BASIC ENGLISH LESSONS ,,,,,,,,,,, .pptx

basic English lessons

1. BASIC ENGLISH LESSONS By: Miss Kisha

2. Fundamental Spelling Rules in English By: Mary Gormandy White M.A.

3. Spelling rules can take mystery out of spelling by demonstrating patterns among seemingly unrelated words. Learning these rules will help you see connections between unfamiliar words as well as words you already know. 20XX

4. Rule# 1 U always follows Q 20XX The letter “q” is always followed by “u”, as in words like queen, earthquake and equity. Note: there are few exceptions to this rule but 98% of this rule is applicable. Examples: qwerty, sheqel , cinq.

5. Rule# 2 S never follows X Several words are pronounced with an /s/ sound after the letter “x”, which often leads to spelling mistakes. The rule is that the letter “s” never follows “x” in a word. Instead, the letter “c” is used to achieve the “s” sound in the word, as is the case with words like excise and excite . Rule# 3 Every Syllables includes a Vowel Every syllable of every word includes at least one vowel. Most one-syllable words with a  short vowel sound  need only one vowel. When you're spelling a word, say it out loud to identify the  number of syllables . Then, look at what you've written to verify that each syllable has at least one vowel. If not, rethink the way you have spelled it. Some syllables may have a  vowel diagraph , which is a pair of vowels that form a single sound.

6. Rule# 4 I Before E Except After C (Most of the Time) In many words that include an " i " and an "e" side-by-side, the " i " comes first. Words that illustrate this concept include  niece ,  belief ,  cashier  and  achieve . It is generally true that " i " comes before "e," unless the vowel pair follows the letter "c" (such as with conceit, ceiling), or if the vowel pair makes a long /a/ sound , such as in neighbor or weigh. However, there are quite a few special-case exceptions, as with words like leisure, height and heist. 20XX

7. Rule# 5 Use -ck After a Short Vowel For words that end with a /k/ sound, you'll need to know when to use "ck" vs. just a "k" on its own. The rule is to use "ck" immediately after a short vowel, such as with  duck ,  sick , or  tick . Otherwise, the word should end with a "k," as with silk, balk, beak, or peak. Rule# 6 End 1-Syllable Words With Double F's and L's If the letters "f" or "l" fall at the end of a one-syllable word, they should usually be doubled. Examples include words like  stiff  and  stall . The only exception is words that end with a consonant blend, such as whirl or wharf. Do not double "f" or "l" with such terms.

8. Rule# 7 The letter "s" is also usually doubled at the end of a single-syllable word, though there are more exceptions for "s" than for "f" and "l." Words like  bliss ,  kiss  and  class  are examples of terms that require two s's at the end. There are quite a few exceptions. Get familiar with these exceptions, so you'll know whether to use one "s" or two at the end of a word. Words that end with an "s" that's pronounced as /z/ end with one "s." (his or was) Plural words that end in "s" have only one "s". (cats, dogs burgers) Present tense verbs that end with an "s" have only one. (dances, sings, climbs) Words that have three or fewer letters have only one “s”. (gas, yes) The word "this" is a special case that has only one "s" at the end. Usually End 1-Syllable Words With Two S's

9. Rule# 8 Many words end with a silent "e." When adding a suffix that starts with a vowel, the silent "e" should usually be removed in  American English . For example, the word race would become  racing  when adding  - ing . When adding  -ed  to bake, the new word would be baked. Get familiar with the exceptions so you can always correctly decide whether to drop the  silent "e"   or keep it. Keep silent "e" when adding  -able  (manageable). Keep silent "e" when a word ends with two e's (fleeing). The suffix  -y  is a special case. The silent "e" is removed for shiny, but kept with dicey. 20XX Drop the Silent E Before Most Suffixes

10. Rule# 9 20XX When adding a suffix to a word that ends with a vowel and a "y," just add the suffix to the original word. You won't need to drop or change any letters. For example, jockey simply becomes  jockeying  or  jockeyed , because the last two letters of the original word are sound a vowel. With a vowel followed by a "y" at the end of a word, you can add any suffix without having to adjust the original term. The same is true for toy (toying, toyed) and journey (journeying, journeyed), as well as other terms that end with a vowel and "y" combination. Keep All Letters With a Vowel, Y Ending Rule# 10 The Prefix al- is All Less an L The word all has two l's at the end when written alone, but the prefix  al-  has only one "l." Words that begin with the prefix  al-  should not be spelled as if they are  compound words  that feature the full word "all." Words with  al-  as a prefix include  almost ,  also ,  altogether , and  always . As such, they correctly feature only one "l" in the first syllable.

11. Rule# 11 The rule for adding prefixes to a word is much simpler than adding a suffix, from a spelling perspective. Generally,  adding a prefix to a word  does not change the correct spelling. So, adding de- to "activate" results in "deactivate." Similarly, and adding non- to "fiction" becomes "nonfiction." 20XX Prefixes (Generally) Don’t Change the Spelling Rule# 12 Apostrophes Go Where Letters Are Removed Proper  apostrophe placement  in contractions is an important part of spelling. An  apostrophe should be placed  in the exact spot where there is a missing letter (or multiple missing letters). For example, the apostrophe in the word "can’t" signifies the missing letters "n" and "o" from the word cannot.

