Basic 2.pdf ni h n m v ni h n m v ni h n m v ni h n

Ni kuch bhi nahn hai to v jawab de usko lga ki hm tumse kitna time lagega tum log in the to do n a flow chart picture

1. Author Name
Atropine
an anticholinergic drug

2. Introduction
Anticholinergic drugs are a class of agents that block the
action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at
muscarinic and sometimes nicotinic receptors in the central
and peripheral nervous system. By inhibiting
parasympathetic nerve impulses, they reduce involuntary
muscle movements, glandular secretions, and smooth muscle
contractions.
These drugs are widely used in clinical practice for
conditions such as bradycardia, pre-anesthetic medication,
motion sickness, Parkinsonism, asthma, and
organophosphate poisoning.
The most well-known prototype drug is Atropine, obtained
from Atropa belladonna and Datura stramonium.

3. Atropine
•Atropine is a naturally occurring
tropane alkaloid.
•Extracted from plants like Atropa
belladonna (Deadly Nightshade) &
Datura.
•Prototype drug of anticholinergic
(antimuscarinic) agents.
•Blocks muscarinic acetylcholine
receptors (mAChRs).

4. Classification
•Class: Anticholinergic
(Antimuscarinic) drug
•Drug category:
Parasympatholytic
•Chemical class:
Tropane alkaloid

5. Mechanism of
Action
•Competitive antagonist at muscarinic
receptors (M1–M5).
•Inhibits action of acetylcholine (ACh) at
parasympathetic sites.
•Results in:
◦↓ Secretions (saliva, bronchial,
gastric)
◦↑ Heart rate (blocks vagal tone)
◦Relaxation of smooth muscles
(bronchi, GI, urinary tract)

6. Pharmacokinetics
•Absorption: Well absorbed orally & parenterally
•Distribution: Crosses blood–brain barrier
•Metabolism: Liver
•Excretion: Urine (renal)
•Half-life: 2–4 hours

8. Therapeutic Uses
1.Ophthalmology – Mydriatic & cycloplegic for eye
exams
2.Cardiology – Treatment of bradycardia & heart
block
3.Anesthesia – Preoperative to reduce salivary/
respiratory secretions
4.Antidote – For organophosphate & carbamate
poisoning
5.GI disorders – Antispasmodic in irritable bowel &
peptic ulcer (rare now)
6.Respiratory – Bronchodilation (historical use, less
common now)

9. Side Effects
(Anticholinergic
effects)
•Dry mouth (xerostomia)
•Blurred vision
•Photophobia
•Constipation
•Urinary retention
•Tachycardia
•CNS effects: confusion, restlessness, hallucinations (high
dose)

10. Contraindications
•Glaucoma (esp. angle-closure)
•Prostatic hypertrophy (urinary
retention risk)
•Intestinal obstruction
•Myasthenia gravis (worsens weakness)

11. 1. Pre-anesthetic medication
•Dose: 0.4–0.6 mg (adult)
•Route: IM, IV, or SC
•Timing: 30–60 min before
anesthesia
2. Bradycardia (sinus
bradycardia, AV block)
•Dose (Adult): 0.5 mg IV every
3–5 minutes as needed
•Maximum: 3 mg total
•Route: IV (preferred), IO (if
IV not available)
Route &Doses

12. 3. Organophosphate / Nerve
agent poisoning
•Initial Dose (Adult): 2–5 mg IV/IM
•Repeat: Every 5–10 min until
secretions dry and breathing
improves
•Severe cases: Continuous infusion
may be required
4. Pediatric doses
•Bradycardia: 0.02 mg/kg IV/IO
(minimum single dose 0.1 mg,
maximum single dose 0.5 mg child,
1 mg adolescent).
•May repeat once if necessary.
✅ Key Routes:
•IV (most common in emergencies)
•IM / SC (pre-op, poisoning)
•Endotracheal (ETT) – if IV/IO
access not available (dose 2–3× IV
dose, diluted in saline)

14. Nursing Considerations
•Monitor heart rate & rhythm when
used for bradycardia
•Observe for urinary retention,
constipation
•Provide oral care for dry mouth
•Avoid use in glaucoma patients
•Educate patients: may cause blurred
vision & photophobia – avoid driving

15. Summary
•Atropine = Prototype antimuscarinic drug
•Blocks muscarinic receptors → inhibits parasympathetic
activity
•Used in ophthalmology, cardiology, anesthesia, poisoning
management
•Has significant side effects & contraindications
•Requires careful monitoring in clinical practice