Basic Immunology and Defination Pharmacy .pptx

Immunology is the fascinating field of biology that studies the immune system, our body's defense system. It delves into the intricate workings of our immune system, including its cells, tissues, organs, and molecules, and how they work together to protect us from infection by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.

The immune system safeguards us from illness by identifying and eliminating these harmful invaders. It also strives to distinguish between "self" (healthy body tissues) and "non-self" (foreign substances), ensuring it doesn't attack our own healthy cells.

Here's a simplified breakdown of the immune system's two main branches:

Innate immune system: This is our body's first line of defense and is present from birth. It provides a general, non-specific response to any invading pathogen. Examples of innate immunity include physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, inflammatory responses, and the action of immune system cells like phagocytes which engulf and destroy foreign invaders.

pen_spark
Opens in a new window
www.news-medical.net
Phagocytes immune system

Adaptive immune system: This is a more specialized and targeted defense system. It develops over time as we're exposed to different pathogens and remembers specific invaders it has encountered before. This allows for a quicker and more effective response upon future exposure to the same pathogen. The adaptive immune system involves the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes and the activation of T lymphocytes to target and destroy specific pathogens.
Opens in a new window

chevron_right

www.cebm.net
B lymphocytes immune system

A healthy and balanced immune system is crucial for maintaining overall health. However, a malfunctioning immune system can lead to various disorders, including:

Autoimmune diseases: In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissues. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and lupus.
Immunodeficiencies: These occur when the immune system is weakened, making the body susceptible to infections. Examples include HIV/AIDS and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
Allergies: These are hypersensitivity reactions to harmless substances like pollen or dust. The immune system overreacts to these allergens, causing symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes.
The field of immunology has made significant advancements in recent years, leading to the development of vaccines, antibiotics, and other immunotherapies to combat infectious diseases and various forms of cancer.

1. Basic Immunology

2. Md. Tofayel Hossain Department of Pharmacy Northern University Bangladesh

3. Table of Content SL Topics name 01 Introduction of Immunology 02 Types of Immunity 03 Body’s Defense Line 04 Vaccination 05 Role of Antibody in Immune System 06 Autoimmune Disorder

4. Introduction of immunology Immunology is the study of the immune system. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defense. If the immune system is not functioning as it should, it can result in disease, such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer.

5. It is also now becoming clear that immune responses contribute to the development of many common disorders not traditionally viewed as immunologic, including metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s. A remarkably versatile defense system that has evolved to protect animal from invading pathogenic microorganisms and cancer. It is able to generate an enormous variety of cells and molecules capable of specifically recognizing and eliminating an apparently limitless variety of foreign invaders.

6. The process by which body protect itself from potential damage by pathogens and toxic chemicals is called immunity. If the immunity is weak, it is strengthened by vaccination.

7. Types of Immunity The main function of the immune system is to prevent or limit infections by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. The recognition of microorganisms and foreign substances is the first event in immune responses of a host. The body’s defense mechanisms can be divided into: Innate / Natural immunity Acquired / Adaptive immunity

8. Types of Immunity

9. Innate Immunity Innate or nonspecific immunity is the defense system with which you were born. It protects you against all antigens. Innate immunity involves barriers that keep harmful materials from entering your body. These barriers form the first line of defense in the immune response. Innate immune system is hereditary related. That is, all members of the human species have similar structure of the immune system, it’s level of effectiveness varies from person to person. This immune system is called genetic immune system as it is based on genetics.

10. Innate immunity maybe classified as: Individual Immunity Racial Immunity Species Immunity Factors influencing innate immunity: Age Nutrition status Hormonal level

11. Mechanisms of innate immunity Innate immunity of the host performs two most important functions: it kills invading microbes and it activates acquired (adaptive) immune processes. Innate immunity does not have memory and does not improve after re-exposure to the same microorganisms. Innate immunity primarily dependent on following factors:

12. Inflammations Complement Interferon Natural killer cells Symbiotic bacteria Anatomic barriers Physiologic barriers

13. Acquired / Adaptive Immunity The immune system in the human body which is not from birth, but it is created after birth as a result of exposure or vaccination against a specific germ is called adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity consists of two parts: humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Adaptive immunity also includes a memory component. Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells, whereas cellular immunity involves T cells. Both parts of adaptive immunity involve the recognition of specific antigens.

14. Types of Adaptive Immunity There are two subdivisions of the adaptive immune system: Active Immunity Passive Immunity

15. Active Immunity: The immunity induced by exposure to a foreign antigen is called active immunity. Active immunity is the resistance developed by after contact with foreign antigens Passive Immunity: Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.

16. Steps of Acquired Immunity Threat Detection Alert Alarm defense

17. Body’s Defense Line Human body uses 3 defense strategies to protect itself from diseases. Each strategies is called a line of defense. The 3 defense layers of human body are-

18. First-Line Defenses First-line defenses keep pathogens on the outside or neutralize them before infection begins. The skin, mucous membranes, and certain antimicrobial substances are part of these defenses.

19. Second-Line Defenses Second-line defenses slow or contain infections when first-line defenses fail. They include proteins that produce inflammation, fever that enhances cytokine activity, and phagocytes which attack and destroy cancer cells and virus-infected cells.

20. Second-Line Defenses

21. Third-Line Defenses Third-line defenses include lymphocytes, that target specific pathogens for destruction when the second-line defenses don’t contain infections. It includes a memory component that allows the body to more effectively respond to that same pathogen in the future.

22. Vaccination Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response that is often similar to that produced by the natural infection. Vaccination is the method of preventing the infection of microorganisms, specially bacteria and viruses through the use of vaccine . This process is commonly known as inoculation, Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting you against harmful diseases, before you come into contact with them.

23. How Vaccine Works Vaccines are effective because of adaptive immunity and immune memory. Antibody is the most important mechanism of vaccine induced resistance to disease. The best vaccine are those that stimulate the development of long lived plasma cells that produce high affinity antibodies as well as memory B cells.

24. Importance of Vaccination

25. Role of Antibody in Immune System Antibodies are proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body. Produced by your immune system, antibodies bind to these unwanted substances in order to eliminate them from your system. Another word for antibody is immunoglobulin

26. Types of Antibody: Human antibodies are classified into five type which are: Immunoglobin G (IgG) Immunoglobin A (IgA) Immunoglobin M (IgM) Immunoglobin D (IgD) Immunoglobin E (IgE)

27. Functions of Antibody Binds to pathogens Directly attacks viral pathogens Assists in phagocytosis They also act as the first line of defense for mucosal surfaces. Activates the  immune system in ca se of bacterial pathogens

28. Autoimmune Disorder Autoimmune disease happens when the body's natural defense system can't tell the difference between your own cells and foreign cells, causing the body to mistakenly attack normal cells. There are more than 80 types of autoimmune diseases that affect a wide range of body parts

29. Thank You