12. Rule# 13 There are no commonly used words that end with the letter "v" or "j." If you're spelling a word that ends with a /v/ sound, you can be sure that there's a silent "e" on the end, as with  hive  or  jive . Words that end with a /j/ sound are typically spelled with  - dge  at the end, such as  judge  or  edge . If you're writing a word that is used in ordinary communication, it won't end with a "v" or "j." End   Do Not End a Word With V or J

13. VERBAL ANALOGY In general, an analogy is a comparison that is made between two distinct but in some way comparable occurrences, situations, or conditions. A verbal analogy is when one pair of words is compared to another pair of words and shows how they are similar. Verbal analogy structures, including synonyms, antonyms, cause and effect, part to whole, can vary. 20XX This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

14. 20XX VARIOUS TYPES OF VERBAL ANALOGY

15. 20XX 1. Synonyms- words possessing the same meaning . happy : joyful :: pretty : beautiful begin : start :: find : discover 2. Antonym - words opposite to each other in terms of meaning. big: small :: cold: hot happy: sad :: soft: hard 3. Part-whole- several objects comprise or make up a group. keypad: phone :: keyboard: computer eyes: head :: thumb: hand

16. 20XX 4. CHARACTERISTICS- description of items chili pepper: spicy :: candy: sweet wood: solid :: water: liquid 5. FUNCTION- explains the use of an object alcohol: sanitize :: broom: sweep mic: audio :: camera: video 6.CAUSE AND EFFECT- showing cause and effect relationship war: destruction :: trash: pollution cause effect convict: punishment :: acquit : freedom

17. Examples 1. Sock: foot :: hat:_______ clothing hand head 20XX Sock: foot :: hat: head 2. chapel: church::café:______ a. Restaurant b. Cafeteria c. kiosk Chapel: church::café: restaurant

18. 20XX 3. 4. archives: records::_____:_____ kennel : dogs Court: lawyers Piano: music archives: records:: kennel: dogs

19. WORD CONTEXT Refers to the words, phrases, sentences, and paragraph that surround a particular word in a piece of text. REVIEWER 2 Understanding the context helps in determining the meaning, connotation, and appropriate usage of the word. Contextual clause can be found in nearby words, the overall subject of the text and the specific sentence structure.

20. TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES INFERENCE DEFINITION EXAMPLE ANTONYM SYNONYM 20XX I D E A s

21. INFERENCE 20XX The meaning of an unfamiliar can be inferred (guessed) from the description of a situation. Example: 1. Their vociferous chatter made me wish I had earplugs.

22. DEFINITION 20XX The meaning of an unfamiliar word is directly explained in the sentence. Clues: is, are is/are called that is Example: He knew his future was precarious which means likely to fall apart. is defined as Means Refers to

23. EXAMPLE 20XX An example of the word is in the sentence or nearby sentences Clues: for example specifically for instance to illustrate including such as Examples: Celestial bodies , such as the sun, moon, and stars, are governed by unpredictable laws.

24. ANTONYM 20XX A word with opposite meaning is used in the sentence or nearby sentences Clues: but unless however instead of although on the contrary otherwise while unlike on the other hand Example: While Sean is hardworking, his indolent brother spends most of the time watching TV or sitting around with friends.

25. SYNONYMS 20XX Words with similar meaning are used in or nearby a sentences. Clues: commas , or semicolon ; that is dashes – in other words parenthesis () Example: His animosity, or hatred, of his brother divided the family.

26. examples As agile as a monkey. a. very lively b. irritating c. dirty d. witty 20XX

27. 20XX 1. As agile as a monkey. a. very lively b. irritating c. dirty d. witty

28. 20XX - is a task or exercises where a person is given an incomplete sentence and is required to fill the missing word or group of words/phrase to form a complete, coherent and contextually appropriate sentence. It help to evaluate your comprehension, vocabulary and cognitive skills. SENTENCE COMPLETION

29. 20XX Basic English Sentence Patterns When we make simple English sentences, we usually follow the Subject-Verb-Object pattern. Steps: 1. put the subject and the adjectives such as ‘fat’, ‘thin’ etc. or any words describing the subject at the beginning of the sentence 2. put the verb and some adverbs such as ‘often’, ‘usually’ etc. after the subject 3. put the object of the verb, the adjectives or other words describing the object and the adverbs describing the verb at the end of he sentence

30. 20XX Paul Mary My father and mother The fat girl That little boy often eats ate are eating has eaten will eat biscuits. two apples quickly. mangoes now. a watermelon. some bread soon. SUBJECT VERB OBJECT

31. 20XX Exercise Rearrange the words in correct order to make complete sentences. e.g. the fat cat / a mouse / is chasing. The fat cat is chasing a mouse. that thin girl / is drinking / milk now That thin girl is drinking milk now. 2. the robbers yesterday / the police / caught The police caught the robbers yesterday. 3. our teacher / like /we We like our teacher. 4. my mother / my baby sister / is looking after My mother is looking after my baby sister. 5. has just written / a letter / the tall man The tall man has just written a letter.

