph Going, Yigal Ozeri Iconic Painting : Untitled  by Yigal Ozeri

27. ART SCHOOLS IN INDIA College of Art , New Delhi Faculty of visual Arts, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Sir J J college of Applied Art, Mumbai Faculty of Fine Arts, Maharaja Saiyajirao University of Baroda Faculty of Fine Arts, J amia Millia Islamia, New Delhi College of Fine arts, Trivandrum Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University, Hyderabad Govt. college of Fine Arts, Chennai Dept. of Fine Arts, Mahatma Gandhi Vidyapith, Varanasi College of Fine arts , Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath, Bangalore

28. ART SCHOOLS OVER THE WORLD   Bates College, Lewiston  Bowdoin College, Brunswick  Colby College, Waterville   Heartwood College of Art, Kennebunk  Maine College of Art, Portland  University of Maine, Arts, Farmington  Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore  School of Art + Design, Montgomery College, Takoma Park  University of Maryland, Arts Department, College Park  Western Michigan University, College of Fine Arts, Kalamazoo  The Art Institute of Boston, Boston  Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Boston  Montserrat College of Art, Beverly  School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Wheaton College, Norton

29. Alfred University, School of Art and Design, Alfred  The Art Students League of New York The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York Cornell University, College of Architecture, Art & Planning, Ithaca  Hunter College, Department of Art Parsons The New School For Design, New York  Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York New York Academy of Art  New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting & Sculpture  New York University, Steinhardt Department of Art and Art Professions   Corcoran College of Art and Design, Washington DC Georgetown University, Visual and Performing Arts and Film Studies  Midwestern State University, College of Fine Arts, Wichita Falls  Southwestern University, Sarofim School of Fine Arts, Georgetown  Texas Christian University, College of Fine Arts, Fort Worth Texas State University, College of Fine Arts & Communication, San Marcos  Texas Tech University, College of Visual & Performing Arts, Lubbock  University of Houston, School of Art, Houston  University of North Texas, College of Visual Arts & Design, Denton University of Texas, College of Fine Arts, Austin  University of Texas El Paso, Department of Art

30. Art Center College of Design, Pasadena  California College of the Arts, San Francisco California Institute of the Arts, Valencia (Cal Arts)  Laguna College of Art + Design, Laguna Beach  Otis College of Art and Design, Los Angeles San Francisco Art Institute, San Francisco  The School of the Arts and Architecture at UCLA, Los Angeles  Lorenzo de Medici Art School  John Cabot University Italian Institute of Restoration  Rome University of Fine Arts

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