32. 20XX SENTENCE COMPLETION TRICKS #1 Group the choices according to tense THREE MAIN VERB TENSES 1. PRESENT 2. PAST 3. FUTURE

33. 20XX #2 Identify the tense by looking for clues -time indicators such as yesterday, today, tomorrow. #3 Eliminate prepositional phrases to find the real subject . -a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun.

34. 20XX 1.Yesterday, the workers in the hallway at my father’s building ____noisy. Is Are Was Were Present tense- is, are Past tense- was, were Clue - yesterday is a time expression for past. Prepositional phrases - in the hallway , at my father's building.

35. 20XX Yesterday, the workers in the hallway at my father’s building were noisy.

36. 20XX 2. One is supposed to bring ____ own lunch. Their Your Its His One is supposed to bring their own lunch.

37. 20XX Parts of speech Usage Examples Noun it names a person, a place or a thing Mary is beautiful. Paris is the capital of France. Mary is beautiful. Paris is the capital of France. Freedom is very important. Pronoun it is a word used instead of a noun They are good students. The pencil is hers. Adjective it describes a noun My father is tall but my mother is short. Verb it tells an action Birds fly. Adverb it describes the adjective and / or verbs The children always talk loudly. Preposition it tells the relationship between nouns / pronouns and other words in a sentence My parents will meet me at the station tomorrow. Conjunction it joins sentences, clauses, phrases and single words Jimmy opened the door and went in. Interjection it tells sudden feeling or emotion Hurrah! We won the football match.

38. 20XX Exercise 1 Pick out the nouns in the following sentences. There may be more than one noun in each sentence. e.g. Terry told his friends many secrets. Nouns: Terry, friends, secrets 1. His success made his parents happy. success, parents 2. Cows give us milk. cows, milk 3. The train has just left the station. train, station. 4. Paris is the capital of France. Paris, capital, France 5. Our family spent the holiday in London. family, holiday, London

39. 20XX Exercise 2 Pick out the pronouns in the following sentences. There may be more than one pronoun in each sentence. e.g. These socks are hers. pronoun: hers The yellow car over there belongs to him. him 2. This cat is beautiful, but mine is more beautiful. mine 3. Who gave her the money? who, her 4. He cut himself when he was shaving. he, himself, he 5. Which do you prefer, an apple or an orange? which, you

40. 20XX Exercise 3 Pick out the adjectives in the following sentences. There may be more than one adjective in each sentence. e.g. He is a hard-working student. adjective: hard-working These apples are sweet but expensive. These, sweet, expensive 2. Whose umbrella is this? whose 3. There is some milk in the refrigerator. some 4. Tai Mo Shan is the highest mountain in Hong Kong. highest 5. We have not got any mango trees in our garden. any, our

41. 20XX Exercise 4 Pick out the verbs in the following sentences. There may be more than one verb in each sentence. e.g. There are thirty students in my class. verb: are After the rain had stopped, the children went out to the playground. had stopped, went 2. My sister enjoys listening to classical music. enjoys 3. We will visit the museum tomorrow. will visit 4. Who has finished doing the exercise? has finished 5. The tiger was shot by the hunter. was shot

42. 20XX Exercise 5 Pick out the adverbs in the following sentences. There may be more than one adverb in each sentence. e.g. The soldiers fought bravely in the war. adverb: bravely The little girl smiled sweetly at me yesterday. sweetly, yesterday 2. Please hang the wet clothes here. here 3. The chairman seldom arrives on time. seldom 4. You must spend your money more wisely. more wisely 5. It is raining heavily. You must drive carefully. heavily, carefully

43. 20XX Exercise 6 Pick out the prepositions in the following sentences. There may be more than one preposition in each sentence. e.g. My father works in a factory. . preposition: in Take off your hat before you go into the room. off, into 2. I bought this book for fifty dollars. for 3. There is a bridge over the river. over 4. I like walking along the riverbank. along 5. She kept her jewelry in a box under the bed. in, under

44. 20XX Exercise 7 Pick out the conjunctions in the following sentences. e.g. A fish can swim but a bird cannot. . conjunction: but Although he was late, he managed to catch the bus. although 2. My father had locked the door before he went to bed last night. before 3. I am dark but my sister is fair. but 4. We must hurry or we will be late. or 5. Do not move until the general gives the order. until

45. 20XX Exercise 8 Pick out the exclamations in the following sentences. e.g. Hush! Don’t make any noise. exclamation: Hush Oh! I am sorry to hear that. Oh 2. Ah! This is my dream car. ah 3. Hush! Be quiet. The baby is asleep. hush 4. How wonderful! It can fly. wonderful 5. Alas! The dog is dead. alas

46. 20XX DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Pretty prettier prettier Good better best

47. 20XX